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1.
棉花膜下滴灌酸性液体肥的试验效果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
棉花膜下滴灌技术是近几年在南北疆棉花产区重点推广的农业节水措施。试验和实践证明，此项技术对提高水肥利用率，具有十分明显的作用。酸性液体肥是新研发的一种用于棉花膜下滴灌的新型滴灌专用肥。其有效养分含量为25％，主要以氮、磷、钾、微量元素以及促根剂、促溶剂等成分为主，pH值2～3。经过2年多点试验测定，滴灌酸性液体肥的氮素利用率在47％～66％，平均为55％，与常规灌溉条件下的施肥相比，氮素利用率提高15～30个百分点；磷素利用率在24％～38％范围内，平均为31％，与常规灌溉条件下的施肥相比，磷素利用率提高10～17个百分点；平均增产子棉270kg／hm^2，增产率为7．8％。每公顷用肥900～930kg，可生产皮棉1725kg／hm^2，节约肥料35％。 相似文献
2.
不同施肥对滴灌大豆磷素积累与分配的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用节水滴灌方式，研究肥料用量和施肥时期对滴灌大豆磷素积累、分配、利用及产量的影响，目的是探索节水灌溉与施肥相结合的灌溉施肥新模式。结果表明，在滴灌条件下前期种肥的供给对大豆磷素积累及产量的形成非常重要，T1（1/2种肥）、T2（种肥）、T3（3/2种肥）、T4（1/2种肥+花期1/2滴肥）、T5（1/2种肥+结荚期1/2滴肥）处理的滴灌大豆磷素积累量大，吸收利用率较高（种肥为尿素75 kg/hm2、磷酸二铵150 kg/hm2、硫酸钾90 kg/hm2，滴肥为尿素127.5 kg/hm2、磷酸二氢钾为133.5 kg/hm2）；综合产量因素，在种肥用量为尿素37.5 kg/hm2、磷酸二铵75 kg/hm2、硫酸钾45 kg/hm2的基础上，在结荚期再滴施尿素63.75 kg/hm2、磷酸二氢钾66.75 kg/hm2，这种滴灌施肥方式效果最佳。 相似文献
3.
不同滴灌施肥策略对棉花氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
在温室条件下应用^15N标记尿素进行了不同滴灌施肥策略对棉花氮素吸收和氮肥利用率影响的盆栽试验.根据滴灌灌水施肥时段的分配,设置四种不同氮肥滴灌施肥策略.研究结果表明,不同滴灌施肥策略显著影响棉花的干物质重和氮素吸收量,棉花的氮素吸收量明显受到根系生长的影响,整株氮素吸收量与根干物质重之间呈显著的正相关关系.在一次灌溉过程中先滴1/2时间的肥液,然后再滴1/2时间清水的施肥策略可显著促进棉花根系的生长,增加棉花的氮素吸收量,减少氮肥在土壤中的残留,提高氮肥利用率.因此,在膜下滴灌条件下采用合适的施肥策略有助于提高肥料的利用效率. 相似文献
4.
氮肥对非充分灌溉下棉花产量及品质的补偿作用 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
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基于产量反应和农学效率的推荐施肥方法在东北春玉米上应用的可行性研究 总被引：18，自引：2，他引：16
7.
旱地冬小麦氮磷自然供给能力及其吸收氮磷来源的长期定位试验 总被引：5，自引：7，他引：5
利用在黄土旱塬上布置的 13年小麦连作肥料定位试验资料 ,研究了旱地冬小麦氮磷的自然供给能力和吸收来源于肥料和土壤的氮磷相对比例。结果表明 ,旱地冬小麦氮素的自然供给能力为 26.68～27.49kg/hm2,平均为 27.2kg/hm2;磷素自然供给能力为 5.21～8.49kg/hm2,平均为7.31kg/hm2 。小麦吸收氮素有 51.9%～76.8%来自氮肥 ,平均为66.6% ;而来自土壤为23.2%～48.1% ,平均 33.4%。小麦吸收磷素来源于肥料的为 13.6%～47.8% ,平均为28.7% ;来源于土壤为 52.2%～86.4% ,平均为 71.3%。同一肥底基础上 ,随肥料用量的增加 ,小麦吸收氮或磷素来源于肥料的比例也增大 ,而来源于土壤的比例逐渐减少。本试验条件下 ,氮肥利用率变幅为 32.6%～66.0% ,平均为51.1% ;磷肥利用率变幅为 1.72%～14.02% ,平均为7.0% 相似文献
8.
控释复肥中磷素在马铃薯上的效应研究 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12
采用18-9-18和15-15-15包膜控释肥及相应的普通速效复合肥进行马铃薯小区试验,研究在低磷(P2O575kg/hm2)和高磷(P2O5150kg/hm2)2种磷肥水平下,磷素控释对土壤供磷状况、马铃薯磷素累积、当季磷肥利用率以及产量的影响。研究结果表明,与普通速效复肥相比,控释复肥施入土壤后磷的有效性较高,马铃薯植株的磷累积吸收量比普通化肥明显增加,当季磷肥利用率显著提高。低磷控释的处理当季磷肥利用率比非控释的处理增加了32个百分点,达到了44.4%;高磷控释肥处理的当季磷肥利用率比高磷非控释的处理增加了35个百分点,达到了48.7%,并且显著提高了马铃薯产量。 相似文献
9.
滴灌施肥对设施番茄产量和氮素表观平衡的影响 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
针对设施蔬菜传统栽培管理模式中水肥过量使用,导致水资源浪费、硝态氮淋失污染地下水、病虫害增加等问题,以山东省寿光市一年两季设施番茄传统灌溉施肥模式为对照,通过测定番茄产量和土壤硝态氮累积量以及经济和环境效益分析,研究了滴灌施肥一体化栽培管理模式对设施番茄产量和氮素表观平衡的影响。结果表明,与传统水肥管理模式相比,滴灌施肥一体化模式显著提高了番茄产量,全年增产19.6%,净收益提高33%;氮肥和灌溉用水量分别减少了80%和36%。传统水肥管理模式090 cm土层NO3- -N平均残留量和表观氮素盈余分别高达N 107551和99961 kg /hm2,而滴灌施肥一体化模式则分别为N 57246和-4640 kg/hm2,大大降低了氮素淋洗和气态损失的潜在风险。 相似文献
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低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献