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利用室内矩形水槽，精细模拟了5个工况下的槽内水流运动，借助三维超声波多普勒测速仪（ADV）量测了不同垂线、不同测点的瞬时流速。从4个角度拟合矩形断面明渠沿垂线的流速分布，并计算了测点三维相对紊动强度和雷诺应力，分析其变化特征。试验结果表明：⑴脉动流速基本符合正态分布，纵向流速沿垂线分布大体成J型，但在近水面处有稍许降低，横、垂向流速较小，在0附近徘徊；⑵通过4种公式拟合发现，对数公式d对本试验结果拟合最好；⑶横、垂向相对紊动强度比较小，而纵向要大得多，且变化幅度也较大，纵向相对紊动强度受流量和水量影响；⑷雷诺应力垂线分布基本符合三角形分布，随着流量的减少或水量的增大，雷诺应力垂线分布平均值变小。 相似文献
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为了明确U形渠道水流流速分布规律,指导田间用水管理生产实际,基于室内和田间实测资料,分析了U形渠道水流流速分布特点,将非对称封闭渠道流速分布结果引入明渠水流流速分布研究中,提出了垂向流速分布双幂律,同时给出了相关参数的确定方法,并采用实测资料对双幂律进行了验证.结果表明,U形渠道同一测线不同测点水流流速随着垂向位置的升高而逐渐增大,但在水面处有所减小,最大流速出现在水流表面以下.在此基础上建立的能够同时表达上下底面影响水流流速分布的双幂律,能够准确表达U形渠道水流流速分布特点;与常用流速分布规律相比,双幂律具有更高的计算精度.经实测资料验证,双幂律拟合流速垂向分布计算结果的相对误差较小,在相对深度处于0.10～0.95的计算区间内,双幂律计算相对误差小于5%,且对常见的不同断面、不同规模渠道具有普遍适用性. 相似文献
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低比转数混流泵导叶内部压力脉动特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对一比转数为148.8的设计混流泵进行试验和数值模拟研究,比较不同流量工况下混流泵性能的试验与数值计算结果,两者吻合较好。在流场内部设置监测点,捕捉压力脉动由动静干涉无叶区向导叶出口的发展过程。分析不同工况下的混流泵各测点的压力脉动,发现导叶内部各测点压力脉动主要受叶轮转动影响,主频为叶频;由动静干涉的无叶区到导叶出口,平均压力逐渐增大,而压力脉动的幅值强度越来越弱;非设计工况下的压力脉动变化更复杂。上述结果可为混流泵进一步的优化设计提供参考。 相似文献
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《排灌机械工程学报》2017,(3)
为了研究液力透平变工况时的瞬态特性,基于雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程和标准k-ε湍流模型,对液力透平内部流场进行全三维非定常数值模拟,获得了变工况下液力透平内部流场的瞬时压力脉动、轴向力和径向力的变化规律.结果表明:变工况条件下,液力透平内部的瞬时压力脉动更为明显,小流量工况时静压力虽小,但压力脉动幅度最大,大流量工况的压力脉动幅度次之,最优工况时的压力脉动幅度最小;转轮进口动静耦合面处各个位置的压力脉动幅度与所处的位置有关,蜗壳环形出口位置的压力脉动较大,隔舌处压力脉动较小,压力脉动幅度随着流量的增大而增大;转轮进口动静耦合面和进出口的压力脉动主频等于叶频(转动频率与叶片数的乘积);液力透平在各个工况下均有径向力和轴向力存在,变工况下瞬时径向力的矢量分布近似圆形,瞬时轴向力在一个周期内变化趋势为先减小后增大,且存在最小值区域;流量越大,径向力和轴向力越大. 相似文献
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U形渠道流速分布特性分析与试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
依据室内试验和田间实测资料,分析了U形渠道水流流速分布特性,建立了U形渠道水流横向流速分布指数律、垂向流速分布双幂律,给出了相关参数的确定方法,并提出了基于U形渠道水流分布规律的明渠测流计算断面中线“三点法”.实测资料验证表明:中线“三点法”在室内不同工况计算流量相对误差均在±4％范围内;除个别测点外,现场实测计算流量相对误差也在±5％范围内,说明中线“三点法”计算精确.与流速-面积法需9个测点相比,中线“三点法”节省了60％以上的测流工作量. 相似文献
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为研究偏工况下不同叶轮外径D2(101,103,105 mm)对双流道污水泵内压力脉动的影响,采用Mixture多相流模型对泵内固液两相流进行了非定常数值计算,并进行了试验验证.偏工况主要包括了小流量工况0.6Qd和大流量工况1.2Qd.结果表明,在小流量工况下,蜗壳周向压力脉动总体上均随D2增大而增大,且叶轮外径从103 mm增大到105 mm时压力脉动最大增幅达到53.2%;而在大流量工况时,除VP3,VP6和VP7点外,其余各点处蜗壳周向压力脉动均随D2增大而小幅增大.在2种流量工况下,蜗壳周向压力脉动均随角度变化剧烈震荡,同时,偏工况下较小的叶轮外径有利于减小泵内压力脉动.在固液两相流工况下,当D2为105 mm时隔舌附近各点瞬时静压值波动都很剧烈,各点压力脉动主频在0.6Qd下以低频为主,而在1.2Qd下则均是叶频,且在该工况下各点压力脉动最大幅值均随D2增大而增大.研究结果可为双流道污水泵的优化设计提供依据. 相似文献
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为了发展节水农业、促进灌区高效用水、合理分配水资源,研发了一种携带方便、计量准确、可移动的U型渠道流量量测装置--板柱复合式流量量测装置.基于Flow-3D软件,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型,对板柱复合式流量量测装置水力特性进行了数值计算,并对模拟结果进行试验验证.结果表明:模拟得到的渠道水流横向流速、垂向流速及量测装置旋转角度与流量之间的关系与试验结果一致,且最大相对误差不超过5.4%;渠道自由液面横向流速从中心到近壁面呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势;渠道上游中心断面垂向流速从底部到自由液面呈现增大的变化趋势,而下游中心断面垂向流速却呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,最大垂向流速位于自由液面以下某一位置;板柱复合式流量量测装置对渠道内水流最大影响范围是距量测装置上游0.35 m到其下游0.94 m之间的流场区域. 相似文献
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《中国农村水利水电》2016,(11)
首次采用双向同步求解的方法对一台灌排双向轴流泵装置的内流场和泵轴结构响应进行联合求解,运用雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程和SST k-ω湍流模型进行三维非定常计算,采用多重坐标系法,结构响应基于弹性体结构动力学方程。对比分析了流固耦合作用前后出水流道中静压和速度分布以及导叶出口面上的压力脉动情况和湍流动能分布,并将外特性的计算结果与试验值进行了对比。分析结果表明:与不考虑流固耦合相比,出水流道中静压相对较大的区域面积增大,而流速分布变化较小;导叶出口面上压力波动的相位发生改变,脉动强度也增大;小流量下,耦合作用使得导叶出口的湍流动能增大,而设计流量和大流量下,湍动能分布变化较小。此外,外特性的吻合性也说明了模拟计算的可靠性。总体来看,流固耦合前后其流场的分布规律虽然趋势一致,但也有一定的区别,对大型双向轴流泵装置流固耦合计算更能反映实际情况。 相似文献
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基于流速在渠宽方向呈指数分布、水深方向呈对数分布的特点，根据流速实测资料，利用最小二乘法原理，建立了流速和流量公式，将各种影响因素概括在两个参数d．f中，从而使流量只与最大流速、渠道断面和水深有关。计算流量与试验水槽中标准三角堰实测流量吻合较好。 相似文献
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Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
E. Playn O. Prez-Coveta A. Martínez-Cob J. Herrero P. García-Navarro B. Latorre P. Brufau J. Garcs 《Agricultural Water Management》2008,95(6):645-658
Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m−1) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day−1. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day−1), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day−1 was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration. 相似文献
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瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。 相似文献
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对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。 相似文献
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对《种子法》存在问题的探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
李鹏 《农业机械化与电气化》2011,(6):129-130
《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。 相似文献
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About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered. 相似文献
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在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。 相似文献
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Gunter Wriedt Marijn van der Velde Alberto Aloe Fayçal Bouraoui 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(5):771-789
We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications. 相似文献
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在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。 相似文献
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车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。 相似文献