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1.
Environmental influences on fetal and neonatal development can affect neural, reproductive, immune and cardiovascular function in adult humans and animals. The effects can be exerted at many different stages of development from before conception to after birth. Effects may even be exerted during a preceding generation. Some known and some possible mechanisms are reviewed. Systems likely to be affected include the brain, hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal glands and the gonads. The effects may be exerted through altered gene expression at any stage of development or through changes in organ structure or physiology. 相似文献
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Christmann U Livesey LC Taintor JS Waldridge BM Schumacher J Grier BL Hite RD 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2006,20(6):1402-1407
BACKGROUND: Lung surfactant function and composition are varied and adapted to the specific respiratory physiology of all mammalian species. HYPOTHESIS: Lung surfactant function and composition are different in neonatal foals as compared to adult horses. ANIMALS: Six adult horses, 7 term foals (<24 hours old), and 4 premature foals were used. Animals were part of the Auburn University teaching herd except for 3 client-owned premature foals. METHODS: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained from all animals. Ultracentrifugation of cell-free BALF separated surfactant into crude surfactant pellets (CSP) and supernatant. Both fractions were analyzed for phospholipid and protein content with the Bartlett and bicinchoninic acid method, respectively. Phospholipid composition of the CSP was determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light scatter detector. Surface tension of the CSP was measured with a pulsating bubble surfactometer. Results from term foals (<24 hours old) were compared statistically to those from adult horses. Values of P < .05 were considered significant. RESULTS: BALF phospholipid content was similar between adult horses and term foals, but BALF protein content was significantly decreased in term foals. Phosphatidylglycerol was significantly decreased, phosphatidylinositol was significantly increased, and the minimum surface tension was significantly increased in the CSP from term foals compared to adult horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Surface tension and phospholipid composition of surfactant in neonatal foals are significantly different compared to adult horses. These changes may influence biophysical and immunologic functions of surfactant. 相似文献
3.
Serum titers of virus-neutralizing (VN) antibody were 10 to 16 times higher in neonatal pigs than in young adult pigs, after single oral doses of virulent transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). To determine the reason for this higher response, sera from neonatal and young adult pigs, 18 to 21 days after exposure to TGEV, were collected and assayed for VN antibody by plaque reduction. In addition, sera of VN-positive and VN-negative neonatal pigs were analyzed for immunoglobulin classes by radial immunodiffusion technique.The competence of neonatal pigs to produce VN antibody with increased IgG levels was demonstrated. The higher antibody response seen in neonatal pigs, when compared to sera of young adult pigs, may be attributed to the increased replication of TGEV in the intestinal tracts of neonatal pigs or to the lack of other immunogens that may interfere or compete with the production of specific antibody. 相似文献
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Corneal touch threshold (CTT) was measured in sick neonatal foals, healthy foals, and healthy adult horses with a Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer. The mean overall CTT for the adult horses, sick foals, and healthy foals was 4.82 +/- 0.87 cm, 3.21 +/- 0.24 cm, and 5.01 +/- 0.61 cm, respectively. The central cornea of adult horses was more sensitive than the limbal cornea. Corneal sensitivity was significantly reduced in sick neonatal foals compared to adults. The mean Schirmer I tear test values were significantly lower in foals than adults, and were 14.2 +/- 1.0 mm, 12.8 +/- 2.4 mm, and 18.3 +/- 2.1 mm wetting in sick neonatal foals, normal neonatal foals, and adult horses, respectively. Reduced corneal sensation and lower tear production may be associated with ulcerative keratitis and slow corneal healing in some foals. 相似文献
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Mammalian ovaries are endowed with a huge number of small oocytes (primordial oocytes) in primordial follicles. A small number of primordial oocytes start to grow, while others remain quiescent. Little is known about the mechanism regulating the activation of primordial oocytes. Recently, we found that primordial follicles in mature cows and prepubertal pigs took longer to initiate growth in xenografts compared with those in neonatal animals. We think that primordial oocytes in adult mammals are different from those in neonatal mammals. In this review, we summarize the results regarding the activation of primordial oocytes in neonatal and adult ovaries of different species and propose a model in which ovaries of neonatal mammals contain a mixed population of both quiescent and activated primordial oocytes, while almost all primordial oocytes are quiescent in adult females. The dormancy of primordial oocytes may be required to reserve the non-growing oocyte pool for the long reproductive life in mammals. FOXO3 is considered one of the molecules responsible for the dormancy of primordial oocytes in adult ovaries. These quiescent primordial oocytes are activated, perhaps by certain mechanisms involving the interaction between stimulatory and inhibitory factors, to enter the growth phase. 相似文献
6.
CF Lúcio LCG Silva JA Rodrigues GAL Veiga CI Vannucchi 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2009,44(S2):208-210
There are limited data concerning blood gas parameters in neonatal dogs. Knowledge of the normal physiology may facilitate effective therapeutic intervention and potentially reduce neonatal mortality. This study examined acid–base parameters in pups born at normal parturition (n = 27) compared with those born after obstetrical assistance or caesarean operation (n = 13) and those born following oxytocin (OXY) administration for treatment of uterine inertia (n = 11). Pups were subjected to an objective scoring method of neonatal health adapted from use in humans (the Apgar score) at birth and again at 5 and 60 min after birth. Venous blood samples were collected at 5 and 60 min after birth for evaluation of blood gas parameters. At birth, all pups had low Apgar scores and a mixed acidosis. The base excess was lowest for pups delivered after OXY administration. The Apgar score improved for all pups after 5 min of birth and there was an improvement in carbon dioxide tension, base excess and venous blood pH at 1 h, although in all pups a metabolic acidosis persisted. These data provide an important insight into neonatal physiology and the variability of blood gas parameters in pups born at normal and abnormal parturition and provide the basis for clinical decision making following dystocia. 相似文献
7.
Fach SJ Brockmeier SL Hobbs LA Lehmkuhl HD Sacco RE 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2006,112(3-4):171-182
Lung dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen presenting cells (APCs) that initiate and modulate the adaptive immune response upon microbial infection within the pulmonary environment. For the first time, neonatal and adult lung DCs in a large animal model were compared in these studies. Here, we isolated and identified lung DCs in both neonatal and adult sheep, a valuable experimental animal utilized in pulmonary studies of naturally occurring respiratory diseases. Neonatal lung DCs exhibited characteristic dendrites and morphology when observed by transmission electron microscopy and expressed low to moderate DEC-205, CD80/86, MHC class II and CD 14. Regardless of age, lung DCs were functionally able to endocytose FITC conjugated ovalbumin but to a lesser degree than monocyte-derived DCs. In addition, neonatal lung DCs were demonstrated to be potent stimulators of allogeneic T cell proliferation. Together, these results demonstrate that neonatal and adult lung DCs are functionally similar. It is apparent from the data presented that neonatal pulmonary DCs do not exhibit an intrinsic functional defect that would impair their ability to take up antigen and stimulate na?ve T cells. These data support growing evidence that neonatal immune responses may differ from adults due to different microenvironmental influences rather than differences in dendritic cell maturation states. 相似文献
8.
Caverly JM Radi ZA Andreasen CB Dixon RA Brogden KA Ackermann MR 《American journal of veterinary research》2001,62(5):665-672
OBJECTIVES: To determine effects of selectin inhibitor TBC1269 on neutrophil infiltration, and neutrophil-associated injury during pneumonia induced by Mannheimia haemolytica and concentration of antimicrobial anionic peptide (AAP) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as well as antimicrobial activity of BALF from healthy (control) neonatal calves, neonatal calves with M haemolytica-induced pneumonia, neonatal calves with prior treatment with TBC1269, and adult cattle. ANIMALS: Eighteen 1- to 3-day-old calves and 9 adult cattle. PROCEDURE: Calves were inoculated with M haemolytica or pyrogen-free saline (0.14M NaCl) solution into the right cranial lung lobe, and BALF was collected 2 or 6 hours after inoculation. Thirty minutes before and 2 hours after inoculation, 4 calves received TBC1269. The BALF collected from 9 adult cattle was used for comparison of BALF AAP concentration and antimicrobial activity. Protein concentration and neutrophil differential percentage and degeneration in BALF were determined. An ELISA and killing assay were used to determine BALF AAP concentration and antimicrobial activity, respectively. RESULTS: Total protein concentration was significantly decreased in BALF from calves receiving TBC1269. Similar concentrations of AAP were detected in BALF from all calves, which were 3-fold higher than those in BALF from adult cattle. However, BALF from neonates had little or no anti-M haemolytica activity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results suggest that TBC1269 decreases pulmonary tissue injury in neonatal calves infected with M haemolytica. Although AAP is detectable in neonatal BALF at 3 times the concentration detected in adult BALF, neonatal BALF lacks antimicrobial activity for M haemolytica. 相似文献
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L Klein 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice》1985,1(1):77-89
A brief discussion of those aspects of neonatal physiology that pertain to anesthetic risk and selection of anesthetic techniques is followed by discussion of suggested techniques for anesthetic management in healthy foals. Preoperative preparation and management of foals with selected serious surgical conditions are also considered. 相似文献
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Weng Q Medan MS Ren L Watanabe G Arai KY Taya K 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2005,51(4):521-526
The objective of this study was to investigate the cellular immunolocalization of inhibin alpha and inhibin/activin (betaA and betaB) subunits in the fetal, neonatal and adult testes of Shiba goats. The testes were obtained from a fetus at 90 days, a neonate at 15 days, and two adult Shiba goats (both of 3 years old). The sections of testes were immunostained by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method (ABC) using polyclonal antisera raised against porcine inhibin alpha, inhibin/activin betaA, and inhibin/activin betaB. Inhibin alpha and inhibin/activin (betaA and betaB) subunits were expressed in Leydig cells, but not in the Sertoli cells of the fetus with a weak immunostaining. An increase in the number of positive cells and a more intense immunohistochemical signal for inhibin alpha and inhibin/activin (betaA and betaB) subunits were observed in the Leydig cells of neonatal testes. Moreover, inhibin alpha, betaA, and betaB subunits were expressed in the Sertoli cells and Leydig cells of adult testes, respectively. These results suggest that Shiba goats testes have the ability to synthesize inhibins in the fetus, neonate, and adult, and the cellular localization of inhibin/activin subunits showed age-related changes in fetal, neonatal, and adult testes of Shiba goats. 相似文献
11.
Fujihara M Kim SM Minami N Yamada M Imai H 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2011,57(3):355-364
The transition from male primitive germ cells (gonocytes) to type A spermatogonia in the neonatal testis is the initial process and a crucial process in spermatogenesis. However, in large domestic animals, the physiological and biochemical characteristics of germ cells during the developmental processes remain largely unknown. In this study, we characterized bovine germ cells in the developing testis from the neonatal stage to the adult stage. The binding of the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) and the expression of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 1 (UCHL1) were restricted to gonocytes in the neonatal testis and spermatogonia in the adult testis. Gonocytes also expressed a germ cell marker (VASA) and stem cell markers (NANOG and OCT3/4), while the expressions of these markers in the adult testis were restricted to differentiated spermatic cells and were rarely expressed in spermatogonia. We subsequently utilized these markers to characterize gonocytes and spermatogonia after culture in vitro. Spermatogonia that were collected from the adult testis formed colonies in vitro only for one week. On the other hand, gonocytes from the neonatal testis could proliferate and form colonies after every passage for 1.5 months in culture. These colonies retained undifferentiated states of gonocytes as confirmed by the expression of both germ cell and stem cell markers. Moreover, a transplantation assay using immunodeficient mice testes showed that long-term cultured cells derived from gonocytes were able to colonize in the recipient testis. These results indicated that bovine gonocytes could maintain germ cell and stem cell potential in vitro. 相似文献
12.
D L Watson 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1992,30(2-3):221-232
Neonatal lambs and adult wethers were passively immunized with ovine antibody directed against ovalbumin or Brucella abortus. Estimates for the biological half-lives of the antibodies ranged from 18 to 24 days in neonatal lambs and 12 to 17 days in adult wethers. The evidence suggested that both normal and immunosuppressed wethers which were passively immunized with serum antibody catabolized this antibody at a faster rate than did neonatal lambs. The data provided no support for the hypothesis that the growth factors and immunomodulatory factors, which are known to be present in colostrum, can influence the biological half-life of homologous antibody following passive immunization. 相似文献
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A. Rodríguez L. Peña J. M. Flores M. González M. Castaño 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》1992,21(2):136-145
This study was undertaken to investigate the presence of neuroendocrine cells (N.E.C.) by immunocytochemical means in equine lungs during three distinct evolutionary periods: fetal, neonatal and adult. The authors identified bombesin, somatostatin and calcitonin secretory cells. In the fetal lungs the N.E.C. were located in the interstitial tissue and exhibited greater immunoreactivity to bombesin than to the other two neuropeptides studied. A large number of calcitonin-producing cells and a smaller number of bombesin-positive cells were seen in the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium of newborn Equidae. In the adult equine lungs far fewer N.E.C. were observed than in the earlier stages. Somatostatin-producing cells were not seen in neonatal or adult lung tissue. 相似文献
15.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of histamine on the contractile elements of the respiratory tract in neonatal calves and young adult cattle. SAMPLE POPULATION: Samples of trachealis muscle, bronchi, and intrapulmonary arteries and veins dissected from the respiratory tracts of healthy bovids (2 to 8 days and 16 to 20 months old). PROCEDURE: Histamine cumulative concentration-effect curves (10(-6) to 10(-3) M) were constructed in duplicate smooth muscle samples mounted in organ baths. Contractile responses to histamine were compared with reference contractions elicited by methacholine (10(-5) M) for airways or KCl (127 mM) for vessels. RESULTS: In young adult cattle, trachealis muscle had a substantial contractile response to histamine (84% of methacholine-induced contraction), whereas bronchi reacted slightly (15 and 20% for large and small bronchi, respectively). Although contractile responses to KCl were comparable in arteries and veins, histamine-induced contractions were greater for intrapulmonary veins than for arteries (202 vs 48% of KCl-induced contraction). In neonatal calves, histamine-induced contraction of veins also exceeded that of arteries (230 vs 54% of KCl-induced contraction); however, unlike in young adult cattle, histamine produced notable contraction of large and small bronchi (48 and 60% of methacholine-induced contraction, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Compared with intrapulmonary arteries, intrapulmonary veins have greater contractile responses to histamine in neonatal and young adult cattle. Data suggest loss of histamine responsiveness in bronchial smooth muscle as neonatal calves grow to young adults. Venodilation may be useful in treatment of lung edema in cattle. 相似文献
16.
口蹄疫病毒野毒株利用整联蛋白（integrin）αvβ1、αvβ3、αvβ6和αvβ8作为受体侵入细胞。本研究采用实时逆转录聚合酶链反应（qRT-PCR）技术,定量检测绵羊胎儿（45、75和110 d的绵羊胎儿）、新生羔羊和成年绵羊组织中整联蛋白亚单位αv、β3、β6和β8转录水平。比较分析发现,在蹄冠上皮组织中,成年绵羊和新生羔羊的β6 mRNA水平低于75和110 d胎儿的;在心组织中,成年绵羊、新生羔羊和110 d胎儿的β6 mRNA高于45和75 d胎儿的;在肌肉组织中,胎儿和新生羔羊的β6以及β8 mRNA水平高于成年绵羊的;在舌上皮组织中,成年绵羊的β3 mRNA水平低于其他发育时期的。在软腭组织、扁桃体中整联蛋白mRNA水平在胎儿、新生儿和成年绵羊之间变化不大。本研究首次获得相关整联蛋白mRNA在绵羊不同发育阶段组织中分布的定量数据,为了解整联蛋白在口蹄疫病毒感染组织嗜性中的作用机制提供新的科学依据。 相似文献
17.
Immune response of neonatal specific pathogen-free cats to experimental infection with Bartonella henselae 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Guptill L Slater L Wu CC Glickman LT Lin TL Welch DF Crippen JT HogenEsch H 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1999,71(3-4):233-243
The purpose of this study was to determine whether neonatal cats develop and maintain a persistent bacteremia for longer than do adult cats with a normal mature immune system, and whether neonatal cats are susceptible to infection with Bartonella henselae by oral inoculation. Neonatal specific pathogen-free (SPF) cats were inoculated with B. henselae intradermally (n = 4) or orally (n = 5) or with 0.9% NaCl (n = 2). Blood was collected periodically through 16 weeks post-inoculation (PI) for serology, bacteriology and complete blood count. Cats inoculated orally or intradermally at 3-5 days of age were bacteremic through 12-16 weeks PI, similar to what is documented for adult cats inoculated intradermally or intravenously. One cat inoculated at age 2 weeks was bacteremic through 10 weeks PI; the other was not bacteremic. Intradermally inoculated neonatal cats produced serum IgG antibodies to B. henselae but orally inoculated neonatal cats did not. Infected cats with and without serum IgG antibodies to B. henselae became blood-culture negative simultaneously, suggesting that IgG is not required to clear bacteremia. 相似文献
18.
小熊猫血液生理生化指标的测定 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为建立健康成体小熊猫血液生理生化参数指标,选择福州大熊猫研究中心圈养的28只（雌性20只,雄性8只）外观发育正常、临床检查健康的小熊猫作为试验对象,通过食物引诱自行进入夹笼,在无麻醉的情况下,静脉采血。用全自动血细胞分析仪和生化分析仪检测23项血液参数和25项血液生化参数。用SPSS11．5统计软件包对各参数计算平均值（X^-）和标准差（SD）,t检验比较雄性与雌性小熊猫相应指标的差异显著性。测定结果为小熊猫的疾病诊断、动物检疫和相关的研究提供科学的依据。 相似文献
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M E Wichtel E Buys J DeLuca G Stringel 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice》1999,15(3):725-746
This article focuses on the pharmacologic properties of drugs commonly used in the treatment of neonatal septicemia and its complications. Rational therapy demands an awareness of not only the pharmacology of individual drugs but also the interactions and anticipated fate of such drugs in the rapidly changing physiologic environment of the neonate. Further research in the area of equine neonatal pharmacology should greatly assist our understanding of the impact of the disease state on the unique physiology of the newborn and should allow us to better predict the ultimate fate of drugs commonly used for such purposes. Careful dosing and close monitoring of pharmacologic effects are critical for a successful outcome. In the future, newer therapeutic strategies that are safe and efficacious may provide a means to circumvent many of the problems currently encountered with treating the septicemic newborn foal. 相似文献