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在全球多地发生新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情的背景下,已有部分国家(地区)对我国货物贸易进行管制。为维护我国正常出口贸易秩序,参考世界卫生组织、世界动物卫生组织等国际组织的疫病风险分析流程,对我国出口动物及动物产品传带新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)的风险进行定性分析。分析认为:目前我国出口活动物感染或携带SARS-CoV-2的风险极低;按照正常程序生产和加工的出口动物源性产品携带、污染并传播SARS-CoV-2的风险极低;我国相关部门已采取了的严格的防控措施,最大程度降低了出口动物及动物源性产品的SARS-CoV-2污染风险。综上,我国出口动物及动物产品携带或传播SARS-CoV-2的风险极低。建议各国通过共同协作,加强COVID-19防控,以降低COVID-19对相互间出口贸易的影响。 相似文献
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依据世界动物卫生组织（WOAH）和联合国粮农组织（FAO）相关信息,系统梳理了全球食用动物、毛皮动物、伴侣动物、野生动物的新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）感染情况及其流行病学研究概况。全球动物感染SARS-CoV-2时有发生,且发生率呈上升趋势;食用动物对SARS-CoV-2具有抵抗力,而毛皮动物、伴侣动物以及多种野生动物对SARS-CoV-2易感。WOAH和FAO分析认为：当前人间SARS-CoV-2国际大流行的主要驱动力是人与人之间的传播,而动物对其传播不起重要作用;SARS-CoV-2在动物种群中传播可能会促进新病毒变种的出现,使新冠疫情防控形势复杂化。WOAH不建议对动物及其产品（生貂皮除外）设置SARSCoV-2相关贸易限制措施,但同意成员基于风险分析实施相关卫生措施;FAO呼吁采取措施,降低SARSCoV-2在人与野生动物之间的传播风险,进而降低病毒变异风险;现已有国家禁止水貂养殖,限制易感动物进口。 相似文献
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《动物医学进展》2020,(6)
截至2020年4月20日,全球已有211个国家和地区受到由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的危害,该疫病对全球公共卫生构成了巨大威胁。该病毒主要通过飞沫和接触传播,潜伏期为1d～14d,多为3d～7d,人群普遍易感,严重者可出现急性呼吸窘迫综合征等症状,甚至导致死亡。因此,选择快速准确的确认或清除疑似病例体内的SARS-CoV-2的方法对控制疫情和挽救生命具有重要的意义。现就COVID-19暴发以来所报道的SARS-CoV-2检测方法包括病原学、血清学抗体检测及胸部影像学检测进行了综述,旨在为研究人员和临床医生及时检测SARSCoV-2感染提供可靠的方法。 相似文献
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新冠病毒感染给人类带来了巨大灾难，也给动物带来严重影响。全球已有36个国家报告至少26种哺乳动物感染新冠病毒(SARS-CoV-2)，包括宠物、养殖动物和野生动物。绝大部分动物的SARS-CoV-2感染来自与人类接触，感染后无明显症状或症状轻微。宠物中，犬和猫对SARS-CoV-2具有一定的易感性，其感染率与宠物主人的密切接触程度有关，但总体感染率不高，目前还没有宠物在人类感染传播中起重要作用的证据。养殖动物和野生动物中，水貂和白尾鹿极易感染SARS-CoV-2，种群感染率很高，而且在其体内病毒可以快速变异和进化，甚至回传感染人类；水貂是动物中SARS-CoV-2感染最严重的宿主，感染后表现严重的临床症状甚至死亡。目前尚无动物SARS-CoV-2感染对人类健康、动物健康以及生物多样性产生重大影响的证据，但动物感染不仅会影响动物种群的健康，而且可能造成SARS-CoV-2变异株的出现，进而威胁人类健康。因此，需要坚持“同一健康”理念，加强对动物SARS-CoV-2感染的监测和防控。 相似文献
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一禽流感的流行特点1发生的国家多、范围广,感染的动物品种多。疫情波及的范围涉及亚洲、非洲、欧洲、美洲及大洋洲等全球多个地区,感染的动物除家禽外,还有多种野鸟、猫、老虎及人等哺乳动物。 相似文献
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2019新型冠状病毒病（COVID-19）给公共卫生安全带来巨大危害,但目前引起该病的新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）来源还未有定论。现有证据显示,SARS-CoV-2与分离自蝙蝠和穿山甲的 SARS-CoV-2病毒株同源性相近,表明蝙蝠和穿山甲可能作为SARS-CoV-2的中间宿主存在。目前,丹麦、荷兰和美国等国家已有人工饲养水貂及饲养场工作人员感染SARS-CoV-2的报道。试验研究显示,SARS-CoV-2可在雪貂上呼吸道复制,且雪貂对SARS-CoV-2高度易感,表明雪貂可作为一种SARS-CoV-2感染和传播的动物模型。2020年2—7月,本课题组对山东、吉林、辽宁、黑龙江等毛皮动物主要养殖省份的水貂样品进行SARS-CoV-2病原及抗体监测。利用WHO推荐的real-time RT-PCR检测方法,对328份水貂内脏组织及咽拭子样品进行检测,结果所有样品均为SARS-CoV-2阴性;采用北京万泰生物药业有限公司提供的SARS-CoV-2抗体检测ELISA试剂盒,对35份水貂血清样品进行抗体检测,结果样品中抗SARS-CoV-2抗体均为阴性。由于国内养殖多为密集型庭院养殖,养殖人员与水貂密切接触,且国外已有养殖场水貂大规模感染SARS-CoV-2的先例,为保障毛皮动物行业健康发展,此次监测重点对我国北方地区毛皮动物养殖场进行采样,结果并未发现毛皮动物携带SARS-CoV-2和针对SARS-CoV-2的抗体。这可能与目前我国人群的低SARS-CoV-2感染率和未有养殖场工人感染有关。本实验室已建立了检测毛皮动物及宠物的SARS-CoV-2抗原及抗体检测方法,在目前全球COVID-19疫情的严峻形势下,未来仍需对毛皮动物及宠物进行长期的SARS-CoV-2流行病学监测。 相似文献
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新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)作为新发人兽共患病,通过广泛的人际传播成为影响全球的大流行病,严重危害了世界公共卫生安全。新冠疫情的发生、发展为新形势下突发公共卫生事件应急机制的制定和完善带来了新的挑战,也给重大动物应急机制完善带了新的启示。本文通过分析全球新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)在“人—动物—人”传播链条现状及传播风险,对照新冠疫情背景下应急机制的薄弱环节,对现有重大动物疫情应急机制进行深入反思,本研究可以为今后可能发生的其他公共危机应急机制的完善提供参考和借鉴。 相似文献
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D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana Alejandra García-Barco S. Daniela Jimenez-Diaz Jorge Luis Bonilla-Aldana Maria C. Cardona-Trujillo Fausto Muoz-Lara Lysien I. Zambrano Luis A. Salas-Matta Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales 《The Veterinary quarterly》2021,41(1):250
COVID-19 pandemic is essentially a zoonotic disease. In this context, early in 2020, transmission from humans to certain animals began reporting; the number of studies has grown since. To estimate the pooled prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection in animals and to determine differences in prevalence between countries, years, animal types and diagnostic methods (RT-PCR or serological tests). A systematic literature review with meta-analysis using eight databases. Observational studies were included but analyzed separately. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for prevalence studies and case series. After the screening, 65 reports were selected for full-text assessment and included for qualitative and quantitative analyses. A total of 24 reports assessed SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR, combining a total of 321,785 animals, yielding a pooled prevalence of 12.3% (95% CI 11.6%–13.0%). Also, a total of 17 studies additionally assessed serological response against SARS-CoV-2, including nine by ELISA, four by PRTN, one by MIA, one by immunochromatography (rest, two studies, the method was not specified), combining a total of 5319 animals, yielding a pooled prevalence of 29.4% (95% CI 22.9%–35.9%). A considerable proportion of animals resulted infected by SARS-CoV-2, ranking minks among the highest value, followed by dogs and cats. Further studies in other animals are required to define the extent and importance of natural infection due to SARS-CoV-2. These findings have multiple implications for public human and animal health. One Health approach in this context is critical for prevention and control. 相似文献
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has now affected over 72.5 million people worldwide, with nearly 1.6 million deaths reported globally as of December 17, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 has been implicated to have originated from bats and pangolins, and its intermediate animal hosts are being investigated. Crossing of the species barrier and exhibition of zoonosis have been reported in SARS-CoV-2 in farm (minks), domesticated (cats and dogs), and wild animals (tigers, puma, and lions). Recently, the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported in mink farms, which led to the death of a myriad minks. The clinical and pathological findings of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the rapid animal-to-animal transmission in minks are almost similar to the findings observed in patients with COVID-19. Additionally, the rapid virus transmission among minks and the associated mutations resulted in a new mink-associated variant that was identified in both minks and humans, thereby providing evidence of mink-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The new mink-associated SARS-CoV-2 variant with a possible reduced sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies poses serious risks and is expected to have a direct effect on the diagnostic techniques, therapeutics, and vaccines that are currently under development. This article highlights the current evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, and provides an understanding of the pathogenesis of COVID-19 in minks and the associated zoonotic concerns of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from minks to humans with an emphasis on appropriate mitigation measures and on the necessity of adopting the One Health approach during the COVID-19 pandemic. 相似文献
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Infections with the bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) virus are endemic with high seroprevalence in many countries of the European Union (EU). The significant economic damage caused by BVD infections has led to a paradigm shift with respect to a possible control. In some EU Member States control programmes have been initiated mostly on a voluntary basis and some compulsory. The most important element of all control efforts is the identification and removal of persistently infected (PI) animals. The subsequent steps depend on the respective seroprevalence and cattle density. Sweden was one of the first countries to introduce a national control program (1993), that is now being used as standard procedure in other countries. The starting position for the program was comparatively favorable since the country's cattle density is low and vaccination was not allowed. BVD infected herds were screened using a bulk milk ELISA and subsequently the PI animals in positive herds were identified and removed. The goal of the control program is the cattle population's certified freedom of BVD. The Scandinavian model is not applicable for most regions of Germany, since BVD virus prevalence and cattle density are unfavorably high. Here the primary goal is to minimize the economic losses caused by BVD and to lower the infective pressure. Therefore a Federal guideline was issued and some Federal States have provided additional regulations for compensation of PI animals and additional costs, respectively. Primary goal of the guideline is the eradication of PI animals and the systematic vaccination of all female offspring in order to avoid further economic damage and the emergence of new PI animals in case of re-infection of the herd. Goal of this strategy is the BVD unsuspicious herd with a high immune status. 相似文献
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本文从病原、流行病学、诊断和预防控制等方面简要介绍了2011年底发生在德国奶牛的一种新病毒病——施马伦贝格病毒,主要感染猪、牛、羊和野牛,该病毒主要由昆虫如蚊蠓等小虫传播,也可通过胎盘垂直传播。截至2012年5月,已经有8个国家相继报道该病的发生。许多国家纷纷采取禁止从受该病毒感染国家进口活动物及其产品的措施防止该病的传入。目前该病毒还没有特异治疗措施和疫苗预防方案。 相似文献
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Moennig V Eicken K Flebbe U Frey HR Grummer B Haas L Greiser-Wilke I Liess B 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2005,72(1-2):109-14; discussion 215-9
Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) control/eradication programmes based on the test and removal of persistently infected cattle without use of vaccination were first introduced by the Scandinavian countries in the early 1990s. Within the last 10 years the programmes have proven to be very successful and have served as a blueprint for several other European regions. However, in areas with high cattle densities, intense animal trade and high BVD prevalence this control approach is risky, because there is a high probability that herds, which have been cleared of persistently infected (PI) animals and have become partly or fully susceptible to reintroduction of the virus, will come in contact with a BVD virus (BVDV) infected animal. A combination of the test and removal strategy with subsequent systematic vaccination of cattle could overcome this problem. The goals of vaccination in such a programme is protection against reintroduction of BVDV into herds free from PI cattle and foetal protection of pregnant animals accidentally exposed to the virus. Two-step vaccination is based on the use of inactivated BVDV-1 vaccine for priming followed by a live attenuated vaccine booster 4 weeks later. The immune response elicited by such a vaccination scheme has proven to be long lasting and foetal infection after challenge with BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 was prevented in pregnant animals 5 months after vaccination. These findings suggest that the implementation of a two-step vaccination in the initial phase of control programmes in addition to test and removal of PI animals in areas with high cattle densities and endemic BVD is practical and efficacious. 相似文献
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近年来多种感染人或家畜的冠状病毒病轮番出现,给人类社会的经济和公共卫生安全带来很大危害。特别是在2019年底出现并在全球迅速蔓延的SARS-CoV-2,由此引发的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)在2019年12月至2020年3月之间在全球范围内造成超过7万人死亡。冠状病毒感染宿主的第一步是识别宿主细胞膜受体分子并与之结合,随后启动入侵使病毒基因组进入宿主细胞内部。因此冠状病毒细胞受体的阐明对于了解病毒的宿主与组织嗜性具有重要意义,同时也有助于了解病毒的致病与传播机制以及新型抗病毒药物研发。本文介绍了近年来主要的冠状病毒受体的最新研究进展,包括血管紧张素2(the angiotensin converting enzyme 2,ACE2)、氨基肽酶N(aminopeptidase N,APN)、二肽酰肽酶4(dipeptyl peptidase 4,DPP4)、唾液酸(sialic acid,SA)和癌胚抗原相关细胞黏附分子1(carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1,CEACAM1)等。 相似文献
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E. W. Lankau N. J. Cohen E. S. Jentes L. E. Adams T. R. Bell J. D. Blanton D. Buttke G. G. Galland A. M. Maxted D. M. Tack S. H. Waterman C. E. Rupprecht N. Marano 《Zoonoses and public health》2014,61(5):305-316
Rabies prevention and control efforts have been successful in reducing or eliminating virus circulation regionally through vaccination of specific reservoir populations. A notable example of this success is the elimination of canine rabies virus variant from the United States and many other countries. However, increased international travel and trade can pose risks for rapid, long‐distance movements of ill or infected persons or animals. Such travel and trade can result in human exposures to rabies virus during travel or transit and could contribute to the re‐introduction of canine rabies variant or transmission of other viral variants among animal host populations. We present a review of travel‐ and trade‐associated rabies events that highlight international public health obligations and collaborative opportunities for rabies prevention and control in an age of global travel. Rabies is a fatal disease that warrants proactive coordination among international public health and travel industry partners (such as travel agents, tour companies and airlines) to protect human lives and to prevent the movement of viral variants among host populations. 相似文献
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自2010年以来,伪狂犬病在国内外呈暴发和蔓延趋势。免疫后猪感染伪狂犬现象在欧美地区和中国多数省份都有报道,且有一定数量的死亡发生。伪狂犬病野毒感染的血清阳性率逐年上升,从2010年的7%左右上升到2014年的26%。同时中国东北、华北和山东一带还有不同程度的水貂、狐狸等毛皮动物感染发病的情况,通过血清学和分子生物学检测发现阳性带毒率高达30.6%～37.2%。另外,适应了毛皮动物的伪狂犬病病毒会引起毛皮动物迅速发病和较高的死亡率。为了更好地研究该病发生的原因并及时地制定防控措施,作者对目前伪狂犬病在国内外的流行情况、疫苗的使用种类和该病的检测方法等方面进行了综合、系统的概括,并总结了在毛皮动物上发病的特有现象,就该病如何在毛皮动物中进行有效的治疗和防控做出了具体的分析和展望。 相似文献