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为提高优异品种选育效率，本研究对广西已育成的39个大豆品种系谱进行追溯，分析其亲本组配方式、地理来源及细胞核（质）遗传贡献，结果表明，育成的39个大豆品种（春大豆28个，夏大豆11个）来源于40个细胞核祖先亲本，17个细胞质祖先亲本；来源于广西本地、外省和国外祖先亲本的核（质）遗传贡献率分别为39.42 %（58.98%）、45.75 %（38.46%）和14.83 %（2.56%）；核祖先亲本主要来源于广西本地及生态条件相近的我国南方、巴西和美国。春大豆育成品种细胞质祖先亲本主要来源于广西、湖北和北京，夏大豆育成品种细胞质祖先亲本主要来源于广西、湖北和上海；2006年以来，96%的大豆育成品种是以育成品种和国外引种作为亲本组配而成；归纳出靖西早黄豆等8个核心春大豆祖先亲本，平果豆等5个夏大豆核心祖先亲本。广西大豆育成品种核遗传基础较为丰富，但还需加强新种质研究利用，以扩大品种的核质基础。
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追溯品种系谱可以揭示品种演变特点,总结亲本选配经验,并指导育种实践。对1983～2010年北京育种单位育成90个大豆品种的系谱分析表明,共来源于100个细胞核祖先亲本和25个细胞质亲本,平均每个育成品种有1.11个细胞核祖先亲本。国内祖先亲本主要来源于黄淮,国外祖先亲本来源于美国。21个祖先亲本累积核贡献大、衍生品种多,为核心祖先亲本。随着时间推移,现有育成品种作为亲本利用的趋势在增加。相较而言,北京市大豆育成品种遗传基础较为丰富,但还需加强新种质研究利用,以扩大品种的核质基础。 相似文献
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为给大豆亲本选配和育种提供有益借鉴,本文对1973-2017年山西省审定的84份大豆品种进行了系谱分析,归纳出山西省大豆品种的祖先亲本和骨干亲本。山西省审定的84份大豆品种,主要来源于晋豆1号、晋豆19和徐豆1号三大家族。84份大豆品种基因库源于110个祖先亲本,细胞核祖先亲本有110个,细胞质祖先亲本有39个。核遗传贡献率最大的祖先亲本有大白麻,其次是滨海大白花、铜山天鹅蛋、Mamatan等16个种质。细胞质遗传贡献率最大的是大白麻,其次是丹66-12、京谷玉。山西省育成的84个大豆品种中,形成系谱的品种占育成品种总数的80.95%。晋豆1号作为亲本育成36个大豆品种,占育成品种总数的42.9%,为山西省大豆育种做出了重大贡献。 相似文献
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中国1923～1995年育成的651个大豆品种的遗传基础 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
从１９２３～１９９５年中国６５１个大豆育成品种（包括东北３３０、黄淮海２１０、南方１１１个）的系谱归纳出３４８个祖先亲本，育成品种归属为３４８个细胞核家族和２１４个细胞质家族。全国每个育成品种实际使用的祖先亲本数由１９６０年前的平均１．５９个增至１９９１～１９９５年的平均６．３９个，总平均３．７９个。从一个地区的祖先亲本总数着眼，东北、黄淮海、南方平均每个育成品种拥有的细胞核和细胞质祖先亲本数分别是０．５０、０．２５、０．７１和０．４０、０．９７、０．５４个。祖先亲本的遗传贡献并不平衡，各区均有少数祖先亲本在育成品种中占很大遗传份额，东北地区尤为突出。黑龙江、山东、吉林、江苏等省大豆育成品种的细胞质来源均较为简单。 相似文献
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合丰号大豆品种系谱分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
合丰号大豆 32个品种 84 .4 %来源于满仓金、荆山朴、丰收 6号×克山四粒黄、丰收 1号×蓑衣领四个族系。其基因库源于 33个祖先亲本。细胞核祖先亲本有 33个 ,细胞质祖先亲本有 8个。核遗传贡献率较大的祖先亲本为金元 (18.7% )、四粒黄 (18.3% )、白眉 (6 .9% )、十胜长叶 (5 .9% )、小粒豆九号 (5 .6 % )等。细胞质遗传贡献率最大的是四粒黄 (46 .7% ) ,其次是小粒豆九号(16 .7% )、白眉 (13.3% )。合丰号大豆直接利用亲本 36个。利用国内优良亲本克 4 430 - 2 0、合交80 0 9- 16 12等成功地育成了合丰 2 5号、合丰 35号等高产稳产大豆品种 ;利用国外抗病品种Ohio、Rampage、Wilkin直接作亲本育成高抗灰斑病品种 4个。合丰号大豆品种有 16个具有国外血缘 ,占品种总数的 5 0 %。随着年代的推移 ,合丰号大豆的细胞核、细胞质祖先亲本发生了变化。不同年代有其不同的主要贡献者 ,合丰号大豆遗传多样性是其成功的关键。制定一个祖先品种核质在新品种中达到新的更高水平协调的育种方案非常重要 相似文献
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中国大豆种质资源耐铝毒性的变异特点及优选 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
铝毒害是酸性土壤中限制大豆产量的重要因素之一.探讨我国不同生态区大豆种质资源耐铝毒害性的遗传变异特点对于大豆耐铝毒品种选育具有重要意义.本研究从各生态区选出509份种质资源,采用苗期营养液砂培鉴定方法,以株高、叶龄、地上部干重和地下部干重的平均隶属函数值(FAi)作为耐铝毒性的指标,分析不同生态区品种对铝毒的耐性表现.结果表明,全国栽培大豆种质资源的耐铝毒隶属函数值存在相当大的变异,变幅为8.59%～74.83%,呈现出中间多、两头少的单峰态分布;各生态区内均存在与全国相同的变异特点,生态区间的变异比较小,平均数变幅仅为39.24%～41.65%,区内变异明显地大于区间变异;大豆耐铝毒性的强弱具有一定的相对性,根据参考文献所选的对照品种在509份资源中都处于中间状态,说明大豆种质资源耐铝毒性存在更大的耐铝毒和敏感性的变异;按照FAi》65%(1级),遴选出了15份强耐铝毒资源,占所选资源总数的2.95%,分别来自Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ生态区;按照FAi《15%(5级),遴选出5份强敏感性材料,占资源总数的0.98%,分别来自Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ生态区,可供大豆耐铝毒性遗传育种研究利用. 相似文献
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为给大豆育种选配亲本提供参考依据,对河南省1985-2020年育成的132个大豆品种进行系谱追溯,系统分析其育种方式、亲本组成、细胞核、细胞质遗传贡献率,并归纳骨干亲本.结果表明:常规杂交是河南省大豆品种选育的主要途径,占参试品种的85.5％.132个品种共有185个细胞核遗传的原始亲本,核遗传率最大的祖先亲本是齐黄1号,其次是沁阳水白豆和野岗1号;共59个细胞质遗传的原始亲本,遗传率最高的是郑80024-10.常被用作育成大豆品种直接亲本的有濮豆6018、郑9805、郑59、开豆4号和周豆23.根据衍生品种数归纳出6个骨干亲本,包括豫豆2号、豫豆3号、豫豆10号、豫豆18和豫豆22.其中豫豆2号作为亲本衍生出57个大豆品种,占参试育成大豆品种的43.2％,为河南省大豆育种作出了重大贡献. 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
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Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
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Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
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Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献
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Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase). 相似文献
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Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献