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1.
T. Matsumoto Y. Nagashima K. Takayama K. Shimakura K. Shiomi 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2006,31(1):95-100
In vitro accumulation of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) in tiger puffer fish Takifugu rubripes was investigated using liver tissue slices. When T. rubripes liver slices were incubated with Leibovitz’s L-15 medium containing 0.13 mM TTX at 20 °C in air with saturated humidity,
they accumulated 21.5 ± 7.3 μg TTX g−1 liver after the incubation for 12 h and increased to 55.3 ± 8.2 μg TTX g−1 liver at 48 h. In the incubation of T. rubripes liver slices with 0.13 mM PST-containing medium, PST was detected 6.3 ± 0.9 μg g−1 liver at 12 h and reached a plateau thereafter. These results reveal the difference between TTX and PST in accumulation in
T. rubripes liver tissue slices. To examine the variation in PST accumulation among fish species, the liver tissue slices from tiger
puffer fish T. rubripes, parrot-bass Oplegnathus fasciatus and green ling Hexagrammos otakii were incubated at a concentration of 0.027 mM PST. The toxin contents of 3.0 μg g−1 liver were observed at 8 h regardless of fish species but were not increased subsequently, showing no variety among these
three species as to accumulation patterns of PST. It is noted that the tiger puffer fish T. rubripes liver specifically accumulate TTX in preference to PST. 相似文献
2.
Nathan L. Collie Jonathan P. Bolton Hiroshi Kawauchi Tetsuya Hirano 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1989,7(1-6):315-321
In salmonids, growth hormone (GH) effectively promotes adaptation of freshwater (FW) fish to seawater (SW), but it has been
unclear whether GH has osmoregulatory actions apart from those consequent to an increase in body size. Our objectives were
first, to examine the minimum time and dose required for GH to enhance SW adaptation; and second, to optimize the conditions
for the acute GH response in developing a convenient GH bioassay based on its plasma ion lowering effect. Trout showed markedly
improved SW survival when transferred from fresh water 6, 24, or 48h after a single chum salmon GH injection (0.25 μg/g).
Preadapting trout to 1/3 SW enhanced the plasma ion lowering effect of ovine GH (oGH) injected 48h before transfer of the
fish to 80% SW. Endogenous plasma GH levels were elevated in control trout switched from low salinities to 80% SW but were
depressed in oGH-injected fish after transfer. Under optimal test conditions (1/3 SW preadaptation, 48h pre-transfer injection,
and 100% SW final challenge), the reduction in plasma Na+, Ca++, and Mg++ levels of oGH-injected fish was dose-dependent. The oGH doses giving minimum and maximum responses were 50 and 200 ng/g,
respectively. In short, GH exerts acute osmoregulatory actions that promote SW adaptation in the absence of changes in body
size. Compared with growth GH bioassays, the osmoregulatory assay is superior in economy of time, animal costs, and hormone
quantity required and potentially in specificity. 相似文献
3.
We have studied the seasonal relationship between growth and circulating growth hormone (GH), hepatic GH-binding and plasma
insulin-like growth factor-I immunoreactivity in gilthead sea bream,Sparus aurata. The seasonal increase in plasma GH levels preceded by several weeks the summer increase in growth rates. In contrast, a
marked increase in hepatic GH-binding with a high degree of endogenous GH occupancy was found during the period of maximum
growth which suggests an enhanced sensitivity of liver to GH action. Thus, circulating levels of immunoreactive IGF-I, probably
derived from the liver in response to GH action, were positively correlated with growth throughout the experimental period
although a consistent relationship between growth and circulating GH was not found. In spite of this, we consider that, in
gilthead sea bream, as in several other teleosts, the availability of endogenous GH can limit growth. Thus, under environmental
conditions of suboptimal growth, a single intraperitoneal injection of recombinant rainbow trout GH (rtGH) induced over the
dose range tested (0.75, 1.5, 3 μg g BW−1) an increase in plasma IGF-I-like immunoreactivity comparable to that seen during the period of maximum growth. 相似文献
4.
The role of glycogen phosphorylase in the regulation of glycogenolysis by insulin and glucagon in isolated eel (Anguilla rostrata) hepatocytes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The effects of porcine, scombroid, and salmon insulins, and bovine and anglerfish glucagons on glycogen depletion and glycogen
phosphorylase (GPase) activities were examined in freshly isolated American eel (Anguilla rostrata) hepatocytes. Eel liver GPase in crude homogenates was activated (increase in % GPase a) by phosphorylating conditions and was rapidly inactivated (less than 1 h) when a phosphatase inhibitor (fluoride) was absent.
Caffeine inhibits, and AMP activates, the b form of GPase consistent with their effects on rat liver GPase. Both mammalian and fish glucagons increased glucose production
in eel hepatocytes, but had more ambiguous effects on glycogen levels and GPase activities. The magnitude of bovine glucagon
effects were dependent on the initial glycogen content of the cells; only at glycogen concentrations less than approximately
70 μmoles.g−1 did glucagon significantly increase % GPase a. Anglerfish glucagon significantly increased cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentrations by 90% at 10−7 M, but had no effects at 10−9 M and 10−8 M. Scombroid and salmon insulins maintained hepatocyte glycogen concentrations and decreased glucose production, with these
effects more pronounced at low (10−9 to 10−8 M) rather than high (10−7 M) hormone concentrations. Porcine and salmon insulins decreased total GPase and % GPase a activities, and salmon insulin decreased CAMP levels, but only at 10−8 M (by 44%).
Glycogen is, therefore, depleted by glucagon and maintained by insulin in freshly isolated American eel hepatocytes, and these
changes are accomplished, at least in part, by changes in the activities of GPase. Changes in cAMP do not explain all of the
observed hormone effects. 相似文献
5.
N. E. Down Patricia M. Schulte Edward M. Donaldson Helen M. Dye Lawrence M. Souza 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1989,20(4):181-187
Seawater-adapted female chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) in their second summer were treated with one of three doses of recombinant bovine growth-hormone (rbGH) administered in a continuous fashion by osmotic pump for approximately five weeks. Untreated fish, sham-treated fish and fish treated with the low dose of hormone (0.003 μg/g bwt/day) did not differ significantly in their growth performance over the 10 week course of the experiment. By the end of the treatment period (week 6) the mean increases in fork length and weight for these groups were 7.6% and 38.9%, respectively. A dose-dependent enhancement of growth was observed for the fish treated with the mid (0.016 μg/g bwt/day) and high (0.078 μg/g bwt/day) doses of hormone. After 6 weeks, the fish given the mid dose of rbGH had gained 9.6% in fork length and 45.3% in weight, while the fish treated with the high dose of rbGH had gained 13.9% in fork length and 52.9% in weight. A significant increase in specific growth rate was observed for these latter two groups during the treatment period while condition factor declined in response to the high dose of rbGH. This experiment indicates that chronic administration of growth-hormone to chinook salmon can result in a dose dependent elevation of growth rate. Results are discussed in relation to previous attempts to accelerate the growth of Pacific salmon with growth-hormone and the potential for using recombinant growth-hormone to improve the production characteristics of salmon being cultured in seawater. 相似文献
6.
L. Andersen K. Kinnberg H. Holbech B. Korsgaard P. Bjerregaard 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2004,30(3-4):257-266
In the present study, the effects of the anti-estrogen ZM 189,156 and the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole were evaluated in
a 40-day juvenile assay developed for screening of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Juvenile zebrafish were exposed from 20
to 60 days post hatch (dph) to ZM 189, 154 (100 μg l−1 and 200 μg l−1) and fadrozole (10, 32, and 100 μg l−1). VTG concentrations were measured at 38 dph by the use of a direct non-competitive sandwich ELISA and sex ratios were determined
at 60 dph by histological examination of the gonads. A small but significant increase in VTG concentrations was observed in
fish exposed to ZM 189, 156 (100 and 200 μg l−1) and fadrozole (10 and 100 μg l−1) compared to control groups. In fish exposed to ZM 189, 156 and fadrozole, the percentage of females declined and the number
of undifferentiated fish increased. These findings show that exposure of juvenile zebrafish to an aromatase inhibitor or an
anti-estrogen during early development inhibits differentiation and development of female gonads. The data presented, furthermore,
show that the 40-day juvenile assay may be suitable for screening endocrine disrupting chemicals acting as anti-estrogens
and aromatase inhibitors. 相似文献
7.
The effect of recombinant bovine placenta) lactogen (rbPL) treatment upon growth of juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) (14.0 ± 0.31 g wet wt), was examined over a period of 6 weeks. Experimental animals were either injected (5 μg rbPL g?1 week?1), implanted with a cholesterol pellet containing 0.4 mg rbPL (approximately 4 μg g?1 week?1), or orally and rectally intubated with 7.5 μg rbPL g?1 week?1. Control animals were injected with bovine serum albumen (BSA), 5 μg g?1 week?1, implanted with a placebo or orally intubated (7.5 μg BSA g?1 week?1). Significant (P < 0.05) growth acceleration was recorded for rbPL-injected and pellet-implanted groups from week 2 onwards when compared against all other groups. Oral or rectal intubation of rbPL (7.5 μg rbPL g?1 week?1), however, was without effect. Condition factor decreased in all groups, but was significantly lower in rbPL-injected and pellet-implanted fish at trial end when compared against controls. No differences were recorded between groups for per cent body moisture or relative gut length. Hepatosomatic index was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in rbPL-injected and rbPL-implanted chinook salmon versus other fish. 相似文献
8.
Cumming Duan Stephen J. Duguay Erika M. Plisetskaya 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):371-379
To examine the hormonal and nutritional regulation of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA expression, a sequence-specific
solution hybridization/RNase protection assay for coho salmon IGF-I mRNA was developed. This assay is both rapid and sensitive
and has low inter- (less than 15%) and intra-assay variations (less than 5%). Using this assay, the tissue distribution of
IGF-I mRNA and effects of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and somatolactin (SL) on hepatic IGF-I mRNA expression in coho
salmon were examined in vivo. Liver had the highest IGF-I mRNA level of 16 pg/μg DNA. Significant amounts of IGF-I mRNA were also found in all other tissues
examined (intestine 4.1, kidney 3.8, gill arch 2.4, brain 2.4, ovary 2.3, muscle 2.1, spleen 1.7 and fat 1.1 pg/μg DNA). Injection
of coho salmon GH at doses of 0.1 and 1 μg/g body weight significantly increased the hepatic IGF-I mRNA levels in a dose-dependent
manner. Injection of coho salmon SL, a recently discovered member of the GH/PRL family, stimulated the IGF-I mRNA expression
at the higher dose (1 μg/g), whereas coho salmon PRL had no effect at either dose. Concentration-dependent stimulation by
coho salmon GH was also obtained in vitro in primary culture of salmon hepatocytes in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1 μg/ml. These results indicate that IGF-I
mRNA expression occurs in a variety of tissues in coho salmon, and that at least the hepatic expression is under the regulation
of GH and possibly other hormones. The sequence-specific assay established in the present study can be used for accurate quantitation
of IGF-I mRNA in salmonid species, and can contribute to a better understanding of the physiology of IGF-I in salmonids.
Résumé Afin d'étudier les régulations homronales et nutritionnelles de l'expression des ARNm de l'IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor I), un dosage spécifique par hybridation en solution des ARNm d'IGF-I de saumon coho et protégé des RNases, a été développé. Ce dosage, à la fois rapide et sensible, présente un faible coefficient de variation inter- (< 15%) et intra- (< 5%) dosage. L'étude de la distribution tissulaire des ARNm de l'IGF-I et des effets de l'hormone de croissance (GH), de la prolactine (Prl) et de la somatolactine (SI) sur l'expression hépatique des ARNm de l'IGF-I, a été entreprise in vivo chez le saumon coho en utilisant ce dosage. Le foie présente les plus grandes quantités d'ARNm d'IGF-I (16 pg/μg d'ADN). Des quantités significatives d'ARNm d'IGF-I ont été également détectées dans tous les autres tissus étudiés (intestin 4,1; rein 3,8; branchie 2,4; ovaire 2,3; muscle 2,1; rate 1,7 et graisse 1,1 pg/μg d'ADN). L'injection à des saumons coho, de GH à des doses de 0,1 et 1 μg/g de poids vif, augmente significativement et de manière dose dépendante les niveaux hépatiques d'ARNm d'IGF-I. L'injection de SI de saumon coho, un membre récemment découvert de la famille GH/Prl, stimule avec la plus haute dose utilisée, l'expression des ARNm d'IGF-I alors que la Prl n'a aucun effet. La GH augmente de manière dose dépendante (0,01–1 μg/ml) l'expression in vitro des ARNm d'IGF-I par des ARNm d'IGF-I par des hépatocytes de saumon coho en culture. Ces résultats indiquent que, chez le saumon coho, l'expression des ARNm d'IGF-I est présente dans le nombreaux tissus et que, l'expression hépatique est, au moins en partie, régulée par la GH et peut-être par d'autres hormones. Le dosage par séquence spécifique mise au point dans le présent travail, peut-être utilisé pour la quantification précise des ARNm, d'IGF-I de salmonidés et devrait permettre une meilleure connaissance de la physiologie de L'IGF-I chez les salmonidés.相似文献
9.
In this study, we have investigated the effects of Porphyridium cruentum (Rodophyta) as a natural pigment source and astaxanthin and β-carotene as synthetic pigment sources on the skin colour of
cichlid fish (Cichlasoma severum sp., Heckel 1840), which are generally light orange with white patches and becomes shiny orange in the reproductive phase.
The fish were fed diets containing 50 mg kg−1 astaxanthin and β-carotene, and P. cruentum powder. The amount of both natural and synthetic pigment sources given as feed was 50 mg kg−1, and the experiment was continued for 50 days. Total carotenoid content of the fish was determined spectrophotometrically
at the end of the experiment. As a result, while a visible change of colour in the skin of the fish fed on the feed containing
astaxanthin was observed with 0.34 ± 0.2 mg g−1 of pigment accumulation, a relatively small change of colour was observed in the skin of other fish that were fed on the
feed containing P. cruentum and β-carotene with 0.22 ± 0.2 mg g−1 and 0.26 ± 0.1 mg g−1 of pigment accumulations, respectively. Therefore, it was determined that these pigment sources have an effect on the colour
of cichlid fish. 相似文献
10.
Bacillus circulans PB7, isolated from the intestine of Catla catla, was evaluated for use as a probiotic supplement in the feeds for the fingerlings of Catla catla. The effect of supplement on the growth performance, feed utilization efficiency, and immune response was evaluated. Catla
fingerlings (ave. wt. 6.48 ± 0.43 g) were fed diets supplemented with 2 × 104 (feed C1), 2 × 105 (feed C2), and 2 × 106 (feed C3) B. circulans PB 7 cells per 100 g feed for 60 days at 5% of the body weight per day in two equal instalments in triplicate treatments.
The control feed (CC) was not supplemented with the B. circulans. All the feeds were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Fish fed with feed C2 displayed better growth, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) highest RNA/DNA ratio, a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR), and a higher protein efficiency ratio (PER) than the
other experimental diets. Highest carcass protein and lipid was also observed in the fish fed C2 feed compared to the others.
Significantly (P ≤ 0.05), highest protease was recorded in fish fed feed C2 (47.9 ± 0.016) and lowest in fish fed feed C3 (32.10 ± 0.009),
where α-amylase activity did not differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05) beyond the lowest inclusion level. ALP, ACP, GOT, and GPT in the liver of Catla catla were the highest (P ≤ 0.05) in fish fed C2 feed. The highest TSP, albumin, and globulin was observed in fish treated with C2 feed after 60 days
feeding trial, but the lowest glucose level was observed in the same treatment. After the feeding trial, the non-specific
immunity levels and disease resistance of fish were also studied. Phagocytic ratio, phagocytic index, and leucocrit value
were the highest in fish fed feed C2. After the feeding trial, the fish were challenged for 10 days by bath exposure to Aeromonas hydrophila (AH1) (105c.f.u. ml−1 for 1 h, and, after 7 days, 107c.f.u. ml−1 for 1 h). Highest survival percentage was observed in fish fed with feed C2 compared with only 6.66% in the controls, which
indicated the effectiveness of B. circulans PB 7 in reducing disease caused by A. hydrophila. 相似文献
11.
J. Máchová M. Prokeš Z. Svobodová V. Žlábek M. Peňáz V. Baruš 《Aquaculture International》2007,15(3-4):267-276
Diazinon 60 EC (chemical insecticide, organophosphate, active substance diazinon at a concentration of 600 g l−1) is used in fish-farming in well-founded cases as a biocide to suppress excessive propagation of coarse Daphnia zooplankton.
At the concentration of 10 μg l−1 (i.e., 100 g per 1 ha at a mean depth of the pond of 1 m), Diazinon 60 EC can highly selectively eliminate Daphnia zooplankton,
causes no harm to fish, and relatively quickly decomposes in the aquatic environment. This has been corroborated by results
of acute toxicity tests in fish: the 96 h LC50 is 3 mg l−1 for the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) and 10–25 mg l−1 for the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). As demonstrated by embryonic and larval tests of toxicity for the common carp (C. carpio), Diazinon 60 EC at the concentration of 10 μg l−1 causes no harm to the tested, individuals even in these sensitive (critical) stages of ontogeny. 相似文献
12.
Teleost fish lack the enzyme for endogenous synthesis of ascorbic acid (AA), an essential micronutrient for fish. The aim
of this study was to examine the effect of higher levels of dietary vitamin C on growth, nutritional quality, and immunomodulation
in the Indian major carp, rohu (Labeo rohita). Four groups of L. rohita were fed experimental diets containing either no vitamin C (control) or supplemented with vitamin C at 500 mg kg−1 (Exp-1), 1000 mg kg−1 (Exp-2), or 1500 mg kg−1 (Exp-3) for 60 days. Growth parameters (NWG, ADG, and SGR), serological parameters (TSP, TSA, TSG, and A:G), haematological
parameters (TLC, TEC, Hct, MCV, and MCH), and different non-specific immunological parameters (PR, PI, respiratory burst activity,
and bactericidal activity) were evaluated during the experimental trial. Fish fed a vitamin C-supplemented diet showed higher
specific growth rate (SGR) up to 1000 mg kg−1 compared with control fish. Different haematological and serological parameters along with non-specific immune parameters
were influenced by vitamin C supplementation. Among the non-specific immune parameters phagocytic activity (PR and PI) and
respiratory burst activity (NBT cells) were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) enhanced by increasing doses of vitamin C supplementation. Higher levels of dietary vitamin C significantly (P ≤ 0.05) enhanced protection against Aeromonas hydrophila (AH1) infection compared with controls. Results from this study help to establish the beneficial effect of vitamin C on growth
and immunmodulation in rohu (L. rohita). 相似文献
13.
家蚕多角体病毒表达系统在家蚕体内表达基因重组的草鱼生长激素(r-gGH)，具有与天然草鱼生长激素(GH)相似的免疫原性和生物活性。为了节省基因工程研究中的下游工作 (基因产物的分离和提纯)，本研究将含有r-gGH的家蚕直接作为饵料源，冻干并磨碎后拌在饵料中投喂草鱼鱼种，通过养殖实验及生化测定分析对比r-gGH促进草鱼鱼种生长的剂量依存关系，筛选活性强的处理剂量和处理时间，期望为鱼类养殖生产提供一种较为经济、来源容易、方法简易而又切实可行的促进鱼种生长并且可以大规模应用的方式。实验结果表明，投喂含有r-gGH的家蚕，有相当一部分被鱼体消化道吸收，进入血液循环。投喂2 h和6 h 后，草鱼鱼种的血清GH水平均显著高于对照组(投喂基本饲料)和投喂正常家蚕组；每天投喂和隔2天投喂，均使草鱼鱼种的血清GH水平显著升高，并对草鱼鱼种生长都有明显的促进作用。短期(3 d)和长期(42 d)投喂含有r-gGH 的家蚕，无论是低剂量(10 mg·g-1饲料)还是高剂量(20 mg·g-1饲料)，均极其显著地提高草鱼鱼种的血清GH水平；长期(42 d)投喂亦对草鱼鱼种的生长有显著的促进作用，鱼体的相对体重增长率、相对体长增长率、食物转化率和肥满度显著增加。 相似文献
14.
Steffen S. Madsen 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1990,8(4):271-279
The growth-independent effect of ovine growth hormone (oGH) and oGH + cortisol treatment on seawater (SW) adaptation in immature
rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri was investigated. Fish were injected every second day with saline, 2.0 μg oGH/g or 2.0 μg oGH + 8.0 μg cortisol/g for a maximum
of 8 injections in freshwater (FW). Subgroups were transferred to 28‰ SW after 4 or 8 injections, and changes in plasma Na+ and Cl−, muscle water content and gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity were measured. In both of the hormone-treated groups retained in FW, gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity and interlamellar chloride cell density increased. The effects were most pronounced in the oGH + cortisol
group after 2 weeks of treatment. After transfer to SW most of the control fish died due to the osmotic stress, whereas in
the hormone-treated groups, mortality was low and there was a positive correlation between pretransfer gill Na+/K+-ATPase and the ability to maintain ionic-osmotic homeostasis after SW transfer. After two weeks of oGH + cortisol treatment,
gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity was maximal. In contrast, after SW transfer, Na+/K+-ATPase activity increased further in the oGH-treated group. This group regulated ionic-osmotic parameters less effectively
than the oGH + cortisol-treated group. The data indicate that GH and cortisol are important hormones in the regulation of
hypoosmoregulatory mechanisms in S. gairdneri. 相似文献
15.
Zhongming Zheng Chunhua Jin Mingyun Li Peifeng Bai Shuanglin Dong 《Aquaculture International》2008,16(6):581-589
The metabolic responses of the juvenile Miichthys miiuy in terms of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion to changes in temperature (6–25°C) and salinity (16–31 ppt) were investigated.
At a constant salinity of 26 ppt, the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of the fish increased with an increase in temperature
and ranged between 133.38 and 594.96 μg O2 h−1 g−1 DW. The effect of temperature on OCR was significant (P < 0.01). Q10 coefficients were 6.80, 1.41, 1.29 and 2.36 at temperatures of 6–10, 10–15, 15–20 and 20–25°C, respectively, suggesting that
the juveniles of M. miiuy will be well adapted to the field temperature in the summer, but not in the winter. The ammonium excretion rates (AER) of
the fish were also affected significantly by temperature (P < 0.01). The O:N ratio at temperatures of 6, 10, 15 and 20°C ranged from 13.12 to 20.91, which was indicative of a protein-dominated
metabolism, whereas the O:N at a temperature of 25°C was 51.37, suggesting that protein-lipids were used as an energy substrate.
At a constant temperature of 15°C, the OCRs of the fish ranged between 334.14 (at 31 ppt) and 409.68 (at 16 ppt) μg O2 h−1 g−1 DW. No significant differences were observed in the OCR and AER of the juveniles between salinities of 26 and 31 ppt (P > 0.05). The OCR and AER at 16 ppt were, however, significantly higher than those at 26 and 31 ppt (P < 0.05), indicating salinity lower than 16 ppt is presumably stressful to M. miiuy juveniles. 相似文献
16.
The effect of prebiotic xylooligosaccharides (XOS) on the growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of the allogynogenetic
crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, was investigated. XOS was added to fish basal semi-purified diets at three concentrations by dry feed weight: diet 1, 50 mg kg−1; diet 2, 100 mg kg−1; diet 3, 200 mg kg−1, respectively. Twelve aquaria (n = 20) with three replicates for each treatment group (diets 1–3) and control treated without XOS were used. Weights of all
collected carp from each aquarium were determined at the initial phase and at the end of the experiment, and the carp survival
was also determined by counting the individuals in each aquarium. After 45 days, there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the relative gain rate (RGR), and daily weight gain (DWG) of diets 1–3 were compared with the control. However,
the survival rate was not affected (P > 0.05) by the dietary treatments. For enzymatic analysis, dissection produced a crude mixture of intestine and hepatopancreas
of each segment to measure. The protease activity in the intestine and hepatopancreas content of fish in diet 2 (487.37 ± 20.58 U g−1 and 20.52 ± 1.93 U g−1) were significantly different (P < 0.05) from that in the control (428.13 ± 23.26 U g−1 and 12.81 ± 1.52 U g−1) and diet 3 (428.00 ± 23.78 U g−1 and 14.04 ± 1.59 U g−1). Amylase activity in the intestine was significantly higher for diet 2 compared to diet 1 and the control. As for amylase
in the hepatopancreas, assays showed higher activity in diet 2 (P < 0.05) compared to the rest. 相似文献
17.
Jesus D. Celada Amelia Aguilera Jose M. Carral María Sáez-Royuela Pedro M. Melendre Jose R. Pérez 《Aquaculture International》2007,15(6):461-465
In two 120-day experiments, performed in the laboratory at 22°C, the effects of stocking density on the survival and growth
of juvenile tench (Tinca tinca L.) were evaluated. Fish were kept in fibreglass tanks, supplied throughout with flow of artesian water, and fed a dry diet
for salmonids, in excess, supplemented with restricted amounts of Artemia nauplii. In the first experiment four-month-old juveniles (0.31 ± 0.04 g and 32.00 ± 1.17 mm TL) were stocked at four densities—0.18,
0.88, 1.05, and 2.10 g l−1. Survival was high (>89%) for all treatments. Final densities ranged between 1.10 g l−1 (significantly lowest) and 10.46 g l−1 (significantly highest). The density increase was significantly higher (611%) for fish stocked at the lowest initial density
(0.18 g l−1) than for fish stocked at 0.88, 1.05, and 2.10 g l−1, for which the density increase averaged 457%. In the second experiment, 4.5-month-old juveniles (0.58 ± 0.17 g and 39.54 ± 0.83 mm
TL) were stocked at three densities—1.05, 3.00, and 4.00 g l−1. Survival was high (>96%) for all treatments. Final densities ranged between 4.08 and 16.53 g l−1 and were significantly higher for greater initial densities. The density increase was greatest (413%) for fish stocked at
the highest density (4 g l−1) and was not significantly different for fish stocked at 1.05 and 3 g l−1. Considering all the densities in the two experiments, for stocking at 4 g l−1 the final density was 15 times higher than that reached after stocking at 0.18 g l−1, without harmful effects on survival and growth. This final density (equivalent to 16.53 kg m−3) is in the range recommended for other fish species in this period under intensive conditions. 相似文献
18.
L. R. Harris M. H. Cake D. J. Macey I. C. Potter 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1990,8(6):451-457
The concentration of total non-haem iron and its ferritin iron component, and the activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase
(SOD), were measured in the livers of ammocoetes, metamorphosing animals (stages 1–7) and recently metamorphosed downstream
migrants of the lamprey Geotria australis. Total non-haem iron in the liver rose significantly from 0.15–0.55 μg.mg wet weight−1 in ammocoetes and metamorphosing stages 1–3 to 2.2–2.9 μg.mg−1 in stages 5–7 and to 8.8 μg.mg−1 in downstream migrants. The comparable values for ferritin iron were 0.06–0.26, 1.4–2.0, and 5.3 μg.mg−1. Superoxide dismutase activity fell sharply from 0.39 μg.mg−1 in large ammocoetes to between 0.07 μg.mg−1 in stage 1 and 0.15 μg.mg−1 in stage 6, before rising significantly to 0.26 μg.mg−1 in stage 7 and 0.35 μg.mg−1 in downstream migrants. The sharp fall in SOD activity at the beginning of metamorphosis is assumed to be related to the
marked decline in plasma iron which occurs at the onset of this non-trophic phase in the life cycle. It is proposed that the
subsequent increase in SOD activity in the liver of G. australis with increasing iron represents a mechanism aimed at reducing the potentially toxic effects of iron accumulation. This view
is consistent with the significant and positive correlation found between both total non-haem and ferritin iron and SOD activity
in the liver of non-trophic animals. 相似文献
19.
Tailiang Liu Hua Wen Ming Jiang Danning Yuan Pan Gao Yujiang Zhao Fan Wu Wei Liu 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2010,36(3):565-572
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary chromium picolinate supplement on growth and haematology
parameters of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Six diets with increasing dietary chromium picolinate levels 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 mg kg−1 were fed to triplicate groups of 20 fish (initial weight of 12.78 ± 1.16 g, mean ± SD) in a flow water system for 10 weeks.
Fish fed the diet supplemented with 0.8 mg Cr kg−1 had significantly improved weight gain (WG), feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein retention
(PR). Fish fed high-chromium diets exhibited lower whole-body crude lipid contents than fish fed low-chromium diets. Liver
glycogen concentrations for fish fed the diet with 0.2 mg Cr kg−1 was the highest (77.67 mg g−1). Fish fed the diet supplemented with 1.6 and 3.2 mg Cr kg−1 had significantly lower liver glycogen concentrations than other groups (P < 0.05). The highest serum insulin concentrations were observed in fish fed the diet supplemented with 0.8 mg Cr kg−1, but serum insulin concentrations decreased (P < 0.05) when dietary supplementation of chromium was higher than 0.8 mg Cr kg−1. Cholesterol concentrations decreased in direct proportion to dietary chromium level and achieved the lowest level when the
fish were fed the 0.8 mg Cr kg−1 diet, but increased when the fish were fed the diet with more than 0.8 mg Cr kg−1 (P < 0.05). Fish fed the diet supplemented with 0.8 mg Cr kg−1 had higher triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations compared to other treatments. The
results of the present study suggested that chromium picolinate could modify serum carbohydrate and lipid metabolism profile,
and that the optimal dietary chromium level was 0.8 mg kg−1 for grass carp according to growth. 相似文献
20.
The objective of this study was to examine whether digestive capacity correlates with growth rate in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Ninety fish (1035±240 g; 478±36 mm) were assigned to one of three treatments: deprived of food for 5 weeks and then re-fed
for 24 days, deprived for 10 weeks and then re-fed for 24 days, or fed for 24 days without deprivation (controls). Three times
a week during feeding, the fish were provided with meals of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in excess. Within each treatment, ten fish were sacrificed before and twenty after the feeding period. The relative masses
of the pyloric caeca, intestine, and white muscle were determined. Cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), citrate synthase (CS), and
nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) activities were assayed in the pyloric caeca, intestine, and muscle as was trypsin activity
in the pyloric caeca. During the re-feeding period, fish that had been deprived of food for 10 weeks showed compensatory growth,
growing 1.9 times faster than the controls (0.94±0.26 versus 0.50±0.31% body mass ⋅ day−1). Fish that displayed compensatory growth had a lower relative white muscle mass than controls (66.5±4.1% vs. 69.6±7.4%)
while the relative masses of the pyloric caeca (2.21±0.49% vs. 1.78±0.31%) and intestine (0.95±0.20% vs. 0.77±0.15%) were
greater than the controls, suggesting that the sizes of these digestive tissues might correlate with compensatory growth capacity.
Citrate synthase in the pyloric caeca was the only enzyme that showed higher activity during compensatory growth (8.57±0.94 U ⋅ g
tissue−1 compared to 7.13±1.03 U ⋅ g tissue−1 in the control group). This suggests that aerobic catabolic capacity of pyloric caeca could be related to growth capacity
during recovery, possibly via the energetic cost of digestive enzyme synthesis.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献