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1.
The commercial available diatomaceous earth Fossil Shield® and the neem product Neem Azal-T/S® are tested as single treatments and in combination as controls for the stored product pests Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). The diatomaceous earth, applied in concentrations of 0.5 g, 1 g and 2 g kg-1 rice, reduced numbers of surviving beetles significantly (over a period of 3 weeks). A single treatment with the neem product, in concentrations of 0.01 g, 0.1 g, 0.2 g and 1 g azadirachtin kg-1 rice, increased the mortality rate for both species significantly. The combination of neem and diatomaceous earth (1 g diatomaceous earth with 0.2 g or 1 g azadirachtin kg-1 rice) was more effective than the single treatment in reducing numbers of surviving beetles. 相似文献
2.
Field experiments with the synthetic insecticides, Methomyl and Carbaryl, alone and in combination with the biological control agents, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Trichogramma evanescens, were conducted to control pests in yardlong beans, Vigna sesquipedalis, during the dry season 1998/1999. The experimental area was located at the Central Luzon State University in the province of Nueva Ecija on the Philippine main island Luzon. Carbaryl was applied against bean flies 5 days after plant emergence. Methomyl was sprayed against pod sucking insects and the bean podborer, Maruca vitrata, 45 days after plant emergence. The biological control agents were applied with the beginning of the flowering stage of V. sesquipedalis, when plants were first attacked by M. vitrata.Major insect pests on V. sesquipedalis were cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora), leafminer (Liriomyza sp.), and bean podborer (M. vitrata). Both, Bt and T. evanescens had no significant impact on yield. M. vitrata eggs, exposed for 48 hours in the fields to augmented T. evanescens, were used to measure field efficacy of the parasitoid. Highest parasitism rate was 13.3%, thus, generally low. 相似文献
3.
Field experiments with the synthetic insecticides, Methomyl and Carbaryl, alone and in combination with the biological control agents, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Trichogramma evanescens, were conducted to control pests in yardlong beans, Vigna sesquipedalis, during the dry season 1998/1999. The experimental area was located at the Central Luzon State University in the province of Nueva Ecija on the Philippine main island Luzon. Carbaryl was applied against bean flies 5 days after plant emergence. Methomyl was sprayed against pod sucking insects and the bean podborer, Maruca vitrata, 45 days after plant emergence. The biological control agents were applied with the beginning of the flowering stage of V. sesquipedalis, when plants were first attacked by M. vitrata.Major insect pests on V. sesquipedalis were cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora), leafminer (Liriomyza sp.), and bean podborer (M. vitrata). Both, Bt and T. evanescens had no significant impact on yield. M. vitrata eggs, exposed for 48 hours in the fields to augmented T. evanescens, were used to measure field efficacy of the parasitoid. Highest parasitism rate was 13.3%, thus, generally low.Highest yield was obtained from plots treated with both synthetic insecticides. No significant difference in fresh pod yield was observed when, in addition to the synthetic insecticides, Bt and/or T. evanescens was applied. However, all treatments significantly out-yielded the untreated control. 相似文献
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5.
K. Hellrigl 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》1998,71(4):65-68
Zusammenfassung An 2 Gracillariiden,Phyllonorycter robiniella undCameraria ohridella, wird gezeigt, wie rasch importierte Sch?dlinge sich ausbreiten k?nnen: Die RobinienblattmotteP. robinella wurde in Südtirol erstmals 1991 festgestellt und trat 1996 bereits in Massenbefall bei Brixen an Robinien auf.—Die Ro?kastanienminiermotteC. ohridella war hier erstmals 1992 im Pustertal bei Toblach festgestellt worden (Butin & Führer, 1994). Neueste Untersuchungen im Herbst 1997 zeigen, da? sie nun bereits im gesamten Eisacktal zwischen Franzensfeste und
Bozen an Ro?kastanien (Aesculus hippocastanum) verbreitet ist (Tab. 1); hingegen wurde im Etschtal südlich und westlich von Bozen bisher noch kein Befall festgestellt.
On the occurrence of the robinia-leafminer,Phyllonorycter robiniella (Clem.) and the horse-chestnut- leafminer,Cameraria ohridella Desch. et Dim. (Lep., Gracillariidae) in South Tyrol
The examples of two species of Gracillariidae,Phyllonorycter robiniella andCameraria ohridella, show how fast the expansion can take place: The robinia-leafminerP. robiniella was first noticed in South Tyrol in 1991 and an outbreak occured on False Acacias near Brixen, already in 1996.—The horsechestnut leafminerC. ohridella was first noticed in the Pusteria Valley near Toblach-Dobiacco, in 1992 (Butin & Führer, 1994). The latest research, of autumn 1997, shows that they are now distributed on Horse Chestnut Trees (Aesculus hippocastanum) in the whole Isarco Valley, between Fortezza and Bozen-Bolzano (Tab. 1), whereas in the Adige Valley at south and west of Bolzano no occurrence could be found as yet.相似文献
6.
Maria Antonietta Demontis Santa Olga Cacciola Marcella Orrù Virgilio Balmas Valentina Chessa Bianca Elena Maserti Laura Mascia Francesco Raudino Gaetano Magnano di San Lio Quirico Migheli 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,120(4):339-351
Real-time PCR assays based on SYBR? Green I and TaqMan? technologies were developed for in planta detection and quantification of Phoma tracheiphila, the mitosporic fungus causing ‘mal secco’ disease on citrus. Primers and a hybridization probe were designed on the basis
of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear rRNA genes. The real-time PCR assays were compared with a classic
isolation method in two separate experiments carried out on 6 and 24 month-old sour orange seedlings, artificially inoculated
with a conidial suspension of the pathogen. Both technologies made it possible to follow the progression of infection by P. tracheiphila, enabling detection and quantification of the target fungus prior to the development of symptoms. The detection limit was
10 copies of the cloned target sequence and 15 pg of genomic DNA extracted from fungal spores. The values of the cycle threshold
(Ct) were linearly correlated with the concentration of the target DNA, indicating that the method is suitable as a qualitative
and quantitative assay. The presence of non-target fungal DNA had no effect on the specificity of the assay, but resulted
in a 10-fold reduction of sensitivity. Total inhibition of the reaction occurred when conidia of the target pathogen were
mixed with an organic soil substrate before extracting DNA using the standard protocol, while an alternative purification
kit resulted in a significant decrease in sensitivity. Compared to classic methods, real-time PCR proved faster and easier
to perform and showed a higher sensitivity. These results suggest that real-time PCR, based on both chemistries, has a great
potential for early diagnosis of ‘mal secco’ disease and for quantitative estimation of fungal growth within host tissue. 相似文献
7.
Von O. Eichhorn 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2000,73(1):13-16
In the East Pontic mountains at Giresun (Black Sea shore) three species of the genus Dreyfusia have been established: D. nordmannianae Eckst. and D. prelli Grosm. on Abies nordmanniana Link. and Picea orientalis Link. and Dreyfusia nov. spec. on A. nordmanniana. The latter species, earlier known from Greece and the Balkans, but not yet described is most probably unholocyctic on fir.In the Zigana mountains between Trabzon and Gümüsane a species producing plenty galls on young P. orientalis trees and closely resembling D. merkeri Eichh. has been observed. Further investigations are necessary to evaluate whether or not it lives unholocyclic on spruce.In the West Pontic mountains near Bolu D. nordmannianae was intensively studied in twig infestations on A. bornmülleriana Mattf. The pattern of attack differs greatly from the one experienced in central Europe in that almost exclusively the current year's shoots are attacked whereas the leader and the older twig axis remain free of attack. In Europe all parts of the trees are colonized.Considering the known facts about generation- and morph sequences, morph determination and phenological behaviour of D. nordmannianae the characteristics of their population dynamics in Turkey and the interactions of the curious mode of attack and the extraordinary efficiency of their special predators have been completely evaluated. 相似文献
8.
水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae)化学诱变hrp基因突变体及相关性状的研究 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
硫酸二乙酯(diethyl sulfate,DES)化学诱变水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,Xoo)日本系统III号小种(JXOIII),获得16株hrp-突变体,其在感病寄主水稻IR26、汕优63上失去致病性和在非寄主烟草上失去过敏反应。所得的hrp-突变体并无黄色素缺失现象。16株hrp-突变体的淀粉酶、果胶酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶和脂酶等胞外酶活性基本与野生型一致。JCM2092、JCM2211、JCM2252和JCM2457这4株hrp-突变体为III型泌出通道突变体,JCM0066等另12株hrp-突变体的超声波破碎液、离心上清液中无激发HR的信号物质存在。细胞组分分析表明,激发烟草HR的信号物质不是LPS而是蛋白类物质。来自JXOIII基因文库hrp基因克隆pUHRX245中的1.1kb SacI-KpnI片段,能够互补hrp-突变体JCM0066和JCM2482,使其恢复在烟草上激发HR的能力,但不能恢复其致病性。 相似文献
9.
番茄叶霉病高抗基因Cf-9、Cf-11和Cf-19的分子标记 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本研究以9个含不同叶霉病抗病基因的番茄品种为试材,通过接种鉴定表明,Cf-5、Cf-9、Cf-11和Cf-19基因对我国目前的2个叶霉菌优势生理小种均具有较强的抗性。根据Cf-9基因设计引物,扩增Cf-9基因的片段,含Cf-9、Cf-11和Cf-19基因的3种番茄均获得了2.7kb的扩增片段。但用限制性内切酶TaqⅠ对PCR产物酶切可以将3种材料明显区分开来,Cf-9的2个差异酶切片段为1170和460bp;Cf-11的2个差异酶切片段为1100和410bp;Cf-19的2个差异酶切片段为1210和300bp,从而建立了3个基因的分子标记。在F2分离群体中验证表明,3个基因的分子标记鉴定结果与抗性接种鉴定结果是一致的,用这些标记可以进行分子标记辅助选择。 相似文献
10.
为评价转Bt基因水稻对野生啮齿类动物的影响,以野生褐家鼠Rattus norvegicus为试验对象,分别饲喂转cry1Ab/1Ac基因水稻华恢1号(HH1)及其亲本非转基因水稻明恢63(MH63),通过取食选择试验及110 d连续饲喂试验,测定转基因水稻对褐家鼠取食量、体重及器官的影响。结果显示,野生褐家鼠雌鼠日平均取食MH63和HH1分别为5.52 g和5.37 g,雄鼠日平均取食分别为7.00 g和6.52 g,在选择取食MH63和HH1稻谷上无显著差异;在连续饲喂试验的不同时期,褐家鼠体重及每日取食稻谷量在对照组与试验组间均无显著差异;饲喂试验结束后解剖观察,褐家鼠脾脏、肾脏、肾上腺,雌性卵巢和子宫以及雄性睾丸、附睾和储精囊的绝对重量及相对重量在对照组与试验组间均无显著差异。研究表明,与MH63相比,转cry1Ab/1Ac基因水稻对野生褐家鼠的取食、体重以及主要器官均无显著性影响。 相似文献
11.
小麦抗赤霉病3B-QTL和6B-QTL的遗传互作模式分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确来自抗赤霉病的小麦品种望水白的2个主效抗扩展3B-QTL和6B-QTL的抗性遗传和互作模式,基于分子标记辅助选择方法,构建了回交分离群体,以病小穗数(NDS)和病轴长(LDR)为鉴定指标,采用单花滴注接种法对携带3B-QTL和6B-QTL的BC_3F_1、BC_3F_2、BC_3F_3世代以及抗感对照进行了抗赤霉病扩展的表型鉴定和评价。结果表明,3B-QTL和6B-QTL在烟农19和矮抗58不同的背景中,杂合基因型与纯合望水白基因型之间的NDS和LDR差异显著;携带3B-QTL和6B-QTL株系的抗扩展性与只含有单个3B-QTL的株系无显著差异,但显著高于只携带单个6B-QTL株系的抗性,抗感分离比经卡方检验符合4∶3∶9的分离比例,遵循2个独立孟德尔遗传因子控制的隐性遗传模式,且3B-QTL隐性上位于6B-QTL。研究表明,望水白的3B-QTL和6B-QTL抗扩展效应强且稳定,可以作为抗赤霉病基因资源在育种实践中充分利用。 相似文献
12.
13.
水稻条斑病细菌hrp调节基因hrpGXooc和hrpXooc的克隆和序列分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola基因文库的hrp基因克隆pUHRS138携39.3-kb大小的hrp基因片段。经系列亚克隆和对hrp-突变体的功能互补验证,4.5-kb BamHI-KpnI为最小功能片段,该片段可使X. o. pv. oryzicola的hrp-突变体恢复在烟草上激发产生HR和在水稻上具致病性。序列测定和分析显示,4.5-kb hrp片段中含hrpXooc和hrpGXooc基因。单独的hrpGXooc和hrpXooc不能功能互补hrp-突变体。hrpXooc与其它黄单胞菌中已克隆的hrpX的同一性达83%以上,推测的蛋白质水平上的差别主要在32、141、164、175、213、247和357位点上。HrpX序列中α-螺旋-转-α-螺旋结构在黄单胞菌中高度保守。hrpGXooc与水稻白叶枯病菌的hrpGXoo同一性达96%,与X. campestris pv. vesicatoria的hrpGXcv同一性达87%,与Ralstonia solanacearum的hrpGRs同源性较低,4种HrpG蛋白质水平上的差别主要集中在22、29、115和252位点上。HrpGXooc和HrpGXcv同列比较显示,3~9和216~220区域的氨基酸序列有所不同,可能反映了HrpG蛋白在感知环境信号和调节hrp基因表达方面的差别。 相似文献
14.
研究了cryLA(b)基因及其介导的抗虫性在转基因水稻自交或回交后代中的遗传规律和遗传稳定性。结果表明：cryLA(b)基因及其连锁的bar基因作为一个显性遗传位点遵循孟德尔遗传分离规律；在T1代群体中遵循3：1的分离规律，T2代稳定纯合；在BC11～BC4代群体中遵循1：1的分离规律，BC群体自交的BCF9群体中遵循3：1分离规律。cryLA(b)基因及其介导抗性已稳定地遗传至T7代和BC4代。室内及田间抗虫性鉴定显示，不同世代的转基因植株均保持稳定的高度抗虫性。 相似文献
15.
采用从福建省稻田分离纯化的纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)菌株FJ-15接种籼稻9311,分析了水稻在纹枯病菌侵染致病过程中,编码病程相关蛋白的基因表达动态,并观察了症状的变化。Northern blot分析表明:PR1在接种12 h后开始表达,在之后的4个时间段其表达量逐步增强;而PBZ1也在12 h开始表达,在48 h表达量激剧增强几乎与72 h表达量相当。组织和症状观察表明,接种12 h后叶鞘表面菌丝纵横分枝,接种36 h后出现零星病斑,接种48 h后表现典型的受害症状,接种72 h后病斑继续扩大,并可蔓延到非接种叶鞘。结果表明,PR1和PBZ1的表达与水稻和纹枯病菌亲和互作的过程存在对应关系。 相似文献
16.
U. Mielke 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2002,75(1):30-31
Storehouses and mills in the Magdeburg region are known to be infested with black (ore house) rats. In residential buildings, however, house rats (Rattus rattus L.) have not been detected for at least 20 years. Therefore, it was of much interest for the expert to note that this rat species had been seen in two occupied residential buildings (a refurbished old building and a terraced house). It has been suspected for a longer time that black rats can be found in certain residential buildings in towns or even cities. 相似文献
17.
1958-1963年调查研究证明黑龙江省小苹果黑星病病叶上的分生孢子全部不能越冬。在早春也没有发现带病的枝条,因此以菌丝在病枝上越冬、春天产生分生孢子的可能性极小。每年春天在去年病树的干枯落叶上能找到大量子囊壳及子囊孢子,经人工接种后侵染率都极高。空中孢子捕捉的结果是:子囊孢子出现在前,分生孢子的出现是在田间发病以后,两者相距半个月以上,说明所捕捉到的分生孢子是受子囊孢子侵染后产生的。可以得出结论:黑龙江省小苹果黑星病的初次侵染来源是子囊孢子。
早期调查发病情况说明离地面越近的叶片发病越早,越重。初步认为,清扫落叶是减轻病害的重要措施之一。 相似文献
早期调查发病情况说明离地面越近的叶片发病越早,越重。初步认为,清扫落叶是减轻病害的重要措施之一。 相似文献
18.
G. Lobinger und U. Skatulla 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2001,74(4):89-93
The polyphagous gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is able to feed on about 400 different woody plant species. In general, oak species are preferred – on the other hand some other groups of plants are avoided on account of the presence of toxic substances. These unfavoured hosts are, for example, most of the Papilionaceae, like locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). We compared survival rate and development of two populations of different origin with long-term habituation to oak and locust, respectively. Larvae from the population habituated to oak proved unable to develop on locust food. There must be a lack of detoxification systems to modify the toxic alcaloids and flavenoids produced by Robinia pseudoacacia. On the other hand, larvae isolated from an locust stand were able to feed on oak leaves without problems in larval development or eclosion of adults. Gypsy moth larvae specialized on locust as host showed increased mortality (up to 27%) in the early larval instars, but the surviving animals, especially female individuals, reached significantly higher pupal weights and showed better fecundity: 40% higher egg numbers/egg mass compared to those feeding on oak. These results indicate that the gypsy moth population originating from the locust forest had achieved a high level of metabolic adaptation to this host plant and formed a 'biotype' of Lymantria dispar with optimal reproductive conditions in this special habitat. 相似文献
19.
The polyphagous gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is able to feed on about 400 different woody plant species. In general, oak species are preferred – on the other hand some other groups of plants are avoided on account of the presence of toxic substances. These unfavoured hosts are, for example, most of the Papilionaceae, like locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). We compared survival rate and development of two populations of different origin with long-term habituation to oak and locust, respectively. Larvae from the population habituated to oak proved unable to develop on locust food. There must be a lack of detoxification systems to modify the toxic alcaloids and flavenoids produced by Robinia pseudoacacia. On the other hand, larvae isolated from an locust stand were able to feed on oak leaves without problems in larval development or eclosion of adults. Gypsy moth larvae specialized on locust as host showed increased mortality (up to 27%) in the early larval instars, but the surviving animals, especially female individuals, reached significantly higher pupal weights and showed better fecundity: 40% higher egg numbers/egg mass compared to those feeding on oak. These results indicate that the gypsy moth population originating from the locust forest had achieved a high level of metabolic adaptation to this host plant and formed a 'biotype' of Lymantria dispar with optimal reproductive conditions in this special habitat. 相似文献
20.
为探究自噬在核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum致病过程中的作用,利用酵母Saccharomyces自噬相关基因（autophagy-related gene,ATG）编码的蛋白序列比对核盘菌基因组,获得核盘菌假定ATG,并以核盘菌1980菌株为出发菌株,基于同源重组的原理对假定ATG进行敲除和回补,并测定不同突变体的生长表型和致病能力。结果表明,从核盘菌基因组中比对到2个ATG,分别命名为SsATG5和SsATG8,两者在核盘菌致病过程中均上调表达。SsATG5和SsATG8敲除突变体在菌丝生长、产草酸和侵染垫形成方面与野生型菌株无明显差异,但SsATG5敲除突变体在离体拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana叶片上的致病力显著下降了约40%,在活体拟南芥植株上的致病力显著下降了约80%,同时SsATG5回补突变体恢复了正常的致病力。表明SsATG5参与了核盘菌的致病过程,证实自噬在核盘菌致病过程中发挥着重要作用。 相似文献