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1.
含沙水滴灌条件下灌水器抗堵塞试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对4种不同滴灌管(带)在含沙水滴灌条件下灌水器的出流量变化及淤积堵塞情况进行了田间试验研究。经过多次灌水试验,结果表明,4种滴灌管(带)灌水器出流量均随灌水次数的增加和距离毛管进水口长度的增加呈减小趋势,最后完全堵塞的灌水器均发生在毛管的末端;在相同水质和灌水压力下,大流量灌水器抗堵塞性能较好,即大流道灌水器的抗堵塞性能优于小流道灌水器;随着灌水次数的增加在滴灌管(带)的管腔内有细小泥沙淤积,小流量滴灌管(带)在70～80 m处泥沙淤积量骤然增加,大流量滴灌管(带)在80～90 m处骤然增加,管内泥沙的沉积大大增加了灌水器的堵塞几率,因此定期对滴灌带进行冲洗可以有效减小堵塞。 相似文献
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高含沙水的净化处理问题成为水资源匮乏地区滴灌用水亟待解决的重要问题。为了揭示引黄滴灌水净化过程中浊度及其相关因子的变化规律,进而探求灌区滴灌器滴头堵塞的根本原因,对乌海市两个不同的黄河原水沉淀池及滴灌器出水的浊度、藻类、细菌总数和CODMn进行了取样试验分析。结果表明:平流沉淀池+网式过滤器对水体中悬浮物浊度有明显净化作用,浊度去除率为76.09%~91.90%;细菌附着生长在泥沙上,随着泥沙的沉降水中细菌总数降低;经过滤器后水中细菌繁殖加快使得细菌总数增加,达到中度堵塞水质;藻类生长繁殖受水中CODMn、高等水生植物及光合作用的影响,在一定条件下CODMn促进叶绿素生长而高等水生植物抑制其生长;泥沙对CODMn没有吸附作用,过滤器对CODMn有一定的过滤作用。 相似文献
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硬水灌溉陶瓷灌水器堵塞特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
受水资源短缺的限制,我国仍有较多地区采用硬水进行灌溉。硬水易引发灌水器堵塞,为探明硬水灌溉下水的硬度对陶瓷灌水器堵塞的规律及堵塞机理,选取砂基陶瓷灌水器,使用杨凌自来水和配制的3种不同总硬度的硬水进行灌溉实验,观察其在55 d内流量变化过程,观察灌水器内堵塞物质形态,并借助X射线衍射仪检测堵塞物成分、含量。结果表明:硬水会造成灌水器堵塞,且水质越硬,堵塞越严重;硬水灌溉条件下,陶瓷灌水器流量随时间的变化过程分为"波动阶段"和"下降阶段",且水质越硬,流量下降越明显;堵塞物质分析表明CaCO_3沉淀是灌水器堵塞的主要原因。堵塞物影像表明,运行时间越长,水质越硬,堵塞物沉积越严重。研究结果为陶瓷灌水器在水质较硬地区的推广提供了参考。 相似文献
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再生水滴灌条件下灌水器抗堵塞试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着新农村的建设,农村污水处理系统建设逐渐完善,同时节水灌溉技术的推广,农村再生水的利用成为农业灌溉节水的一种新方法。本试验针对农村污水处理系统,进行再生水滴灌试验。结果表明:市场常见的灌水器产品对农村的再生水有一定的适用性,具有抗堵塞的功能,可在农村推广再生水滴灌技术。宽齿形灌水器具有自清洗功能,抗堵塞性能优于其他3中灌水器,且大流量的灌水器的抗堵塞性能优于低流量的灌水器。由微生物与固体颗粒团体等组成的生物膜易沉积于灌水器的格栅和出水口缓冲区,引起灌水器堵塞,其是直接诱发灌水器堵塞的原因。灌水器流道内沉积物质的随机生长与脱落,造成灌水器的堵塞是一种随机的过程。滴灌系统运行大概350h,应对其进行清洗,以提高灌水器的抗堵塞性能。 相似文献
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为了解决黄河水滴灌中泥沙处理的问题,利用黄河泥沙配置出高、中、低3种含沙量水质的试验组,采用“水梦”无机吸附剂泥沙分离装置过滤3种水质进行滴灌堵塞模拟试验,监测水质变化情况并进行滴灌的抗堵性试验;观测2种滴灌带沿程流量变化规律、滴灌系统均匀度以及系统相对平均流量变化规律.结果表明:经“水梦”无机吸附剂泥沙分离装置处理后,不同含沙量下水体中的浊度及各类污染物指标得到明显降低,其中总氮、总磷、COD,BOD、浊度平均降低了23.9%,40.3%,47.0%,38.3%,97.8%.模拟大田滴灌进行8次灌水试验,依据2种滴灌带试验过程中灌水均匀度及灌水相对平均流量的变化情况可知,在实际使用过程中应采用流量更大、滴头类型为内镶贴片式的滴灌带. 相似文献
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引黄滴灌器堵塞环境因子的相关性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2013年5-10月对乌海市3个不同沉淀池水质的测定结果,以主要影响滴灌器堵塞因素的泥沙及其他相关指标的相关性作为主要研究对象,应用SPSS统计分析软件进行相关分析。研究结果表明:细菌总数与浊度呈显著正相关,说明泥沙是细菌生长繁殖的载体,泥沙的沉淀池中的含量决定了细菌总的数量。叶绿素a与浊度呈负相关性,说明泥沙的浓度影响水中藻类的生长,而影响不是很大,呈现不明显的相关性。受浊度影响较大的CODMn、氮和磷,延长停留时间更有利于泥沙的吸附沉淀。沉入水底的泥沙中含有大量的N,在一定的条件下会再次将N释放回水中。水中TP含量的变化与泥沙浓度呈线性关系,泥沙量越大吸附越快,同时TP含量越高越易被泥沙吸附。同时证实只要水中有泥沙颗粒,滴灌带中的泥沙必然被细菌附着。 相似文献
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为探索肥料因素对滴灌施肥系统水力性能的影响,通过试验研究了肥液种类和浓度对滴灌带滴头流量和均匀度等水力特性的影响.结果表明:滴灌出流特性受肥料溶解性能影响,溶解性能越好,影响越小;水溶肥因其全溶于水的特性,对出流基本无影响,是滴灌施肥的首选肥料种类;复合肥随浓度增大,滴头平均相对流量Dra和灌水均匀度系数CU减小,且浓度越大,Dra、CU减小越大,堵塞率增大,滴灌带堵塞风险加大;不同温度复合肥加肥浓度阈值不同,10℃、20℃、30℃、40℃时其浓度阈值分别为4.0 g/L、5.0 g/L、7.0 g/L和8.0 g/L.实际应用中滴灌施肥系统根据温度等环境条件选取相应肥液浓度可控制系统堵塞风险. 相似文献
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为探究不同化学离子(Fe2+、Ca2+)对滴灌灌水器堵塞发生过程的影响及堵塞机制,以二级处理再生水和地下水为水源,选取标称流量为1.1~1.8L/h的4种灌水器进行灌水器堵塞试验。试验中每天灌水12h,定期测定灌水器流量,试验结束后测定灌水器生物膜干重及胞外多聚物EPS重量。结果表明:化学离子改变生物膜的形成过程和结构稳定性,增加了堵塞物质的形成和生长速度;向地下水加入Fe2+增大灌水器发生生物化学堵塞的风险,地下水同时加入Fe2+、Ca2+,灌水器以化学堵塞为主;再生水加入Ca2+提高了灌水器化学堵塞风险,加入Fe2+或同时加入Fe2+、Ca2+增加了发生生物化学堵塞的风险。 相似文献
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土壤质地对地下滴灌灌水器水力要素的影 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为研究不同质地土壤中灌水器水力要素的变化规律及其差异,选取灌水器工作压力、土壤容重和土壤初始含水率为因素,分别在粘土、壤土和砂土中采用混合水平均匀设计安排试验.试验结果表明,不同土壤中的灌水器出流规律一致:即当工作压力不变时,灌水器流量在灌水初期略大,而后减小并趋于恒定,这个变化过程仅1～2min;在相同压力下,地下滴灌灌水器流量比地表滴灌小5%～20%,压力越大,二者越接近;灌水器流量随工作压力的增加而增大;土壤因素对灌水器流量有微弱的制约作用,使流量减小.相同条件下,土壤质地越轻,灌水器流量越大;但随着土壤容重和土壤初始含水率的增加,土壤质地越轻,流量减小程度越大. 相似文献
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Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
E. Playn O. Prez-Coveta A. Martínez-Cob J. Herrero P. García-Navarro B. Latorre P. Brufau J. Garcs 《Agricultural Water Management》2008,95(6):645-658
Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m−1) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day−1. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day−1), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day−1 was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration. 相似文献
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瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。 相似文献
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对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。 相似文献
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对《种子法》存在问题的探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
李鹏 《农业机械化与电气化》2011,(6):129-130
《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。 相似文献
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About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered. 相似文献
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在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。 相似文献
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Gunter Wriedt Marijn van der Velde Alberto Aloe Fayçal Bouraoui 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(5):771-789
We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications. 相似文献
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在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。 相似文献
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车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。 相似文献