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1.
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with canola meal (CM) on growth, feed utilization, body composition and haematological indices of juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus). Six isonitrogenous diets containing graded levels of CM (0, 95, 190, 285, 380 and 634 g kg?1 of diet corresponding to 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 100%, respectively, of protein from SBM) to replace SBM on an equal protein basis were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile fish (initial weight=6.3 g). The results indicated that up to 30% of SBM could be replaced by CM without causing a significant reduction in growth performance. Fish fed with diets in which CM replaced over 45% of SBM had a significantly lower protein efficiency ratio and a significantly higher feed conversion ratio than fish fed with other diets. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, protein and phosphorus were lowest for fish fed the CM100 diet. Significant differences in haemoglobin, haematocrit and white blood cell concentration were found in fish fed diets with different CM levels. It is concluded that up to 19.02% CM can be used to replace 30% of SBM in diets for juvenile hybrid tilapia without compromising growth, feed conversion and protein utilization.  相似文献   

2.
The effect of replacing fishmeal with simple or complex mixtures of plant proteins in tilapia diets was examined. Diet formulations were arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial design with two types of plant protein mixtures used to replace fishmeal (simple: soybean meal and maize gluten meal or complex: soybean meal, maize gluten meal, dehulled flax, pea protein concentrate and canola protein concentrate) and four levels of protein originating from fishmeal (1000 g kg?1, 670 g kg?1, 330 g kg?1 and 0 g kg?1). Diets contained equal digestible protein (380 g kg?1) and digestible energy (17.6 MJ kg?1). The average daily gains, specific growth rates and feed efficiencies of fish fed diets with 0 g kg?1 fishmeal were significantly lower than fish fed diets with the 330 g kg?1, 670 g kg?1 or 1000 g kg?1 fishmeal levels. Fish fed the complex diets had significantly higher average daily gains, specific growth rates, feed : gain ratios and protein efficiency ratios than those fed the simple diets. Intestinal villus length decreased with decreasing levels of fishmeal and increased with increased diet complexity but the effects were not significant. Replacement of fishmeal with a complex mixture of plant ingredients may allow a greater replacement of fishmeal in diets fed to Nile tilapia.  相似文献   

3.
The effect of dietary substitution of animal and/or plant protein sources for fishmeal on the growth and body composition of juvenile abalone was determined. Nine experimental diets in triplicate were prepared: Con, SM, PM, CM, SPM, MB, SM+CM, SM+SPM and CM+SPM diets. A 350 g kg?1 fishmeal was included in the Con diet, and the whole fishmeal was substituted with a 580 g kg?1 soybean meal (SM), 335 g kg?1 poultry meal (PM), 370 g kg?1 corn gluten meal (CM), 325 g kg?1 silkworm pupae meal dehydrated (SPM), 590 g kg?1 meat and bone meal (MB), the combined 290 g kg?1 soybean meal and 180 g kg?1 corn gluten meal (SM+CM), 290 g kg?1 soybean meal and 160 g kg?1 silkworm pupae meal dehydrated (SM+SPM) and 180 g kg?1 corn gluten meal and 170 g kg?1 silkworm pupae meal dehydrated (CM+SPM) diets respectively. All experimental diets were iso‐nitronic and iso‐lipidic. The survival of abalone fed with the SM and SM+SPM diets was higher than that of abalone fed with the CM, SPM, MB and CM+SPM diets. Weight gain of abalone fed with the SM+SPM diet was higher than that of abalone fed with all the other experimental diets, except for that of abalone fed with the SM+CM diet. The combined soybean meal and corn gluten meal (SM+CM) or silkworm pupae meal (SM+SPM) could be replaced with the whole fishmeal in the diet for abalone and improved its performance.  相似文献   

4.
Effects of temperature and processing on the stability of a commercial protease were assessed in an in vitro trial followed by growth trials with white shrimp and tilapia. Results showed that the protease has a high heat stability against pelleting, and it could hydrolyse dietary proteins during feed processing. In Exp. 2, white shrimp (3.3 g) fed low fish meal (FM) diet (LFD) with protease addition had similar growth to that fed high fish meal diet, and both had higher weight gain (WG) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) than that fed LFD without protease addition (P < 0.05). In Exp. 3, compressed (CD) or extruded (ED) diets containing 30 g kg?1 or 90 g kg?1 FM were supplemented with or without protease and then fed to tilapia (1.7 g) for 8 weeks. WG was improved and FCR decreased (P < 0.05) by the supplementation of protease in 30 g kg?1 FMCD, but not in 90 g kg?1 FMCD and ED diets when compared to those diets without protease supplementation. The digestibility trial with CD indicated the improved apparent digestibilities of dry matter and crude protein by dietary protease in 30 g kg?1 FMCD, but not in 90 g kg?1 FMCD. Results above showed that the protease has a high heat stability and the supplementation of protease in CD with low FM level can improve the growth of shrimp and tilapia.  相似文献   

5.
A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the replacement of dietary fish meal and fish oil with oilseed meals (soybean or canola) and canola oil on growth, nutrient utilization, body composition, diet digestibility and hematological parameters of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Seven diets were used; the control diet (designated FM) contained fish meal and fish oil as the main protein and lipid sources. For the experimental diets, 40% of fish meal protein was substituted with soybean meal, canola meal or a soybean/canola meal mixture, and these diets (designated SM, CM and SCM, respectively) contained fish oil as the lipid source. Three additional diets (SM?+?CO, CM?+?CO and SCM?+?CO) were formulated with the same vegetable protein meals but with fish oil replaced by canola oil. Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation for 11?weeks. The growth of fish fed the CM?+?CO diet was significantly lower than that of fish fed the FM, SCM, SM?+?CO and SCM?+?CO diets. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly better in fish fed the FM and SCM?+?CO diets than in fish fed the CM and CM?+?CO diets. Furthermore, feed intake was significantly lower for fish fed the CM?+?CO diet than in fish fed the SCM diet, and lipid digestibility of the CM?+?CO diet was significantly lower than that of all other diets. No significant differences of body composition were observed. Circulating leukocyte levels, leukocyte ratios and serum lysozyme activity remained unaffected by dietary treatment. However, it was observed that fish fed the CM?+?CO diet displayed hematocrit levels significantly lower (P?<?0.05) than that of fish fed the other diets. The results indicate that when diets contain either fish oil or canola oil, canola meal and soybean meal can be incorporated into rainbow trout feeds at a combined 32% inclusion level (replacing 40% of fish meal protein) without inducing significant negative effects on growth, nutrient utilization or health.  相似文献   

6.
Rainbow trout (initial body weight 4.16 ± 0.25 g) were fed diets [crude protein 420 g kg?1; gross energy 18.7 MJ kg?1 dry matter (DM); crude fat 110 g kg?1] containing graded levels of either a canola meal (crude protein 350 g kg?1 DM) supplemented with DL‐methionine as partial fish meal protein. A growth trial was conducted over 16 weeks at a water temperature of 12 ± 1 °C. At the end of the growth trial, in addition to body composition analyses, plasma tri‐iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), cholesterol and liver fatty acid composition were measured. Replacement of fish meal with canola meal (100–570 g kg?1 replacement) did not affect on growth performance. At 16th week, plasma cholesterol levels were reduced in fish fed all diets in comparison with 8th week. Plasma T4 levels were significantly higher in the canola meal‐fed fish sampled after 16 weeks, but no significant differences in T3 levels were obtained (P > 0.05). Proximate compositions were affected by dietary treatments. The liver fatty acid composition reflected that of the diet with a higher level of polyunsaturated (n‐6) fatty acids in fish fed diet canola meal and a higher content in n‐3/n‐6 ratio in fish fed diet without canola meal. These studies show that canola meal has potential to replace substantial levels of fish meal in diets for carnivorous fish without compromising performance.  相似文献   

7.
A 76‐day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of Lysine and Methionine supplementation on growth and digestive capacity of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed plant protein diets using high‐level canola meal (CM). Fish with initial average weight 103.9 ± 0.6 g were fed three extruded diets. Fish meal (FM) diet was formulated as the normal control with 40 g kg?1 FM and 300 g kg?1 CM; CM diet was prepared by replacing all FM with CM (total 340 g kg?1) without Lys or Met supplementation; CM supplement (CMS) diet was similar to CM diet but was supplemented with essential amino acids (EAA) to ensure the levels of Lys and Met similar to those in the FM diet. Feed intake, feed efficiency and specific growth rate of the grass carp fed CMS and FM diets were similar (P > 0.05), but higher than those of the grass carp fed CM diet (P < 0.05). The hepatosomatic index, relative gut length, intestosomatic index and intestinal folds height were significantly improved in fish fed FM and CMS diets as compared to CM diet (P < 0.05). Lower activities of trypsin, lipase and amylase in hepatopancreas were observed in fish fed CM diet (P < 0.05). Three hundred and forty gram per kilogram CM without Lys or Met supplementation significantly decreased trypsin, lipase and amylase mRNA levels in hepatopancreas (P < 0.05). These results indicated that the high supply of CM (340 g kg?1) in plant protein (200 g kg?1 soybean meal and 100 g kg?1 cottonseed meal) diets decreased digestive ability through decreasing digestive enzyme activities and enzyme gene's expressions of grass carp, and these side effects can be reversed by supplementing Lys and Met. Therefore, CM could be high level used in a plant protein blend‐based extruded diet for grass carp as long as EAA were supplemented.  相似文献   

8.
This study was undertaken to determine acceptable dietary concentrations of high-fibre canola meal (CMHF) and low-fibre canola meal (CMLF) for juvenile shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. Four groups of 0.78 g shrimp held in running, 24.0–27.8°C sea water on a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle were each fed one of seven isonitrogenous (340 g kg?1 protein) and isoenergetic (18.5 MJ of gross energy kg?1) diets to satiation four times daily for 56 days. Each of the test canola protein products comprised either 150, 300 or 450 g kg?1 of the protein in a basal (practical) diet by replacement of one-third, two-thirds or all of the menhaden meal protein. Shrimp that ingested diets in which CMHF and CMLF comprised 450 and 300 g kg?1 of the protein, respectively, exhibited significant reductions in growth and feed intake relative to those fed the basal diet. Feed and protein utilization were not significantly depressed unless menhaden meal in the basal diet was completely replaced by CMHF or CMLF. In general, percentage survival and final whole-body levels of protein, minerals, and thyroid hormones were not significantly affected by dietary treatment. Terminal whole-body levels of moisture were raised significantly in shrimp fed diets containing the highest levels of CMHF and CMLF. Potassium levels were significantly higher in shrimp fed the diet containing the lowest level of CMLF relative to those fed the basal diet and the diet with the highest level of CMLF. Water stability of the diet pellets was negatively correlated with their levels of CMHF and CMLF. It is concluded that commercial high-fibre canola meal can constitute 300 g kg?1 of the dietary protein of juvenile shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) without compromising growth, feed intake and feed and protein utilization. However, because of a trend towards reduced shrimp survival at this dietary concentration of canola meal, it is recommended that this protein source not exceed 150 g kg?1 of the protein in practical juvenile shrimp diets. Fibre-reduced canola meal did not have improved nutritive value for shrimp. However, we postulate that one or more fibre-reduced, and solvent-extracted canola protein products may be cost-effective substitutes for fish meal protein.  相似文献   

9.
ADELIZI  ROSATI  WARNER  WU  MUENCH  WHITE  & BROWN 《Aquaculture Nutrition》1998,4(4):255-262
Eight experimental diets were formulated for rainbow trout using agricultural byproducts as major ingredients. Each experimental diet contained varying amounts of corn grain, corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed and one of the following: 200 g kg?1 peanut meal, 200 or 400 g kg?1 soybean meal (SBM), 390 g kg?1 low-allergen soy flour, 310 g kg?1 soy protein concentrate, 300 g kg?1 low-allergen soy protein concentrate or 200 g kg?1 SBM + 110 g kg?1 blood meal. One diet contained 200 g kg?1 SBM and canola oil as the main lipid source. The remaining diets contained 95 g kg?1 menhaden oil. Fish fed a commercial trout diet exhibited significantly greater weight gain (322%), and a lower feed conversion ratio (0.89) but significantly lower protein efficiency ratio (2.18) than fish fed the experimental diets. Within the experimental diets, fish fed the 400 g kg?1 soy flour diet and the 400 g kg?1 soybean meal diet had significantly higher weight gains (276% and 268%) and protein efficiency ratios (2.58 and 2.52), and lower feed conversion ratios (1.02 and 1.03) than fish fed other experimental diets. Fillet flavour varied between treatments. Most notable was the lower fishy flavour and higher chicken flavour of fish fed the diet that contained canola oil rather than menhaden oil. Microscopic evaluation of the liver and five sections of the gastrointestinal tract failed to demonstrate any differences between treatment groups. The ingredient costs of several experimental diets were lower than the estimated cost of a standard commercial trout diet. However, the superior feed conversion ratios of fish fed the control diet resulted in lower feed costs per unit of fish produced.  相似文献   

10.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of extruded diets and pelleted diets with varying dietary lipid levels on growth performance and nutrient utilization of tilapia. Six diets, containing three levels of lipid at 40, 60 or 80 g kg?1 (with the supplemental lipid of 0, 20 or 40 g kg?1, respectively), were prepared by extruding or pelleting and then fed to tilapia juveniles (8.0 ± 0.1 g) in cages (in indoor pools) for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the fish that were fed the diet with 60 g kg?1 of lipid had a higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), lipid retention (LRE), energy retention (ERE), apparent protein digestibility, apparent dry matter digestibility and a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those fed the diet with 40 g kg?1 lipid in both the extruded diet and pelleted diet (P < 0.05). As the dietary lipid level increased from 60 to 80 g kg?1, these parameters were not further improved, even digestibilities of the crude protein and dry matter decreased (P < 0.05). With the dietary lipid level increased, whole‐body lipid content significantly increased (P < 0.05), serum aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) tended to increase (P > 0.05), whereas whole‐body protein content, serum triglyceride (TG), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) and HDL‐C/LDL‐C tended to decrease (P > 0.05). Fish fed with the extruded diets had a higher WG, SGR, hepatosomatic index (HSI), PER, protein retention (PRE), LRE, ERE, TG, apparent digestibility of protein and dry matter, as well as a lower FCR, than those fed with the pelleted diets at the same dietary lipid level (P < 0.05). These results suggested that tilapia fed with the extruded diets had a better growth and higher nutrient utilization than fish fed with the pelleted diets, when dietary lipid level ranged from 40 to 80 g kg?1 and at dietary crude protein level was 280 g kg?1. The optimum dietary lipid level was 60 g kg?1 in both the pelleted and extruded diets, and extrusion did not affect dietary lipid requirement of the tilapia.  相似文献   

11.
A feeding trial was conducted to assess the nutritional values of canola meal as a substitute for fishmeal in diets for kuruma shrimp using five isocaloric diets (190 kJ kg?1) prepared by replacing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of fishmeal protein with canola meal protein in CM0, CM10, CM20, CM30 and CM40 diets respectively. Triplicate groups of juveniles (0.19 g) were fed the respective diets for 60 days in tanks. At the end of trial, weight gain (%) and specific growth rate (% day?1) were not significantly (P > 0.05) different among shrimp fed CM0, CM10 and CM20 diets. However, growth was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in shrimp fed CM30 and CM40 diets. As with growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were also decreased (P < 0.05) in CM30 and CM40 groups. Whole body dry matter, methionine and proline were significantly decreased with canola meal substitution levels. In general, retention efficiency of protein and indispensible amino acids were decreased as canola meal increased in diets. It may be concluded that 20% fishmeal protein can be successfully replaced with canola meal, while supplementation of amino acids or blending with complementary proteins could facilitate higher fishmeal replacements in kuruma shrimp diets.  相似文献   

12.
A 14‐week trial was conducted to investigate the effects of antinutritional factors (ANFs) commonly present in soybean ingredients, singly and in combination, on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed from start‐feeding. The experimental diets consisted of a negative control fish meal diet (FM), and a positive control diet with 167 g kg?1 soybean meal inclusion (SBM) and four diets based on the FM diet supplemented with 2 g kg?1 soya‐saponins (SAP), 1.5 g kg?1 isoflavones (IFL), 0.3 g kg?1 phytosterols (PHS) or a mixture of these (MIX). Fish fed the SAP diet showed significantly higher growth performance than those fed FM, while the IFL treatment significantly decreased growth performance of salmon fry. Fish fed the IFL diet had significantly lower maltase activity and higher trypsin activity in proximal intestine than fish fed the FM diet. Histological differences were observed in the liver of fish fed the IFL diet, characterized by reduced size of the hepatocytes. Fish fed the PHS and IFL diets showed the highest frequencies of skeletal deformities among the six treatments. In conclusion, the results indicate that purified isoflavones may negatively affect growth performance, intestinal function, liver metabolism and bone formation of salmon fry.  相似文献   

13.
A 6‐week feeding trial was carried out in glass tanks to determine the effects of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) with a combination of meat and bone meal (MBM), poultry by‐product meal (PBM), blood meal (BM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) in practical diets on the growth, nutrient digestibility and body composition of Pacific white shrimp. Six practical diets were formulated, containing two levels of crude protein (CP) (330 and 380 g kg?1) and similar crude lipid (CL) levels. For the 330 g kg?1 dietary protein level, 0, 357 and 714 g kg?1 FM were replaced by the mixture in Diets 1–3, respectively; while 0, 514 and 784 g kg?1 FM were replaced in Diets 4–6, respectively, for 380 g kg?1 dietary protein level. White shrimp‐fed diets containing 330 g kg?1 CP had significantly lower weight gain compared with white shrimp fed diets containing 380 g kg?1 CP. Increasing the mixture and dietary protein level significantly raised the body ash content of white shrimp. White shrimp fed a low‐protein diet obtained better nutrient digestibility compared with those fed a high‐protein diet.  相似文献   

14.
The ability of Litopenaeus vannamei (initial mean weight: 0.96 ± 0.02 g) to utilize different levels of cornstarch was examined in terms of growth indices, body composition, digestibility and microscopic structure of the hepatopancreas. Six isonitrogenous semipurified diets were fed to satiation to shrimp for 8 weeks in triplicate tanks (30 shrimps per tank) connected to a natural brackish water (6–8 g L?1) recirculating system. Diets contained different levels of cornstarch (100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 g kg?1) as the source of carbohydrate and were balanced using cellulose. Weight gain (WG), survival rate and feed conversion rate (FCR) were considerably affected by cornstarch levels of diets. The highest WG (453.6 g kg?1) and best FCR was observed in shrimp fed the 150 g kg?1 (cornstarch level) diet and was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those fed diets containing 250–350 g kg?1 cornstarch. However, the survival rate reached maximum in shrimp fed the 100 g kg?1 diet (96.7), some 30% higher than the lowest rate, which was found in shrimp fed the 250 g kg?1 diet. Body lipid tended to be higher in shrimp fed diets with higher cornstarch levels. The apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude fat increased with increasing levels of cornstarch and, hence, decreasing levels of cellulose. In addition, histological study on shrimp fed 10–350 g kg?1 diets exhibited histological changes. The overall conclusion was that the optimum cornstarch level may be set at 100–200 g kg?1 when the diets contain 380 g kg?1 protein.  相似文献   

15.
Two feeding experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of fish meal (FM) with raw or heat‐treated cowpea Vigna unguiculata L. Walp var. IT86‐D719 seeds on growth performance, digestibility and pancreas tissue in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fry. Experiment 1 involved six isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets: four containing different concentrations of raw, whole cowpea meal (protein basis), a positive control with FM as sole protein source and a negative with cowpea meal as sole protein source. Substitution at up to 200 g kg?1 had no significant effect on production parameters, although growth was negatively affected in the negative control because of seed antinutritional factor content. Experiment 2 evaluated the effect of heat treatment (oven drying at 48 °C; hot air drying at 70 °C; or autoclaving at 119 °C) and/or seed dehulling using diets containing 200 g kg?1 cowpea meal presoaked in water. Only autoclaving eliminated trypsin inhibitor and lectin contents, independent of dehulling. Histological analysis indicated no histological changes in pancreas tissue. Raw or treated cowpea meal can replace FM in tilapia fingerling diets at up to 200 g kg?1 protein content without significantly affecting productive parameters or pancreas tissue.  相似文献   

16.
A dephytinized protein concentrate prepared from canola seed (CPC) was assessed for nutrient digestibility and performance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The apparent digestibility coefficients of CPC were: dry matter, 817 g kg?1; crude protein, 899 g kg?1; gross energy, 861 g kg?1; arginine, 945 g kg?1; lysine, 935 g kg?1; methionine, 954 g kg?1; threonine, 893 g kg?1. A 9‐week performance trial assessed 7 diets. Fishmeal provided 940 g kg?1 of the protein in the control diet. Test diets consisted of CPC or water‐washed CPC replacing 500 and 750 g kg?1 of fishmeal protein; and CPC plus an attractant replacing 500 and 750 g kg?1 of fishmeal protein. No significant differences in performance were observed (P > 0.05). A subsequent 9‐week performance trial evaluated the effect of adding CPC into compound diets containing fishmeal/soybean meal/corn gluten meal. Five diets were prepared: fishmeal provided 670 g kg?1 of the protein in the control diet, in the remaining diets CPC was incorporated into commercial‐like trout diets at 100, 200 and 300 g kg?1 replacement of fishmeal protein, the fifth diet included an attractant in the 300 g kg?1 replacement diet. No significant differences in performance were obtained (P > 0.05). These studies show that dephytinized canola protein concentrate has potential to replace substantial levels of fishmeal in diets for carnivorous fish without compromising performance.  相似文献   

17.
A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth, feed utilization and body composition of fingerling rohu, Labeo rohita (4.5 ± 0.2 cm; 2.58 ± 0.04 g), fed five isonitrogenous (350 g kg?1 crude protein) and isoenergetic (15.7 kJ g?1 metabolizable energy) diets in which the main protein contributors were: diet I, fish meal (FM); diet II, soybean meal (SBM); diet III, groundnut meal (GNM); diet IV, equal amounts of SBM, GNM and canola meal (CM); diet V, equal amounts of FM, SBM, GNM and CM. Fish were stocked in triplicate groups of 25 fish held in 70 L flow‐through tanks (water volume 55 L) and fed twice daily (0900 and 1700 hrs) to apparent satiation. Fish fed diet I exhibited the highest (P < 0.05) values for live weight gain and specific growth rate (% per day). Feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio were better (P < 0.05) in fish‐fed diets I and II. Fish‐fed diet II exhibited lower (P < 0.05) fat and ash contents in carcass. Based on these findings, a 70‐day trial (Experiment II) was conducted with six diets fed under the same conditions where FM was incrementally replaced with SBM. Fingerling L. rohita (6.7 ± 0.4 cm; 4.07 ± 0.02 g) were used for the study. Crystalline l ‐methionine was added to diets containing more than 250 g kg?1 SBM. This second study showed no significant (P > 0.05) variation in growth, feed utilization and carcass composition for fish fed the different diets. In conclusion, SBM was more effective than GNM or CM, as FM was replaced in feeds for fingerling L. rohita and could completely replace FM when supplemented with methionine and fortified with minerals under the conditions of this study.  相似文献   

18.
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of replacing fish meal (FM) with blood meal (BM), poultry by‐product meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM) and shrimp head meal (SHM), rapeseed meal (RM) and peanut meal (PM) on a digestible basis of crude protein and lysine and methionine in five practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp at the FM levels of 300, 250, 200, 150 and 100 g kg?1 under laboratory conditions. Each of the five experimental diets was hand‐fed to four replicate tanks of shrimp with an average weight of 0.33 ± 0.03 g to satiation at each meal. The shrimp were fed three times a day over a six‐week period. The per cent weight gain of initial body weight (WG%) was significantly lower in shrimp fed 100 g kg?1 FM diet, but the value for hepatosomatic index (HSI) and the level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) tended to be higher in shrimp fed 100 g kg?1 FM diet than those in shrimp fed other diets. The lowest value for feeding rate (FR) occurred for shrimp fed the basal diet and was significantly lower than that in shrimp fed the FM diets at 100–150 g kg?1. Shrimp fed diets containing 200 g kg?1 or lower FM had significantly lower feed utilization than those fed the 250 g kg?1 FM diet and the basal diet. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) in the shrimp fed the basal diet was significantly higher than in the other FM diets. Decreasing the FM replacement level significantly reduced nutrient digestibility except in the cases of ash and gross energy, but it did not affect the survival, condition factor (CF), body composition, digestive enzyme activity or plasma transaminase activity. The results of the study indicate that feeding a diet formulated on a digestible basis and involving FM replacement with other protein sources at a greater replacement proportion will not produce a level of shrimp growth equal to that achieved by feeding the basal diet.  相似文献   

19.
Ten isonitrogenous (350 g kg1-crude protein) diets incorporating raw and soaked deoiled sal (Shorea robusta) seed meal at 200, 300,400, 500 and 600 g kg?1 into a fish-meal-based diet were fed to rohu, Labeo rohita (Ham.), fingerlings for 60 days and fish performance was studied. Tannin from raw salseed meal could be reduced from 34 to 7 g kg?1 by soaking in water for 16 h at room temperature. In terms of growth response, food conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio, a diet containing 200 g kg?1 soaked salseed meal resulted in significantly (P < 0.01) the best performance of the fish. Apparent protein digestibility (APD) values decreased with increasing level of oilseed meal. Carcass protein was highest in fish fed diets containing 200 g kg?1 soaked salseed meal. The results showed that deoiled salseed meal can be incorporated in carp diets up to 200 g kg?1 and 300 g kg?1 in raw and treated forms respectively.  相似文献   

20.
The effect of dietary protein level on the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of meat and bone meal and rapeseed meal for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. was examined. Three reference diets were formulated to contain 240 (RD24), 350 (RD35) and 450 (RD45) g kg?1 crude protein, and chromic oxide was added at 10 g kg?1 in the reference diets as an inert indicator. Six test diets were formulated by mixing one of the reference diets with each test ingredient at a ratio of 70:30. Fish (initial body weight 101.0 ± 0.6 g) were fed reference diets for 3 days and then fed test diets in the following 4 days cyclically for 4 weeks. Faeces of fish fed each reference diet or test diet was collected from the third day of each diet conversion. Dietary protein level significantly affected the ADC of protein and energy of reference diets, test diets and test ingredients. The ADC of protein and energy of meat and bone meal and rapeseed meal was the highest when these ingredients were mixed with diet RD35. The scope of variation in the ADC of protein and energy of meat and bone meal was 8% (from 69.9% to 78.3%) and 8% (from 70.2% to 78.0%), and the scope of variation in the ADC of protein and energy of rapeseed meal was 4% (from 79.8% to 83.3%) and 5% (from 56.0% to 60.7%) when the dietary protein level was increased from 300 to 480 g kg?1. This indicates that the ADC of protein and energy of meat and bone meal and rapeseed meal for Nile tilapia varied considerably at different dietary protein levels.  相似文献   

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