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1.
Increasing manganese (Mn) deficiency in soils emphasizes strategies for breeding genotypes with increased Mn efficiency. The present investigation evaluated Mn efficiency of 11 rice genotypes w.r.t. basal, foliar, and basal+foliar Mn application in field and glasshouse conditions. The genotypes with B + F application had higher leaf area (LA), SPAD index, root length (RL), root surface area (RSA) and mean half distance between roots (MHDR), and ultimately higher Mn efficiency under both growing conditions. The results of correlation analysis depicted strong positive relation between grain yield and LA (0.60) and SPAD index (0.53). The root characteristics viz., RL, RSA, and MHDR could, respectively, explain 76%, 77%, and 83% of variation in grain yield emphasizing the importance of superior root geometry in regulating mechanism pertaining to differential Mn efficiency. The breeders could select the traits for better root geometry along with high yield in breeding programs to develop Mn efficient genotypes. 相似文献
2.
为明确干旱和盐胁迫对花生生长发育及光合特性的影响,以花育25为试验材料,采用盆栽试验,设置正常供水(75%田间最大持水量,CK)、中度干旱胁迫(45%田间最大持水量,D)、盐胁迫(75%田间最大持水量,土壤含盐量0.3%,S)、旱盐胁迫(45%田间最大持水量,含盐量0.3%,DS)4个处理,研究开花期干旱和盐胁迫对花生光合特性和干物质积累的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,中度干旱胁迫降低了花生叶片的相对含水量、净光合速率(Pn),增加了叶片的SPAD值、光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd);盐胁迫降低了花生叶片的相对含水量、Pn和SPAD值,增加了LCP和Rd;随着胁迫时间的延长,DS处理的叶片相对含水量、Pn、SPAD值、LCP和Rd的变化趋势与盐胁迫基本一致。干旱胁迫结束复水10 d后,D处理的各项指标与CK无显著差异;但旱盐胁迫与盐胁迫间差异显著,干旱胁迫结束复水10 d时,旱盐胁迫的叶片相对含水量和Pn分别较盐胁迫降低1.57%、16.67%,LCP和Rd较盐胁迫分别升高78.07%、45.78%。旱盐胁迫降低了花生主茎高、侧枝长和植株干重的Vmax(最大生长速率)和Tm(Vmax出现时间),单株荚果产量较CK降低41.10%。干旱和盐胁迫对花生单株产量和出米率存在显著的交互作用,旱盐互作加剧了盐胁迫对花生植株生长的危害,因此盐胁迫下种植花生应在开花期及时灌水、防止盐分和干旱双重胁迫。本试验结果为盐碱地花生种植的合理灌溉和高产稳产提供了理论指导。 相似文献
3.
施硅对夜间增温条件下水稻叶片生理特性的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过大田试验,研究施硅对夜间增温条件下水稻分蘖期、拔节期、灌浆期、成熟期叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)及胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)的影响。夜间增温设常温对照(CK)和夜间增温(NW)2个水平;施硅量设Si0(不施硅)和Si1(钢渣硅肥,200kg SiO_2·hm~(-2))2个水平。结果表明:(1)夜间增温可使水稻冠层和5cm土层温度升高,水稻冠层和5cm土层全生育期夜间平均温度分别提高1.21℃和0.41℃;(2)夜间增温处理可使生育期内水稻叶片P_n、T_r、G_s比对照分别下降11.0%、9.0%和20.2%,C_i比对照增加1.2%;施加钢渣硅肥处理可使叶片P_n、G_s比对照分别增加16.1%和25.8%,T_r、C_i比对照分别降低11.0%和2.0%;夜间增温条件下施硅比不施硅水稻叶片P_n、G_s分别增加22.0%和33.6%,T_r、C_i分别降低7.7%和2.3%。研究认为夜间增温降低了水稻叶片P_n、T_r、G_s,增加了C_i。施硅通过显著提高水稻叶片P_n、G_s,降低T_r、C_i,缓解了夜间增温引起的抑制效应。(3)夜间增温和施硅两种处理对水稻叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)影响不显著。夜间增温使叶片SPAD值平均下降3.0%;施硅使叶片SPAD值增加4.7%;夜间增温下施硅比不施硅叶片SPAD值增加5.7%。 相似文献
4.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15):1976-1983
Five upland cotton varieties (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (Aleppo 118, Aleppo 33/1, Aleppo 90, Raqqa 5, and Deir-Ezzor 22) were evaluated under different salinity indices [0, 50, 100, and 200 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)] for 56 days. During the course of the experiment, plant size (HT), leaf number (LN) and leaf area (LA), chlorophyll SPAD (Soil Plant Analyses Development), chlorophyll (Chl) a and b content, and osmotic potential were measured in both control and salt-stressed plants for all tested varieties. Salt-stress application reduced the HT and LN of all varieties, whereas LA decreased as salinity level increased for all tested varieties comapared to their respective control expect for Deir-Ezzor 22 variety. Our data showed that LA, Chl a and b, and chlorophyll SPAD can be used to discriminate between salt-tolerant varieties and salt-sensitive ones. In this respect, Deir-Ezzor 22 variety differed by showing high salt tolerance relative to Aleppo 118 and Aleppo 33/1 varieties. Therefore, this investigation aimed for a better understanding of the different responses presented among these varieties toward salt treatment. 相似文献
5.
光质对菠菜草酸、单宁及硝酸盐积累效应的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
用彩色荧光灯得到红光、蓝光和黄光，以白光为对照，研究不同光质对菠菜产量，草酸、单宁及硝酸盐积累的影响。结果表明,处理间的菠菜叶柄和叶片硝酸盐和草酸含量的变化不同，但地上部生长量的变化趋势相同。叶片占植株地上部鲜质量的比例高于叶柄。不同处理叶片和叶柄鲜质量依次为白光(对照)>黄光>红光>蓝光。红光处理有利于干物质和碳水化合物的形成与积累。菠菜叶柄的硝酸盐含量显著高于叶片,是积累硝酸盐的主要场所，并且各处理间叶片硝酸盐和单宁含量的差异远大于叶柄。白光和黄光处理下，菠菜叶片草酸含量大于叶柄，而红光和蓝光处理则相反，其中红光处理草酸含量最低。菠菜在红光处理下生物量虽不高，但可极大地降低硝酸盐和草酸含量，提高菠菜品质。 相似文献
6.
Yan-Ju Liu Yi-Ping Tong Yong-Guan Zhu Hui Ding F. Andrew Smith 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(7):1207-1217
The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of predicting the concentrations of total nitrogen (N), nitrate-nitrogen, and ascorbic acid in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves using the pocket chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 (Minolta, Japan) in a pot experiment in a greenhouse. Spinach plants were grown in plastic pots filled with 0.5 kg of brown soil per pot with urea as N fertilizer at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg N/kg soil. SPAD readings of the two uppermost fully expanded leaves were recorded 18, 25, and 32 d after sowing and at harvesting (34 d). Dry-matter biomass and total N concentrations in leaves and roots, and NO3-N, and ascorbic acid concentrations in leaves, were measured after harvesting. SPAD readings showed continuous reduction with increasing growth period irrespective of N applications. SPAD readings at harvest were significantly correlated with total N, leaf dry weight (DW), and NO3-N concentration. However, this correlation did not exist between SPAD readings and ascorbic acid concentrations in leaves. The above results suggest that it is possible to apply SPAD readings to estimate NO3-N concentrations in spinach plants, and that they may be applied for field assessments in decision-making and operational nutrient-management programs for the plant. Furthermore, the SPAD method may also be useful for ascertaining the harvest time. The results suggest that treatment with 120 mg N/kg significantly improved both leaf yields and leaf quality (i.e., leaf nitrate-N concentration and ascorbic acid). Too little and too much N fertilizer was not good for yield or spinach quality. 相似文献
7.
ABSTRACT Long-term irrigation with untreated industrial sewage effluents causes accumulation of high concentrations of chromium (Cr) and other heavy metals in soil and subsequently in crop plants (especially leafy vegetables), which can be phytotoxic to plants and/or a health hazard to animals and humans. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Cr application on the growth of spinach (Spinacia oleracia L.) and to develop critical toxic ranges of Cr in plants and in soil. The study involved growing of spinach variety ‘Punjab Green’ in a greenhouse on silty clay loam and sandy soils equilibrated with different levels of applied Cr (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 mg Cr kg? 1 soil). Plants were harvested at: three growth stages 45, 60, and 90 days after sowing (DAS). Critical toxic ranges were estimated by regressing and plotting data on ammoniumbicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (AB-DTPA) extractable Cr in soil or Cr concentration in plants versus dry-matter yield (DMY) of spinach at the three growth stages. Toxic ranges, i.e., slightly toxic (80%–90%), moderately toxic (70%–80%), and extremely toxic (< 70%) in terms of DMY relative to the attainable maximum DMY, were established for both soils and for plants at all three growth stages. There was no germination of spinach with applied Cr at 320 mg Cr kg? 1 rate in silty clay loam soil and at 40 mg Cr kg? 1 rate in sandy soil due to Cr toxicity. Roots accumulated more Cr in comparison with shoots. Chromium concentrations of 0.47–1.93 mg Cr kg? 1 soil in silty clay loam soil, 0.13–0.94 mg Cr kg? 1 soil in sandy soil, 1.08–5.40 mg Cr kg? 1 plant DM in silty clay loam soil and 0.54–11.7 mg Cr kg? 1 plant DM in sandy soil were found to be toxic. The critical toxicity ranges of Cr thus established in this study could help in demarcating Cr toxicity in soils and in plants such as spinach and other leafy vegetables due to irrigation of soils with untreated sewage water contaminated with chromium. 相似文献
8.
花椰菜种质资源萌发期耐盐性综合评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以98份花椰菜自交系资源为试材,测定了盐胁迫下种子的发芽率(GP)、发芽势(GR)、发芽指数(GI)、活力指数(VI)、苗高(SH)和根长(RL)等指标的耐盐系数,采用隶属函数法进行了耐盐性的综合评价。结果表明:花椰菜种质材料萌发期的耐盐性强弱评价结果受多个指标的影响。运用模糊数学隶属函数法,并赋予测定指标以相应的权重,计算出种质材料耐盐性强弱的综合评价D值,对98份种质材料耐盐性的强弱进行了综合评价和排序。综合评价D值与GP、GR、GI、VI、SH、RL的耐盐系数隶属函数值的相关性均达极显著水平(r=0.910**、0.921**、0.955**、0.972**、0.585**、0.686**),综合评价D值可以全面反映供试种质材料的耐盐性。分别对综合评价D值、GP、GR、GI、VI、SH、RL的隶属函数值进行聚类分析比较,发现GR、GI、VI、RL可以作为花椰菜种质材料萌发期耐盐性筛选的指标,而GP、SH不宜直接作为花椰菜种质材料萌发期耐盐性筛选的指标。基于综合评价D值聚类分析,可以将98份种质材料的耐盐性分为强、中、弱、差四大群类,其中有7份材料属于强耐盐性群类的种质,可供花椰菜耐盐性品种选育改良利用及耐盐性机制、耐盐遗传机理等方面研究。 相似文献
9.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(11-12):1655-1672
Abstract A glasshouse investigation was undertaken to evaluate the natural potential of fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), and raya (Brassica campestris L.) for cleanup of chromium (Cr)–contaminated silty loam and sandy soils. Four kilograms of soil per treatment in earthen pots was treated with five levels of chromium [0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg Cr kg?1 soil through dipotassium chromate (K2Cr2O7], equilibrated for 21 days at field-capacity moisture content, and then fenugreek, spinach, and raya were grown for 60 days after seeding. The concentration of diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)‐extractable Cr increased significantly with increasing rate of Cr application in both soils, but the increase was higher in sandy soil than in silty loam soil. The DTPA‐extractable Cr in both soils decreased after harvesting of crops compared to its concentration in soil before sowing of the crops. The decrease in DTPA‐extractable Cr concentration was highest in soil growing raya and least in the fenugreek‐growing soil. The percent reduction in dry‐matter yield (DMY) with increasing levels of added Cr in comparison to the zero‐Cr control was highest for fenugreek (49 and 52%) followed by spinach (36 and 42%) and lowest for raya (29 and 34%) in silty loam soil and sandy soil, respectively. Also, the percent reduction in mean shoot yield of all crops was higher in sandy soil (41%) compared to silty loam soil (36%), when the rate of applied Cr was increased from 0 to 10 mg Cr kg?1 soil. The DMY of both shoot and root was highest for raya and lowest for fenugreek. The Cr concentration in fenugreek, spinach, and raya increased with increasing level of added Cr in both soils. The concentration of Cr in both shoot and root was highest in raya, followed by spinach and fenugreek. The overall mean uptake of Cr in shoot was almost four times and in root was about two times higher in raya compared to fenugreek. The findings indicated that family Cruciferae (raya) was most tolerant to Cr toxicity, followed by chenopodiacea (spinach) and Leguminosae (fenugreek). Because raya removed the highest amount of Cr from soil, it could be used for pytoremediation of mildly Cr‐contaminated soils. 相似文献
10.
Ethnic vegetable crops are increasingly being grown in the United States and may accumulate heavy metals when grown on urban soils. This study evaluated accumulation of lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) in tissues of Malabar spinach (Basella alba L.) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) grown on an urban and an orchard soil with Pb concentrations of 1,120 and 272 mg kg?1, respectively, and As concentrations of 6.92 and 90 mg kg?1, respectively. Tissue Pb was higher in both crops grown on both contaminated soils compared with an uncontaminated soil, while tissue As was higher on the orchard soil only. Malabar spinach did not accumulate Pb or As in its shoot, but concentrations of both metals were higher in sweet potato stems compared to leaves or tubers. Consumption of sweet potato stems should be avoided when sweet potato leaves are grown as a vegetable on soils with elevated levels of Pb and As. 相似文献
11.
干旱胁迫对丹参幼苗气体交换特征和保护酶活性的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
以大叶型丹参(SA)和小叶型丹参(SI)为材料,设置了对照正常供水(CK)、轻度干旱胁迫(LD)、中度干旱胁迫(MD)、重度干旱胁迫(SD)4个处理,研究了不同程度干旱胁迫对丹参叶片气体交换特征与保护酶的影响.结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫下2个丹参品种叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(T.)、气孔导度(Gs)都有不同程度... 相似文献
12.
低氮胁迫对耐低氮玉米品种苗期光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
【目的】叶绿素荧光参数经常用来评价光合器官的功能和环境压力的影响,不同玉米基因型耐低氮胁迫能力差异较大,与光合及叶绿素荧光特性对低氮胁迫的响应机制有关。本文以耐低氮能力差异较大的4个玉米杂交种为试验材料,研究了低氮胁迫对不同耐低氮性玉米品种苗期光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响,以期明确耐低氮胁迫玉米品种的光合机制。【方法】采用二因素完全随机设计盆栽试验,因素A为不同耐低氮性玉米品种:‘正红311’、‘成单30’和不耐低氮品种‘先玉508’、‘三北2号’;因素B为不同氮素水平:正常氮CK(霍格兰完全营养液,N 15 mmol/L)、低氮胁迫LN1(N 0.5 mmol/L)、极低氮胁迫LN2(N 0.05 mmol/L)。测定了苗期单株干物质积累量,单株氮素积累量,叶片叶绿素含量与荧光特性,以及光合效率指标。【结果】低氮胁迫下玉米苗期单株干物质积累量、单株氮素积累量、叶片叶绿素含量等生理指标显著下降,但耐低氮品种的下降幅度显著低于不耐低氮品种;低氮胁迫下玉米苗净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)显著降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)显著升高,净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)的降幅及胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的增幅耐低氮品种均显著低于不耐低氮品种;低氮胁迫下可变荧光(Fv)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ有效光量子产量(Fv'/Fm')和光化学猝灭系数(q P)等叶绿素荧光特性也均显著降低,耐低氮品种下降幅度显著低于不耐低氮品种;低氮胁迫下耐低氮品种PSⅡ实际光量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)降低,不耐低氮品种有所增加;而耐低氮品种非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)升高,不耐低氮品种有所降低。【结论】耐低氮玉米品种能够减缓低氮胁迫对植株光合系统的影响,进而保证植株较高的氮素积累,提高叶片叶绿素含量,维持较高的PSⅡ有效光量子产量(Fv'/Fm')和光化学猝灭系数(q P),为光合作用提供充足的光能;从而保持了较高的净光合速率(Pn),保证了耐低氮品种在低氮条件下保持较高的干物质生产。 相似文献
13.
为1~2年生柠檬幼树专用肥的精准科学施用和柠檬苗繁育提供科学依据。采用腐植酸型幼树柠檬专用配方肥设置不同施肥水平,对盆栽柠檬幼树进行指数施肥,测定并比较光合相关参数变化和叶绿素相对含量。结果表明,1)不同施肥水平净光合速率日变化均为双峰型,主峰出现在10:00,次峰出现在16:00左右,有明显光合"午休"现象。2)不同施肥水平的蒸腾速率日变化存在较大差异,所有处理柠檬苗蒸腾速率日变化均呈双峰型。第一个峰值和第二峰值分别出现在10:00和16:00,且第二峰值高于第一峰值。第二峰值施肥40、20、10 g/株处理与对照和施肥80、160 g/株处理相比差异显著。3)光合"午休"期间,各处理净光合速率和气孔导度均下降,胞间CO2浓度增加,气孔限制值降低,表明光合"午休"主要是非气孔因素造成的。4)相关性分析表明:不同施肥水平柠檬净光合速率均与大气CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、气孔导度极显著正相关,与叶片温度极显著负相关。5)不同时间段测量的不同施肥水平柠檬叶片SPAD值差异较大,在各个时间段内施肥40 g/株处理SPAD值均为最高,最高值达79.1,而施肥160 g/株处理则最低,仅48.6。合理施肥能显著提高柠檬苗的光合速率和叶片叶绿素含量,最适施肥水平是40 g株。 相似文献
14.
In order to understand how salicylic acid (SA) is involved in modulating rice responses to cadmium (Cd) toxicity, particularly in Cd immobilization, a series of hydroponic experiments were conducted to examine changes in cell wall composition, activities of the enzymes related to lignin synthesis including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), subcellular Cd distribution, levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and lignin and non-protein thiols (NPT) in rice roots under Cd stress with or without the pretreatment of SA. Results showed that Cd treatment decreased root biomass by 40% compared with the control (no Cd treatment) and pretreatment with SA significantly mitigated the Cd-induced inhibition of root growth. There was no significant difference in root cell wall composition or lignification between the treatment with Cd alone and the treatment with Cd with SA. No effects were observed for SA pretreatment on the activities of PAL, POD, or PPO under Cd stress. Furthermore, soluble Cd concentrations in root cells were significantly higher in the treatment with Cd with SA than in the treatment with Cd alone. However, H2O2 and MDA concentrations in rice roots were significantly lower but NPT levels were higher in the treatment with Cd with SA than in the treatment with Cd alone, which indicated that SA alleviated Cd-induced oxidative damage. It seems to suggest that SA-mediated enhancement of Cd tolerance was not due to enhanced Cd retention in the cell wall but to enhanced Cd bindings with thiols (─SH) group. The effects of SA-enhanced Cd tolerance were discussed with regard to H2O2 signaling pathways. 相似文献
15.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(11-12):1503-1518
Abstract Phytotoxicity, due to chromium [Cr (VI)] additions from low to very high levels in a swell–shrink clayey soil (Haplustert), in maize and spinach was studied in a pot culture experiment. Six levels of Cr (VI) (0, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 75 mg kg?1 soil) for maize and five levels for spinach (0, 2, 5, 10, and 25 mg kg?1 soil) were applied singly and in combination with two doses (0 and 20 t ha?1) of city compost. At levels of more than 75 mg Cr (VI) kg?1 soil for maize there was virtually no growth after germination, whereas 25 mg Cr (VI) kg?1 soil hindered the germination of spinach crop. Initial symptoms of Cr (VI) toxicity appeared as severe wilting of the tops of treated plants. Maize plants suffering from severe Cr (VI) toxicity had smaller roots and narrow brownish red leaves covered with small necrotic spots. In spinach, severe chlorosis was observed in leaves. Higher levels of Cr (VI) inhibited the growth and dry‐matter yield of the crops. However, application of city compost alleviated the toxic effect of Cr (VI). The concentration of Cr (VI) in plant parts increased when Cr (VI) was applied singly but decreased considerably when used in combination with city compost. There was evidence of an antagonistic effect of Cr (VI) on other heavy‐metal (Mn, Cu, Zn, and Fe) concentrations in plant tops. Thus, when Cr (VI) concentration increases, the concentration of other beneficial metals decreases. Chromium (VI) concentration in maize roots ranged from traces (control) to 30 mg kg?1and were directly related to soil Cr (VI) concentration. At 25 mg Cr (VI) kg?1 soil, yield of maize was reduced to 41% of control plants, whereas in spinach, 10 mg Cr (VI) kg?1 soil caused a 33% yield reduction. Experimental results revealed that the maize top (cereal) is less effective in accumulating Cr (VI) than spinach (leafy vegetables). Laboratory studies were also conducted to know Cr (VI) sorption capacity of a swell–shrink clayey soil with and without city compost, and it was found that Cr (VI) sorption reaction was endothermic and spontaneous in nature. 相似文献
16.
Farzana Latif Sultan Mehmood Adnan Khattak Asif Ullah Khan Safiullah Khan 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2016,66(4):325-332
The accumulation of total soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics and total soluble proteins in Zea mays plants exposed to drought stress and foliar spray of salicylic acid (SA) at 10?4?mol/L and 10?5?mol/L was investigated. Drought stress was imposed at the four-leaf stage for 10 days (30–35% field capacity). Dehydration of maize leaves was accompanied by the accumulation of both total soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics, reduction in leaf relative water content (LRWC), and shoot and root growth attributes. Foliar spraying of SA further augmented the content of total soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics and total soluble proteins content under drought stress. SA ameliorated the adverse effects of drought stress on LRWC, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, root length and root area. The accumulation of both soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics by foliar spray of SA may be a mechanism related to SA-induced drought stress tolerance in maize. It was concluded that foliar spraying of SA at 10?5?mol/L can be highly economical and effective for modifying the effects of drought stress on maize at the four-leaf stage. 相似文献
17.
Wael M. Semida Taia A. Abd El-Mageed Sabry E. Mohamed Nevein A. El-Sawah 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2017,63(9):1227-1239
Field-applied salicylic acid (SA) could provide a potential protection against drought stress in onion large-scale production. Two-season field experiments were consecutively conducted in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 to study the effect of 1 and 2 mM SA on growth, yield, plant water relations, chlorophyll a fluorescence, osmoprotectants, and water-use efficiency (WUE) in onion plants under four levels of irrigation (I120 = 120%, I100 = 100%, I80 = 80%, and I60 = 60% of crop evapotranspiration). Foliar application of SA enhanced drought stress tolerance in onion plants by improving photosynthetic efficiency and plant water status as evaluated by membrane stability index and relative water content. These results were positively reflected by improving plant growth, productivity, and WUE under drought stress conditions. Therefore, SA application may, in future, find application as a potential growth regulator for improving plant growth and yield under deficit irrigation by 20–40%. 相似文献
18.
The soil dynamics of hexavalent Cr, a particularly mobile and toxic metal, is of a great environmental concern, and its availability to plants depends on various soil properties including soil organic matter. Thus, in a pot experiment, we added 50?mg Cr(VI) kg?1 soil and studied Cr(VI) soil extractability and availability to spinach, where we applied both natural (zeolite), synthetic adsorptive materials (goethite and zeolite/goethite) and organic matter with farmyard manure. We found that, compared to the unamended control plants, dry matter weight in the Cr(VI)-added soil was greatly decreased to 17?% of the control, and height was decreased to 34?% of the control, an indication of Cr toxicity. Also, exchangeable Cr(VI) levels in soil decreased back to the unamended control even in the first soil sampling time. This was much faster than the exchangeable Cr(VI) levels in the mineral-added soil, where Cr(VI) levels were decreased to the levels of the unamended control in the third sampling time. The positive effect of organic matter was also indicated in the Cr quantity soil-to-plant transfer coefficient (in grams of Cr in plant per kilogram of Cr added in soil), a phyto-extraction index, which was significantly higher in the manure-amended (1.111?g?kg?1) than in the mineral-added treatments (0.568?g?kg?1). Our findings show that organic matter eliminates the toxicity of added Cr(VI) faster than the mineral phases do and enhances the ability of spinach to extract from soil greater quantities of Cr(VI) compared to mineral-added soils. 相似文献
19.
ABSTRACT Chromium (Cr) is an environmental pollutant and its accumulation up to toxic levels in the soil and plants by applying irrigation with untreated industrial effluents has become a major problem throughout the world, especially in developing countries like India. Various inorganic as well as organic compounds are known for their ability to reduce mobilization of heavy metals in soils for plant uptake and leaching to ground water. The present study was undertaken under controlled glasshouse conditions to assess the effectiveness of farm yard manure (FYM) applications (equivalent to 0, 1, and 2% organic matter on w/w basis) to ameliorate Cr toxicity in spinach grown in two texturally different soils (silty loam and sandy) contaminated artificially with five levels of Cr (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg Cr kg? 1 soil as K2Cr2O7). The diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Cr in soil (before seeding and after harvest), Cr concentration, and its uptake by shoots and roots of spinach increased with increasing level of applied Cr. Roots accumulated more Cr than shoots, which depicts limited translocation of Cr from roots to shoots. A significant decrease was observed in dry matter yield (DMY) of shoots as well as roots by raising levels of applied Cr (0 to 10 mg Cr kg? 1 soil) in both soils, but the extent of the DMY decrease was higher in the sandy loam soil. Application of FYM showed mitigating effects on Cr toxicity. The DMY was higher in the presence of FYM, than its absence, at all rates of applied Cr in both soils. The FYM application caused decline in the DTPA-extractable Cr in soil, and concentration of Cr and its uptake by shoots and roots of spinach at a given level of applied Cr. The magnitude of Cr toxicity and its amelioration by FYM application was higher in sandy soil compared to silty loam soil. The results of this study indicated that FYM application to the soil could be used as an effective measure for reducing Cr toxicity to crop plants in Cr-contaminated soils irrigated by untreated industrial effluents. 相似文献
20.
秸秆还田方式和施肥对冬小麦生理特性及产量的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过大田试验研究了不同秸秆还田方式及施肥对冬小麦叶片光合特性、SPAD值及产量的影响.结果表明:秸秆还田和施肥对冬小麦光合特性的日变化影响显著,秸秆行间掩埋推迟了日光合速率的高峰值,施肥大幅度增加了小麦的日光合速率;秸秆覆盖(SFR)和秸秆行间掩埋(ISFR)抑制了冬小麦生育前期的光合速率,而秸秆行间掩埋增加了小麦生育后期旗叶的气孔导度和光合速率,小麦整个生育期ISFR处理的光合速率变化幅度最大,峰值最高.不同秸秆还田方式对冬小麦叶片的SPAD值及产量无显著影响(P＞0.05),但短期的秸秆还田有降低产量的趋势;施肥可明显提高冬小麦生育后期叶片的光合特性、SPAD值及产量(P＜0.05). 相似文献