共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 765 毫秒
1.
该文利用以UASB和接触氧化法技术为核心的工程处理设施和生物综合治理两项关键技术，分别对肉鸡屠宰场废水及下脚料进行综合治理研究。结果表明：工程处理设施可使屠宰场废水及下脚料的COD、BOD5、SS和油类去除率分别达96.8%、99.6%、99.6%和99.4%。各项指标均达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级和GB13457-92《肉类加工工业水污染物排放标准》禽类屠宰加工一级标准，减少处理费25%。通过生物综合治理措施处理后的水质也达到上述标准，处理费用可以减少85%。 相似文献
2.
铁冲小流域属松华坝水库水源区,作为昆明市的重点饮用水源,生态涵养和水源保护成为水源区建设的主要任务。通过对铁冲生态清洁型小流域综合治理工程开展水土保持监测,结果表明:流域内土壤侵蚀模数比治理前降低了75.10t/km2.a,森林覆盖率增加1.02%,流域出口水质达到了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)规定Ⅱ类水标准,农村生活污水达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准,在一定程度上带动了当地经济的发展,促进了社会进步。 相似文献
3.
规模化养猪场粪污综合处理的试验研究 总被引：10，自引：4，他引：10
该文应用“厌氧发酵＋延时曝气活性污泥法”处理工艺并辅以投加生物制剂等措施对猪场粪污进行处理。试验结果表明，经过该工艺处理后，猪粪中的蛔虫卵死亡率达到99%，大肠杆菌为零(未检出)，除有机碳外，其余营养元素基本没有损失，完全达到了《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB18596—2001)规定的畜禽养殖业废渣无害化环境标准要求；CODCr、BOD5、SS和NH3-N的去除率分别达到96.7%、98.6%、99.5%和99.4%的较高水平，处理水达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)的二级标准。 相似文献
4.
5.
氧化塘—物化法处理造纸黑液废水 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用氧化塘－物化法处理造纸黑液废水,取得了良好的处理效果。处理后废水达到ＧＢ３５４４－９２《造纸工业水污染物排放标准》Ⅱ级标准,摸索出黑液中段废水的低成本处理方法,为黑液中段废水防治耗损提供了一项实用技术。 相似文献
6.
生物渗滤床处理养殖废水的技术经济性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
该试验研究了生物渗滤床对养殖废水的处理效果,同时对生物渗滤床与常规好氧生物方法处理养殖废水的技术经济参数进行对比分析。结果显示,生物渗滤床对养殖废水具有很好的处理效果,出水COD平均浓度120mg／L,明显优于畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准的指标要求(COD≤400mg／L);可实现全自动控制、基建投资费用可节省45％、运行能耗可节省86％,吨水处理费用仅为0．22元。技术经济分析结果表明。生物渗滤床是一种高效、稳定、低成本的养殖废水处理新技术,完全能够取代常规好氧生物处理方法。 相似文献
7.
脱氮除磷生物滤池填料制备及其对农村生活污水的处理效果 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
针对农村生活污水处理过程中,总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)难以直接达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A排放标准的难题,该研究研制出一种新型脱氮除磷滤料,并对其表征。扫描电镜结果表明该滤料亲水性较好,表面粗糙,大量的空隙和较大的比表面积利于微生物挂膜;光学显微镜观察结果表明,生物膜生长状况良好,活性较高,无需反冲洗就能长期稳定运行。将该新型滤料用于两级生物滤池对农村生活污水的处理研究,考察了水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)、气水比、回流比及温度对系统TN和TP处理效果的影响。研究发现,在一定范围内,污染物质的去除率与水力停留时间和温度成正相关,随着气水比和回流比的增大先上升后下降;温度对TN去除的影响较为显著。试验得出系统运行的最适工况:HRT 5 h,气水比10:1,回流比50%,最利于系统脱氮温度为27℃。系统在最佳试验条件下稳定运行后,出水COD(化学需氧量)、NH_3-N、TN和TP平均质量浓度分别为18.53、0.66、9.78、0.30 mg/L,平均去除率分别为89.82%、99.80%、59.05%、88.31%,满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准要求。研究结果可为实际工程和理论研究提供参考。 相似文献
8.
植物浮岛湿地处理太湖流域农村生活污水效果 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
为了探讨植物浮岛人工湿地对农村生活污水的处理效果,选用女贞、小叶女贞、红冬青和蕙兰4种陆生植物,构建植物浮岛湿地,进行农村生活污水处理试验。结果表明,在模拟自然条件下,水力停留时间为6 d,COD、氨氮、总磷和浊度的去除率分别达到60%、65%、60%和70%;而在间歇增氧条件下,可使COD、氨氮和浊度去除率提高至80%以上,水力停留时间缩短至5 d。动力学分析表明,间歇增氧植物浮岛系统中COD降解过程符合一级反应,其中,女贞的反应速率常数k为-0.591,蕙兰的反应速率常数k为-0.978。氨氮的降解符合零级反应,女贞和蕙兰对氨氮的降解速率分别为46.32 mg/d和43.76 mg/d。在间歇增氧植物浮岛湿地中,植物根系及其表面生物膜对污水中污染物的降解有较好的协同作用。示范工程1 a多连续运行表明,人工植物浮岛湿地一年四季对农村生活污水均有较好的处理效果,出水指标可达《污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)》一级B排放要求。该研究对于指导江南（太湖）及类似地区采用植物浮岛湿地处理农村生活污水有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
9.
应用battery生物测试法,检测研究农药废水对秀丽隐杆线虫的生命周期、繁殖速率、生殖能力、头摆和身体弯曲频率等影响的生物毒性,及其引发生物毒性的主要有机污染物。结果表明,在已经达到国家废水排放标准[GB 8978—1996]情况下,处理出水对受试动物仍然存在致毒效应;线虫的世代周期对进水的毒性最为敏感,产卵数量对出水的毒性最为敏感;进水毒性主要来自易受酸性调节影响的有机污染物,出水毒性主要来自易受碱性调节影响的有机污染物。结果表明,该项生物测试的毒性参数,可用于指示存在于低CODCr废水中的生物毒性;所用的毒性鉴别评价（TIE）方法,可用于鉴别废水中引发致毒效应的关键污染物。废水中悬浮颗粒污染物的生物毒性至关重要,尚未研究,有待继续。 相似文献
10.
为研究不同植物的生物栅系统对富营养化景观水的净化效果,通过人工配水试验对比无植物与分别种有美人蕉、水葱、香蒲的生物栅系统,分析生物栅中不同组成部分对污染物的去除效果.结果表明,纤维填料上的生物膜对不同浓度的富营养化景观水体的CODCr、TN、TP、NH4+-N的去除率均高于3种植物,其去除率分别为31.43％～40％,45.88％～50.15％,14.32％～15.62％,55.03％～63.95％,因此纤维填料上附着的微生物是污染水体的净化主体.将3种植物生物栅系统对重度和中度富营养化景观水体的净化效果进行比较,结果表明美人蕉生物栅系统对中度富营养化景观水体的CODCr、TN、TP、NH4+-N去除率分别达到78.57％,78.62％,52.24％,86.48％,其中处理后CODCr、TN、NH++-N的浓度均达到GB3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅳ类水质标准,因此美人蕉生物栅系统更适用于富营养化景观水体的水质修复. 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献