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1.
Barry Mc Inerney Gerard CorkeryGashaw Ayalew Shane WardKevin Mc Donnell 《Computers and Electronics in Agriculture》2011,77(1):1-6
The feasibility of using GS1 DataMatrix (GS1 DM) barcodes laser printed onto the beaks of poultry as a possible method of identification and, therefore, traceability of the individual were examined in this study, including a preliminary live trial on layer hens. The optimal laser type and settings for this particular application had been selected during previous in vitro and in vivo trials. GS1 DM barcodes were printed on both sides of the beaks of mature layer hens and read using a high specification camera based 1-Dimensional/2-Dimensional (1-D/2-D) DataMan 7500 barcode reader. The reading procedure was repeated on a number of occasions over a 5 week period to examine the effects of time in a commercial environment on the clarity and readability of the GS1 DM barcode, and the ability of the printed GS1 DM barcodes to resist the physical and chemical challenges of such a setting. The results show a very short timeframe during which all barcodes, both right and left combined, remain readable. Thereafter the readability deteriorates rapidly, due to the growth and healing of the beaks of the layer hens. Results also show that there was no significant difference in the readability between GS1 DM barcodes printed on the right or left side of the beak. The proportion of identification (ι) (i.e. number of layers identifiable by either one or two readable GS1 DM barcodes) was also calculated. All layer hens were fully identifiable for a seven day period by either one or two readable GS1 DM barcodes. Further analysis showed that the proportion of identification (ι) was significantly higher for layer hens when identified with two GS1 DM barcodes as opposed to just one. Secure movement control of live mature poultry at vulnerable points in the food chain, such as transfer of ownership, could well be facilitated by the use of this technology, thereby preventing fraud or substitution at these points. 相似文献
2.
Barry Mc Inerney Gerard Corkery Gashaw Ayalew Shane Ward Kevin Mc Donnell 《Computers and Electronics in Agriculture》2011,79(1):51-62
The feasibility of using DataMatrix (DM) barcodes laser printed onto the beaks of poultry as a possible method of identification and therefore traceability of the individual was examined in this study, including a preliminary live trial on broiler chicks in a commercial environment. In vitro trials were initially conducted to select the optimal laser type and the optimal laser settings for this particular application. Frozen mature chicken head samples were sourced from commercial partners and DM barcodes were printed on the beaks of these samples and read using a high specification camera based 1-Dimensional/2-Dimensional DataMan 7500 barcode reader. A number of laser types and settings were assessed through a detailed Predetermined Readability Screening Procedure principally designed to examine the ability of the printed DM barcode to withstand physical abrasion such as that which may occur in a commercial environment. Following this selection process a preliminary live trial of this technology was instigated in a commercial broiler house to examine not only the effects of the growth of the broilers on the clarity and readability of the DM barcode, but also the ability of the printed DM barcodes to resist the physical and chemical environment of a commercial setting. The results show a four day window during which the barcode readability remains at a high level. Thereafter the readability deteriorates rapidly, due to the rapid growth and healing of the beak of broiler chicks. However, with high readability rates, even for such a short timeframe, this technology could well be used as a technique for movement control for live poultry, for example, from the producer to the processor, thereby preventing any fraud at these vulnerable points in the poultry food chain, where there is a transfer of ownership. The effects of such a treatment on the behaviour and weight gain of the broiler chicks was also observed, because in an industry where numbers are large and margins very small, it is important that any additional input to the system would not have any detrimental effect on final carcase weight and quality. 相似文献
3.
交叉喙是多基因控制的复杂性状，目前已在全球至少12个鸡种中报道，包括商业品种和地方品种。交叉喙鸡刚出壳时喙形正常，但在随后1~2个月内逐渐呈现上下喙交错、咬合不全的交叉状态。交叉喙严重影响个体采食和饮水、降低生产性能、损害动物福利。交叉喙以下喙偏离中线为主，原因是单侧下颌骨支发育缓慢，LOC426217、BMP4、FIGNL1基因和脂蛋白脂肪酶、清蛋白等与该性状的发生相关。综述了鸡交叉喙表型特征、遗传方式和分子调控机制等方面的研究进展，以期为深入解析该性状的遗传基础和降低发病率提供借鉴。 相似文献
4.
雏鸡断喙时，刀片与喙的切角不同，成鸡期嘴形各异，体重及死亡淘汰率不一。研究结果显示，刀片与上喙呈８０‘角瞬间切下，烫１ｓ 止血，成鸡期嘴形最好，经济效益最高。 相似文献
5.
【目的】中国地方鸡种如北京油鸡、清远麻鸡存在喙畸形现象,表现为上下喙咬合不全,呈交叉状。严重影响鸡饮水和采食,从而影响个体发育和生产性能的发挥,造成一定经济损失。笔者根据喙畸形个体的系谱记录,发现喙畸形的形成受到遗传因素的影响,但具体机制尚不明确。蛋白是行使各种生物学功能的最终形式之一,喙畸形个体的发生可能是由于核心蛋白或者相关调控蛋白代谢异常造成的。利用同位素标记相对和绝对定量（isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation,iTRAQ）技术以及生物信息学分析方法,筛选鸡畸形喙与正常喙中差异表达的蛋白,作为喙畸形相关的重要候选蛋白,为进一步研究北京油鸡喙畸形的遗传机制奠定基础。【方法】挑选3只120日龄喙畸形的公鸡作为试验组,编号为W1、W2、W3,同时,挑选与试验组个体为同胞关系（全同胞或半同胞）的喙正常公鸡作为对照组,编号为Z1、Z2、Z3。将喙畸形与其同胞正常个体作为一个比对组,iTRAQ试验具体包含3个比对组,即W1 vs Z1,W2 vs Z2,W3 vs Z3。屠宰个体后,剔除喙组织周围肌肉和筋膜,分离得到喙上颌骨和下颌骨,提取总蛋白样品,应用6个 iTRAQ标签标记各蛋白样品,经过色谱层析预分离,联合液相串联质谱分析,采用Mascot 2.3.02软件对蛋白进行鉴定和定量分析。试验组（W）与其同胞对照组(Z)样本比较（W1 vs Z1,W2 vs Z2,W3 vs Z3）,选择肽段数≥2,表达差异值＞1.2（上调）或＜0.83（下调）,且P＜0.05的蛋白作为差异表达蛋白。【结果】利用iTRAQ技术一共在喙组织中鉴定到3 372个蛋白,鉴定到的特异性肽段有12 769个。其中原鸡蛋白1 869个,分子质量主要分布在10-100 kD之间。3个比对组共鉴定出159个表达量有显著差异的蛋白质,其中包含70个表达上调的蛋白,89个表达下调的蛋白。统计各比对组蛋白表达差异值发现,表达量差异较大的上调蛋白质有LPL、MLC-2、CO9A1、MATN3、HSP90B1等,表达量差异较大的下调蛋白质有MBP、RLA1、PRVM、HAPLN1等。结合已经报道的这些蛋白的生物学功能,其中CO9A1、MATN3、HAPLN1与软骨合成和软骨骨化相关,CO9A1是带状软骨纤维的组成物质,MATN家族是非胶原性细胞外基质蛋白家族,HAPLN1是软骨细胞外基质的重要组成成分;PRVM是细胞内钙离子结合蛋白,参与调控Ca2+离子信号通路;LPL是多功能酶,主要在脂质代谢和转运过程中起作用,参与调控PPAR信号通路。初步筛选出CO9A1、MATN3、HAPLN1、PRVM、LPL作为与鸡喙畸形相关的候选蛋白。【结论】差异表达蛋白的发现为鸡喙畸形形态的发生提供蛋白质水平上的理论依据。 相似文献
6.
角质颚是研究头足类各种生物信息的重要组织，为实现头足类角质颚色素沉积的精确化测量，探究色素沉积在头足类角质颚判别分类中的作用，研究选取茎柔鱼、柔鱼以及翼柄柔鱼3种头足类生物的角质颚下颚为研究对象，以其侧视图像为基础，对其色素沉积按照等级Ⅰ：黑色、等级Ⅱ：灰色、等级Ⅲ：浅灰色、等级Ⅳ：透明四个等级进行可视化，分别计算出茎柔鱼、柔鱼以及翼柄柔鱼角质颚四种等级的色素沉积面积与头盖-翼部区域以及脊突-侧壁区域面积的比例关系，并且采用逐步判别分析法对3种头足类角质颚之间的色素沉积差异进行分析，结果显示等级Ⅰ、Ⅳ在脊突、侧壁区域各色素梯度占比对判定分类的结果具有显著意义，判别成功率为74.4%。研究认为，3种头足类的角质颚色素沉积情况存在一定差异，而这些差异有可能是由于3种头足类不同的生活特性和摄食习惯导致。研究实现了角质颚色素沉积的数值化和色素沉积等级的精确化划分，并按照划分的结果，将色素沉积情况作为全新的定量测量方法，为头足类生物角质颚色素沉积研究提供了新的思路。 相似文献
7.
Application of a fully automatic analysis tool to assess the activity of broiler chickens with different gait scores 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A. Aydin 《Computers and Electronics in Agriculture》2010,73(2):194-199
Monitoring the activity of broilers is a potential way for determining gait score level at commercial farms. In this study, a fully automatic monitoring technique was developed to measure the activity of broiler chickens with different gait score levels. We carried out two experiments in order to assess the relationship between gait scores obtained by human experts and activity levels quantified by an automatic image monitoring system. The chickens were scored for their degree of lameness by experts according to the method of Kestin et al. (1992). For each experiment, a total of 30 birds, on day 32 were selected from a local commercial farm. Five birds were selected in each of six gait score groups (GS0-GS5). The activity levels were obtained for all gait scores by using an automatic image monitoring system. For this purpose, video surveillance images of broilers with six different predefined gait scores were analysed. In both experiments, there was a significant relation between gait score by experts and activity monitored by image analysis. The broilers with gait score 3 (GS3) showed significantly higher activities than the other gait scores in both experiments (P < 0.05), possibly due to their need for more feed. In both experiment, GS4 and GS5 showed significantly lower activities (P < 0.05). Overall, the results show that automatic camera monitoring system can provide an automatic tool in determination the activity in relation to gait score. This activity information can be used further to identify the effects of gait score on broiler behaviour. 相似文献
8.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying differences in beak morphology likely involve interactions among multiple embryonic populations. We exchanged neural crest cells destined to participate in beak morphogenesis between two anatomically distinct species. Quail neural crest cells produced quail beaks in duck hosts and duck neural crest produced duck bills in quail hosts. These transformations involved morphological changes to non-neural crest host beak tissues. To achieve these changes, donor neural crest cells executed autonomous molecular programs and regulated gene expression in adjacent host tissues. Thus, neural crest cells are a source of molecular information that generates interspecific variation in beak morphology. 相似文献
9.
茎柔鱼角质颚不仅表面存在色素沉积的梯度变化,从喙部到翼部黑色素逐渐变浅,其机械性能也存在显著的梯度变化,喙部具有很高的机械强度,从喙部到翼部机械强度逐渐变小,韧性逐渐增大。测定无水以及水合状态下茎柔鱼角质颚不同部位(喙部、侧壁、翼部)的机械强度(杨氏模量),以及主要化学成分、内部分子交联结构,并利用电子扫锚显微镜观察了其不同部位表面和断面上的物理结构,探究茎柔鱼角质颚机械强度梯度变化的主要原因。研究显示:无水茎柔鱼角质颚具有很高的杨氏模量,模量从喙部到翼部差异不显著(P0.01);而水合的角质颚杨氏模量明显减小,模量从喙部到翼部呈现显著梯度变化(P0.01)。茎柔鱼角质颚主要含有蛋白质、儿茶酚、壳聚糖和水,其机械强度随蛋白质、儿茶酚含量增加而增大,机械强度同时与内部分子交联反应形成的多巴-多交联多聚体以及与其表面和断面上物理结构有关,茎柔鱼喙部断面层状结构十分显著,生物体中分层越明显,其机械强度越大。 相似文献
10.
Darwin's finches are a classic example of species diversification by natural selection. Their impressive variation in beak morphology is associated with the exploitation of a variety of ecological niches, but its developmental basis is unknown. We performed a comparative analysis of expression patterns of various growth factors in species comprising the genus Geospiza. We found that expression of Bmp4 in the mesenchyme of the upper beaks strongly correlated with deep and broad beak morphology. When misexpressed in chicken embryos, Bmp4 caused morphological transformations paralleling the beak morphology of the large ground finch G. magnirostris. 相似文献
11.
对淮南麻黄鸡8只公鸡与62只母鸡交配所得子一代进行外貌鉴定。结果表明,羽色基因纯合程度很低,杂色羽率高达33.63%。白耳率为8.33%。喙、脚色基因纯合程度较高,杂色喙率和杂色脚率分别只有3.57和2.38%。来自边远农村与来自近郊农村的亲本后代外貌性状分离比率差异不显著(P>0.05)。提纯选择的子一代自群繁育所得子二代,其杂色羽率、白耳率、杂色喙率和杂色脚率分别降低到25.25、0.00、2.97和1.98%。子一代和子二代的鸡冠形状均未出现分离现象,显示出这个性状基因纯合程度很高。 相似文献
12.
Competitor species can have evolutionary effects on each other that result in ecological character displacement; that is, divergence in resource-exploiting traits such as jaws and beaks. Nevertheless, the process of character displacement occurring in nature, from the initial encounter of competitors to the evolutionary change in one or more of them, has not previously been investigated. Here we report that a Darwin's finch species (Geospiza fortis) on an undisturbed Galápagos island diverged in beak size from a competitor species (G. magnirostris) 22 years after the competitor's arrival, when they jointly and severely depleted the food supply. The observed evolutionary response to natural selection was the strongest recorded in 33 years of study, and close to the value predicted from the high heritability of beak size. These findings support the role of competition in models of community assembly, speciation, and adaptive radiations. 相似文献
13.
头足类的角质颚具有结构单一和不易腐蚀的特性,其稳定同位素分析已成为头足类生态学研究的主要方法之一。根据2009年7-8月我国鱿钓船在哥斯达黎加外海捕捞的茎柔鱼样本,对其角质颚进行稳定同位素分析,探讨其与胴长、日龄、性腺成熟度等之间的关系。结果表明,茎柔鱼样本的胴长范围在25.6～35.8 cm之间,体重范围在447.6～1 122.3 g之间,为小型群体;上、下角质颚的δ13C和δ15 N有所差别,但无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;δ13C和δ15N值随着胴长和日龄的增大而增大,两者均符合线性关系;不同性成熟度的个体也有着不同的δ13C和δ15 N值,其中性成熟度为Ⅲ期个体的值最大。δ13C和δ15N值反应出茎柔鱼在生长过程中,其栖息环境从大陆架向大洋转变,活动范围也向着生产力更高的海域聚集,同时与性成熟和个体生长过程密切相关。建议今后应结合研究海域的浮游生物,对角质颚等不同硬组织及其不同部位稳定同位素进行深入分析,以便为了解和掌握茎柔鱼的生态学提供理论参考。 相似文献
14.
“全胚双氟碳法”制备禽脑脊髓炎琼扩抗原的研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
用禽脑脊髓炎病毒（AEV）Van Rockel毒株接种6日龄SPF鸡胚，感染11 d后，分别收集鸡胚、绒毛尿囊膜及尿囊液、鸡胚剔除羽毛、眼球、爪和喙后与绒毛尿囊膜一起，制成匀浆，反复冻融3次，通过2次氟碳（三氯三氟乙烷）从全胚匀浆中萃取制备AE琼扩抗原（AGP－Ag)用进口标准AE AGP试剂进行标化，结果发现：制备的AD AGP－Ag与标准阳性血清之间的清晰、致密的沉淀线，并与标准AE AGP－Ag的沉淀线完全吻合，表明两者的沉淀反应一致，从而了AE AGP－Ag制备新方法－“全胚双氟碳法”其制备AE AGP－Ag有如下特点：①产量高，平均每3个SPF鸡可获得1mL AE AGP－Ag; ②特异，与类症阳性血清无交叉反应；③敏感，AGP试验中毋需重复加样，普通琼脂即可出线；④稳定性好，保存期长；⑤与标准AE AGP－Ag阳性检出符合率均达100％。本研究表明用“全胚双氟碳法”制备的AEAGP－Ag达到了进口标准，AEAGP－Ag质量，可用于SPF鸡AE抗体的监测，且生产成本低，也可用于商品鸡AEV感染的检测。 相似文献
15.
【目的】明确叉角厉蝽[Eocanthecona furcellata(Wolff)]从卵到成虫发育历期及繁殖能力,比较叉角厉蝽各虫态的主要形态鉴别特征,为叉角厉蝽的扩繁及生防潜能开发提供理论支持。【方法】在室内条件下,以云南元江采集并在室内扩繁6代以上的叉角厉蝽为研究对象,在培养皿中采用单头饲养的方法测定叉角厉蝽生长发育指标(卵孵化率、若虫存活率、卵到成虫的发育历期),在饲养盒中雌雄虫配对共培养测定其成虫繁殖力特征。运用显微照相系统比较叉角厉蝽各虫态的主要形态特征。【结果】叉角厉蝽从卵到成虫的平均发育历期为29.00±1.41 d,卵历期为8.00±0.21 d,若虫期为19.76±0.12 d,1~5龄若虫平均发育历期为3.24~5.38 d,卵孵化率为92.91%,若虫存活率为80.21%,雌、雄成虫的平均寿命分别为35.40±1.96和37.40±2.65 d;叉角厉蝽雌成虫交配后,一生平均产卵次数为4.73±2.01次,最多9次,最少2次,平均产卵前期为7.87±2.75 d,产卵期持续14.33±5.13 d,雌成虫与雄成虫交配单次平均产卵量为59.46±15.77粒,未交配雌成虫单次平均产卵量为29.34±15.31粒且为无效卵,最终无法孵化。叉角厉蝽卵为矮杯形或圆筒形,具卵盖,边缘有10~12根刺状精孔突,有金属光泽;1~5龄若虫体色红黑相间,若虫触角4节。1龄若虫触角第2和第3节末端有明显白色环,喙暗红色,接近体长,无翅芽;2龄若虫头部前段扁平突出,触角节间环变为红色,喙黑色;3龄若虫触角第2和第3节末端红色环明显,喙长为体长的一半;4龄若虫喙长为体长的一半,胸部刻点明显,出现翅芽,并延伸至胸部末端;5龄若虫喙暗红色,短于体长一半,中足和后足胫节中部出现白斑,翅芽延伸至腹部第3节;成虫体色黄褐与黑褐混杂相间,密布刻点,触角5节,喙黄褐色,最后一节黑色,喙长短于体长的一半,前胸背板侧角呈剑叉状突出,雄虫腹部近三角形,雌虫腹部卵圆形。【结论】明确了叉角厉蝽的发育历期和繁殖能力,证实叉角厉蝽无孤雌生殖现象。农业生产中可以喙的颜色、长度及翅芽发育作为叉角厉蝽主要形态鉴别特征。 相似文献
16.
Beak shape is a classic example of evolutionary diversification. Beak development in chicken and duck was used to examine morphological variations among avian species. There is only one proliferative zone in the frontonasal mass of chickens, but two in ducks. These growth zones are associated with bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) activity. By "tinkering" with BMP4 in beak prominences, the shapes of the chicken beak can be modulated. 相似文献
17.
《Computers and Electronics in Agriculture》2008,60(1-2):31-38
The accuracy of global positioning system receivers can be improved by differential correction systems (DGPS), which deliver sub-meter accuracy. Higher-accuracy, of about 1 cm on-the-go, is delivered by units generally referred to as real-time kinematic (RTK) DGPS systems. RTK-DGPS systems are presently used by commercial companies for automatic guidance of tractors in row-crop operations. Since high-end DGPS systems with high-accuracy are generally very expensive, it is necessary that the commercial benefit be maximized and that any related errors will be minimized. In the present study, the deviations from a predetermined route of a three-point hitch implement mounted on a RTK-DGPS based automatically guided tractor were recorded and were used to validate that the implement deviation is strongly dependent on the distance from the tractor rear axle. The recorded deviations were analyzed for paved and rough surfaces; the latter caused substantially greater deviations. Based on the above hypothesis, a possible way to improve the performance by reducing the deviations at a point on the implement is suggested. 相似文献
18.
Susan A. O'Shaughnessy Martin A. HebelSteve R. Evett Paul D. Colaizzi 《Computers and Electronics in Agriculture》2011,76(1):59-68
Many agricultural studies rely on infrared sensors for remote measurement of surface temperatures for crop status monitoring and estimating sensible and latent heat fluxes. Historically, applications for these non-contact thermometers employed the use of hand-held or stationary industrial infrared thermometers (IRTs) wired to data loggers. Wireless sensors in agricultural applications are a practical alternative, but the availability of low cost wireless IRTs is limited. In this study, we designed prototype narrow (10°) field of view wireless infrared sensor modules and evaluated the performance of the IRT sensor by comparing temperature readings of an object (Tobj) against a blackbody calibrator in a controlled temperature room at ambient temperatures of 15 °C, 25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C. Additional comparative readings were taken over plant and soil samples alongside a hand-held IRT and over an isothermal target in the outdoors next to a wired IRT. The average root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) between the collected IRT object temperature readings and the blackbody target ranged between 0.10 and 0.79 °C. The wireless IRT readings also compared well with the hand-held IRT and wired industrial IRT. Additional tests performed to investigate the influence of direct radiation on IRT measurements indicated that housing the sensor in white polyvinyl chloride provided ample shielding for the self-compensating circuitry of the IR detector. The relatively low cost of the wireless IRT modules and repeatable measurements against a blackbody calibrator and commercial IR thermometers demonstrated that these wireless prototypes have the potential to provide accurate surface radiometric temperature readings in outdoor applications. Further studies are needed to thoroughly test radio frequency communication and power consumption characteristics in an outdoor setting. 相似文献
19.
【目的】了解J亚群白血病在海兰褐蛋鸡群中发生和发展的真实表现及其与病毒分离和抗体反应的关系；【方法】对来自3个鸡场39至43周龄31只疑似ALV-J感染鸡做了连续两个月的临床、病理、病毒血症和抗体反应动态观察和比较；【结果】这3群鸡对ALV-J感染率非常高，有28只鸡在死前感染ALV-J或呈现持续性病毒血症，其中14只表现为无抗体反应的免疫耐受性持续性病毒血症。这3群鸡都表现为典型J亚群白血病髓细胞样肿瘤特征性病变，且在几乎所有不同脏器和组织均可出现。在31只鸡中，有13只鸡同时在3个或3个以上不同脏器中出现肿瘤/血管瘤，有1只鸡出现在5个器官中；【结论】中国近年来不仅仍有ALV-J在蛋鸡群中流行，而且在过程中，ALV-J致病性逐渐增强。 相似文献
20.
The present work makes an aerodynamic analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of the four commercial models of corrugated cellulose evaporative cooling pads that are most widely used in Mediterranean greenhouses. The geometric characteristics of the pads have been determined as well as the volume of water they retain at different flows of water, thus obtaining the mean thickness of the sheet of water which runs down them and their porosity. By means of low velocity wind tunnel experiments, the pressure drop produced by the pads has been recorded at different wind speeds and water flows. In this way it has been possible to obtain the relationship of the permeability and the inertial factor with pad porosity using a cubic type equation. Finally, a CFD simulation with a 3D model has been carried out for both dry pads (Qw = 0 l s−1 m−2) and wet ones (Qw = 0.256 l s−1 m−2), finding good correlation between the simulated and experimental pressure drop, with maximum differences of 9.08% for dry pads and 15.53% for wet ones at an airspeed of 3 m s−1. 相似文献