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1.
柴油机多段燃油喷射可用来优化缸内燃烧以实现排放净化的目标。该文采用两段预喷和一段主喷组合的多段燃油喷射进行混合燃料D10(90%柴油+10%碳酸二甲酯)燃烧过程的研究。通过预喷相位可调但3段喷油之间相位间隔恒定、主喷持续时间可调但第1、2段预喷持续时间固定的喷油策略,实现在目标工况下精确的放热中心COHR(center of heat release)。当调整多段燃油喷射策略实现目标COHR以等步长推移时,柴油机的燃烧过程呈现如下特点:各工况的着火时刻均处于第2段预喷和主喷之间;从喷油时刻至着火时刻所经历的曲轴转角越来越小;着火时刻至放热中心所占用的曲轴转角则越来越大;缸内燃烧压力峰值出现位置与放热中心位置较为接近,相对缸内峰值压力出现位置,COHR不断后移且相距更远。与柴油相比,D10的滞燃期更长,其最大压升率也更高。由于易汽化的碳酸二甲酯促进了燃料混合及后续燃烧,从着火时刻到10%放热率及90%放热率对应时刻所占用曲轴转角均变小,说明碳酸二甲酯的加入有助燃烧的迅速进行。基于COHR为表征的燃烧特性分析,为碳酸二甲酯/柴油混合燃料的应用、多段燃油喷射调控燃烧过程及排放控制理论提供指导。 相似文献
2.
EGR对轻型柴油机缸内燃烧及排放性能影响的可视化 总被引：12，自引：10，他引：2
为探索EGR对轻型柴油机小负荷工况下缸内燃烧及排放性能的影响规律,该文以某高压共轨轻型柴油机为样机,搭建柴油机缸内工作过程可视化研究平台,通过缸内燃烧过程高速摄影、缸内示功图采集及放热率计算分析了EGR对轻型车用柴油机燃烧过程及排放性能的影响规律。研究表明:通过所搭建的柴油机缸内工作工程可视化平台可以直观的分析柴油机缸内喷雾燃烧过程。小负荷工况条件下,随着EGR率的增加,滞燃期缩短,柴油机缸内燃烧持续期延长,燃烧后期平均温度上升,缸内压力峰值、瞬时放热率峰值均降低,与EGR率为10%时相比,EGR率40%时NOX、HC和CO排放分别下降了65.6%,46.4%和8.7%,而炭烟的排放先减小后增大,EGR率超过30%后炭烟排放及燃油经济性出现恶化。该研究可为有效降低柴油机排放提供参考。 相似文献
3.
电控喷油器作为高压共轨喷油系统关键部件工作过程中涉及机、电、液多物理场耦合,为预测不同工况下系统喷油量特性,揭示系统多物理场耦合特性机理,该文考虑可变液容及燃油物性等对系统动态喷射特性的影响,运用键合图理论建立了共轨式喷油器各主要组成部件数值模型,得到了系统状态方程,通过对系统状态方程组数值求解计算,得到了不同工况下系统喷油量。建立了高压共轨喷油系统喷油量测试试验台,比较了轨压分别为80、100和120 MPa不同控制脉宽下系统喷油量测量结果与键合图数值模型计算值。结果表明计算结果与测量值最大相对误差为4%,因此基于键合图理论建立的共轨式喷油器数值模型可较好地预测系统喷油量特性。该研究对高压共轨喷油系统多物理场建模及系统喷射性能数值计算提供了参考。 相似文献
4.
为了研究松油-柴油-PODE_(3-4)混合燃料的喷雾特性,该文利用高压共轨喷油试验台结合高速摄影技术拍摄了不同工况下松油-柴油-PODE_(3-4)混合试验燃料的喷雾发展图像,分析了燃油属性、喷油压力、喷孔直径对混合柴油喷雾特性的影响。结果表明:随着喷油压力的增加,试验燃料的喷雾锥角变大,喷油压力从100到160 MPa,每增加20 MPa喷雾锥角平均增加1°左右,喷雾前锋贯穿距离也有一定程度的增长,随着喷油压力从100增加到160 MPa,最大喷雾前锋贯穿距离增加13%左右;随着喷孔直径的增大,喷雾锥角和喷雾前锋贯穿距离都呈现增大的趋势,喷孔直径从0.10增加到0.18 mm,喷雾锥角增加了3°左右,喷雾前锋最大贯穿距离增加28%左右;在纯柴油的基础上掺混松油和PODE_(3-4)后的混合燃料,其喷雾锥角、贯穿距离和油束面积相对于纯柴油都有增长的趋势,说明在纯柴油的基础上掺混一定比例松油和PODE_(3-4)有助于改善燃料的雾化效果。试验研究结果可以为松油和PODE_(3-4)成为柴油机替代燃料提供参考。 相似文献
5.
基于响应曲面法的非道路用高压共轨柴油机设计点优化标定 总被引：10，自引：8，他引：2
针对柴油机采用高压共轨系统带来标定与优化工作量显著增加的问题,基于Box-Behnken设计与响应面法对处于标定阶段的一款非道路用高压共轨柴油机进行了研究。以该柴油机设计点为例,在最大转矩转速1 600 r/min与额定功率转速2 600 r/min的全负荷工况下,选取主喷油量、预喷油量、主喷正时以及喷油压力4个标定变量为因子,在满足设计指标与相关约束的条件下进行了优化标定。试验结果表明:基于响应曲面法建立的柴油机各二阶响应面回归模型具有良好的准确性和预测能力,决定系数R2、调整决定系数R2 adj以及预测决定系数R2 pred均在0.92以上,试验值与预测值的最大偏差不超过3.07%;优化之后得出的标定变量组合使得该非道路用高压共轨柴油机的最大转矩达到200.7 N?m,额定功率达到40.1 k W,满足其设计指标,同时有效燃油消耗率、空燃比、最高气缸压力以及最高排气歧管气体温度均在许可的约束范围之内,表明将响应曲面法用于非道路用高压共轨柴油机设计点的优化标定是可行的。 相似文献
6.
7.
研制成功了一种无需将燃烧弹壳体加热到高温，只需点燃可控预充可燃混合气即可模拟现代柴油机喷油时缸内高温、高压、高密度工作环境下高压燃油喷射特性及油束撞壁混合过程的定容燃烧喷雾模拟实验装置。此装置可以采用平面激光诱导荧光法(PLIF)等多种光学方法对柴油喷雾油束特性及油束撞壁混合过程进行测量。经实验验证，此装置可以模拟实际发动机高达6.5 MPa、1000 K的缸内高压、高温工作环境，并给出了模拟不同压力和温度时预充气组分各分压的理论计算方法及实验所得的压力—时间曲线，为测量现代柴油机的喷雾特性及油束撞壁混合过程提供了必要的条件。 相似文献
8.
为了防止柴油机多次喷射相互干扰或重叠对喷油器、控制器以及发动机性能造成影响。该文选取大、中、小负荷3种工况,进行了预喷与主喷不同程度重叠对喷油器驱动电流、柴油机缸内燃烧及排放性能影响的台架试验。试验结果表明：当预喷与主喷重叠时,喷油器的最大提升电流达到39 A左右,约为喷油器规定电流的2倍,极有可能对喷油器及控制器造成损坏;重叠度在0以上时,喷油器处于连续开启状态,2次喷油合并为1次喷油,预喷效果消失,燃烧滞燃期延长;重叠度0与-50%相比,3种工况的着火延迟角度分别增加4.1、4.8和5.2 °CA,增幅分别为86.7%、115%和99%;随着滞燃期延长,燃烧始点推迟,缸内压力及燃烧温度升高,燃烧噪声增加,排放性能受到一定程度的影响。针对预喷与主喷重叠带来的问题,提出了基于喷油脉宽评估方法的多次喷射干扰抑制策略,并进行了台架验证试验。结果表明：当抑制系统监测到预喷与主喷会发生干扰或重叠时,控制策略能够协调预喷在合理的角度范围内进行喷射;当预喷不能满足喷油角度释放条件时,抑制策略通过控制状态字有效关闭预喷。研究结果可为柴油机多次喷射协调控制提供理论依据。 相似文献
9.
非道路用重型柴油机燃烧过程优化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了降低非道路用重型柴油机的有害物排放,该文对柴油机的燃烧室结构、喷油策略进行优化。以一台CHD234V8型高压共轨直喷式柴油机为样机,对整机优化前后燃烧过程进行分析。试验结果表明,柴油机缸内油气混合得到改善,缸内最大爆发压力降低,有害物排放量减少;与优化前相比,标定工况和最大扭矩工况的燃油消耗率分别下降2.5%和6.2%,不透光烟度分别降低71.4%和67.9%;整机CO、(HC+NO_x)、颗粒(PM)分别减少了33.9%、11.8%和73%,满足非道路车辆的国三排放限值要求。该研究可为非道路用重型柴油机的排放控制提供参考。 相似文献
10.
进气成分对柴油机燃烧特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了研究进气成分对柴油机着火和燃烧过程的影响,在一台视窗上置式柴油机可视化实验装置上,用高速摄像机记录了油门全开时不同进气成分下柴油机燃烧过程的火焰照片,应用三基色法计算了燃烧温度场,结合示功图和放热率曲线分析了不同进气成分对柴油机燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:当进气成分不同时,缸内着火时刻、燃烧持续期、最大爆发压力和最大放热率均发生相应改变;同时,进气成分的改变对缸内最高温度和平均温度的影响较大;另外,进气同时加入2%H2和10%CO2可以在氧体积分数减少的情况下改善燃烧,有利于降低柴油机有害排放物的生成。研究结果为实现柴油机高效、低污染燃烧提供一种新的方法。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
18.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
19.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献