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1.
降雨和微肥在油菜环境下对重金属淋失的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过室外油菜盆栽试验研究2种微肥(硅肥与硒肥)在不同自然降雨条件下对土壤重金属淋失的影响。从油菜苗期至角果发育成熟期,连续收集了6次自然降雨事件的淋溶液,监测了淋失液中溶解态Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、As 5种重金属的浓度,并计算其迁移总量。结果表明,在油菜常规种植密度下,淋溶水样体积与降雨量成正比;在典型自然酸雨(pH为4.56～4.73)淋洗下,土壤中各种重金属呈现出不同的淋溶趋势:淋溶液中Zn、Cd的最高浓度出现在第1次降雨,随着降雨次数的增加,浓度都呈整体下降趋势;与之相反,淋溶液中Pb的最高浓度出现在最后1次降雨,且随着降雨次数的增加,浓度呈逐渐上升趋势;Cu的最高浓度出现在雨强最大的暴雨(110.1mm)期间,其余降雨情况下,Cu的溶出浓度基本趋于稳定;而As的淋失浓度较低,且随降雨次数的增加,有一个缓慢的下降趋势。相比CK和Si处理,基施硒肥的措施能显著降低土壤淋溶液中5种重金属的淋失总量,而基施硅肥能使淋溶液中Cd、As的淋失总量有一定程度的降低;在油菜环境下,5种重金属的淋失水溶性大小为Zn>Cd>Cu>As>Pb。 相似文献
2.
模拟降雨条件下污染土壤中重金属元素径流迁移特征 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
探明污染土壤中重金属元素随地表径流迁移特征,对于防控重金属污染物的迁移扩散具有重要意义。通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究不同降雨强度下(55,100,120mm/h)污染土壤中Cd、Pb和Cr随地表径流迁移的特征。结果表明:径流中3种重金属元素总量在产流的前20min内逐渐降低,随后趋于稳定;产流初期(产流10min内)颗粒态重金属占径流重金属总量的比例均在80%以上;随产流时间延长,颗粒态Cd和Cr对径流重金属的贡献率快速降低,其颗粒态/溶解态的比值范围分别为47.0～0.4和12.9～0.4,而Pb则主要以颗粒态的形式存在,溶解态Pb对其随径流迁移的贡献率可忽略不计;随降雨强度增大,径流中总Cd和Pb含量显著降低,而径流中总Cr含量以及溶解态重金属含量无明显变化规律。 相似文献
3.
不同降雨强度下污染土重金属元素随径流迁移转化特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究了不同降雨降雨强度下(29.9,55.2,78.5mm/h)空白土和污染土Cu、Pb和Zn随地表径流的迁移转化特征。结果表明,空白土与污染土径流携带的泥沙量均随降雨强度的增大而增大,土壤受重金属污染对侵蚀泥沙量的变化影响不大;污染土径流中水溶态Cu、Zn含量明显高于空白土含量,且基本不受降雨强度影响,其大小主要由土壤酸溶态中的可交换态含量决定,3种重金属水溶性含量大小为ZnCuPb;不管对于空白土还是污染土,径流中重金属总浓度都随降雨强度的增大而增大,但污染土增加的幅度明显比空白土大,且与泥沙量变化趋势基本一致,而空白土无此规律。 相似文献
4.
烟地土壤养分淋失与利用研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用淋溶池收集地下径流,通过测定下渗液、土壤、植株的氮、磷、钾含量,研究了植烟土壤的养分淋溶和利用.结果表明,土壤地下径流量与降雨量呈显著正相关,下渗液量/降雨量前期最高,但随着植株体积的增加而降低.在下渗液中,硝态氮浓度远远高于铵态氮,钾离子浓度与硝态氮相当,未检测出磷.施入土壤的氮肥超过60%被淋失,钾肥淋失量约占1/4.土壤养分淋失与养分含量(硝态氮)和降雨量(钾)有关.氮、磷、钾肥的表观利用率分别为42.71%,20.77%,34.48%.土壤残留量磷肥最高,钾肥次之,氮肥最低. 相似文献
5.
石灰水对混合试剂洗脱土壤重金属淋洗效果的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探索石灰水对混合试剂(MC)洗脱后土壤中重金属的淋洗效果,对重金属污染土壤进行了盆栽淋洗试验研究。结果表明:石灰水淋洗MC洗脱土壤,淋出液中Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu浓度均显著高于去离子水淋洗MC洗脱土壤,这主要由于石灰水提高土壤pH,释放土壤所吸附的络合态重金属,这种现象在酸性污染土壤中表现更明显。对于酸性污染土壤,可采用MC+石灰水+去离子水依次进行淋洗处理,其Cd和Zn去除率与MC+去离子水+去离子水依次淋洗处理相比提高22.6%和28.8%;对于中性重金属污染土壤,两处理间重金属去除率差异不显著。石灰水淋洗可提高土壤重金属去除率,并提高土壤pH,改善MC洗脱对土壤的酸化,有利于淋洗后土壤的农业利用。 相似文献
6.
农田土壤重金属淋洗剂筛选与效应分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为分析不同淋洗剂在不同淋洗条件下对重金属淋洗效果的影响,采用振荡淋洗法对比研究4种淋洗剂(柠檬酸(CA)、酒石酸(TA)、乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐(EDTA)和氨三乙酸三钠盐(NTA))不同浓度、淋洗时间、pH和固液比对重金属复合污染农田土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的淋洗效果及单因素最佳淋洗条件下土壤淋洗前后重金属不同形态含量的变化。结果表明,CA和TA的最佳淋洗浓度为0.3mol/L,EDTA和NTA为0.05mol/L;CA和NTA的最佳淋洗时间为480min,EDTA和TA为720min;4种淋洗剂的最佳淋洗pH均为3,最佳固液比均为1∶20。单因素最佳淋洗条件下,EDTA对土壤重金属去除效果最佳,对Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu的去除率分别为67.4%,61.0%,13.8%和76.0%;NTA效果次之,去除率分别为41.6%,42.4%,9.9%和54.3%。土壤重金属去除率随淋洗剂pH的降低而升高,随固液比的增加而增加,随淋洗剂CA与TA浓度增大而增大。淋洗剂对土壤重金属的解吸动力学曲线符合准二级动力学模型,解吸过程为化学解吸,且解吸反应速率受土壤重金属含量与淋洗剂浓度控制。土壤重金属在淋洗剂作用下的解吸速率为Cd>Pb≈Zn≈Cu。EDTA和NTA淋洗显著降低土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu铁锰氧化态和有机结合态的含量,CA和TA显著降低Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu铁锰氧化态的含量。淋洗剂对重金属的去除效率为EDTA>NTA>CA>TA。 相似文献
7.
土壤有效态重金属提取剂选择的研究 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
利用5种不同的土壤重金属浸提剂,研究了土壤有效态重金属含量与玉米重金属含量的关系,并提出了一种新的土壤有效态重金属的浸提剂。结果表明:0.1mol/L HCl,0.05mol/L EDTA-2Na,0.1mol/L CaCl2,0.1mol/L HAc-NaAc,0.05mol/L DTPA提取的化学有效态重金属与玉米根、茎、叶中重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb大部分呈显著或极显著相关,但各化学提取剂提取的有效态Zn、Cu与玉米籽粒Zn、Cu的相关性较差。利用柠檬酸-酒石酸为提取剂提取的重金属含量与玉米籽粒中重金属的含量有着相对较好的相关性,是一种预估玉米籽粒中重金属含量的较好办法。 相似文献
8.
PAM对黄土坡地水分养分迁移特性影响的室内模拟试验(简报) 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
为了研究聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)在黄土区集中暴雨条件对坡地水土及养分流失的影响,采用室内降雨模拟试验方法,探讨了在暴雨(2mm/min)条件下施加PAM对黄土坡地土壤养分流失及硝态氮淋溶特征的影响.试验结果表明,与对照处理相比较,施加PAM对径流硝态氮流失的影响不明显,但显著改变了径流磷和钾浓度随时间变化过程,分别降低了径流磷和钾的流失量为82%和84%;施加PAM减少了坡地土壤流失量93%,也降低了泥沙中硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾的流失量分别为 78%,95%和95%;施加PAM影响了坡地上壤水分再分布过程,减少了上壤水分深层的渗漏,从而降低了土壤硝态氮淋失的潜在风险. 相似文献
9.
草甘膦对重金属污染土壤中铜、锌淋溶的研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
草甘膦分子结构中含有膦酸基、羧基和胺基等,具有强的络合重金属离子的能力,从而影响重金属在土壤中的环境化学行为.本文采用土柱淋溶方法,研究了不同浓度草甘膦溶液( 0、5 、20 和 50 mg/L)对污染土壤中重金属溶出的影响.草甘膦的存在降低了淋滤液的pH,增加了淋滤液中Cu和Zn的含量.逐层采样并分析了土壤中重金属的生物有效性含量,发现草甘膦的存在增加了土柱下层土壤重金属的生物有效性浓度.大量使用草甘膦会导致污染土壤中重金属的溶出,进而污染地下水. 相似文献
10.
重金属高污染农田土壤EDTA淋洗条件初探 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
通过室内振荡淋洗试验研究了乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)浓度、淋洗时间、液固比、淋洗次数对甘肃省白银市某高污染农田土壤中重金属去除效果的影响,并测定了EDTA淋洗前后土壤中重金属形态的变化。结果表明：淋洗剂浓度和液固比越高、淋洗时间越长、淋洗次数越多,对重金属的去除效果越好。在EDTA浓度为5 mmol/L、液固比为2.5、连续振荡淋洗3次、每次1 h时,对土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn 4种重金属的总去除率分别为 55.2%、21.9%、19.3% 和20.9%,其中Cd 淋洗效率最高。EDTA对土壤中交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态重金属的去除效果明显,但不能有效去除有机及硫化物态和残余态土壤重金属。 相似文献
11.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(3-4):347-361
Abstract The accumulation of heavy metals in plants is related to concentrations andchemical fractions of the metals in soils. Understanding chemical fractions and availabilities of the metals in soils is necessary for management of the soils. In this study, the concentrations of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in tea leaves were compared with the total and extractable contents of these heavy metals in 32 surface soil samples collected from different tea plantations in Zhejiang province, China. The five chemical fractions (exchangeable, carbonate‐bound, organic matter‐bound, oxides‐bound, and residual forms) of the metals in the soils were characterized. Five different extraction methods were also used to extract soil labile metals. Total heavy metal contents of the soils ranged from 17.0 to 84.0 mgCukg?1, 0.03 to 1.09 mg Cd kg?1, 3.43 to 31.2 mg Pb kg?1, and 31.0 to 132.0 mg Zn kg?1. The concentrations of exchangeable and carbonate‐bound fractions of the metals depended mainly on the pH, and those of organic matter‐bound, oxides‐bound, and residual forms of the metals were clearly controlled by their total concentrations in the soils. Extractable fractions may be preferable to total metal content as a predictor of bioconcentrations of the metals in both old and mature tea leaves. The metals in the tea leaves appeared to be mostly from the exchangeable fractions. The amount of available metals extracted by 0.01 mol L?1 CaCl2, NH4OAc, and DTPA‐TEA is appropriate extractants for the prediction of metals uptake into tea plants. The results indicate that long‐term plantation of tea can cause sol acidification and elevated concentrations of bioavailable heavy metals in the soil and, hence, aggravate the risk of heavy metals to tea plants. 相似文献
12.
杭州市城市土壤重金属的潜在可淋洗性研究 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
研究了杭州市城市土壤 8个重金属元素 (Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Mn)的含量、形态和潜在可淋洗性。结果表明 ,该城市土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Mn均有明显的积累 ,其中Cd、Co、Cr和Ni主要以稳定的残余态为主 ,而Cu、Pb、Zn和Mn则以可提取态为主 ,因此在强还原、强酸性或有利于有机质分解条件下Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn的释放潜力较高。用荷兰能源研究中心的淋洗方法 (pH4 0 )测试表明 ,该市城市土壤的重金属可淋洗性较低 ,在一般条件下该城市土壤重金属不会有较大的释放 ,这与该城市土壤中酸可提取态重金属比例较低并含有较高的有机质及粘粒含量有关 相似文献
13.
J. M. Mirás Avalos I. Bertol P. Sande Fouz C. Carballeira Díaz E. Vidal Vázquez & A. Paz Gonzalez 《Soil Use and Management》2009,25(2):193-200
Tillage practices may reduce the organic matter content in near-surface soil horizons causing crust formation. Surface conditions may cause an increase in surface run-off, thus enhancing contaminant transfer of heavy metals or an acceleration in nutrient loss. This study examines the effect of applying crop residues to the surface of tilled soils on heavy metal losses by run-off. Losses in iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were analysed. Run-off and sediment yield were measured on 1 m2 plots using a rainfall simulator with a constant 65 mm/h intensity. Four successive rainfall applications were performed, the first three at 25 mm each and the last at 65 mm. Added corn straw varied between 0 and 4 t/ha in the five studied treatments. After 140 mm cumulative rainfall, total heavy metal losses were as follows: Fe from 137 to 950 mg/L, Mn from 2.3 to 12.83 mg/L, Cu from 0.09 to 0.72 mg/L and Zn from 0.31 to 2.46 mg/L. Dissolved fractions were as follows: Fe from 0.014 to 0.229 mg/L, Mn from 0.034 to 1.45 mg/L, Cu from 0.002 to 0.013 mg/L and Zn from 0.02 to 0.12 mg/L. Total concentrations of the studied elements decreased exponentially due to the effect of corn straw on soil loss. However, dissolved contents of Fe and Cu scarcely varied. Significant positive linear correlations were observed between total heavy metal content and soil and sediment loss by run-off. It is concluded that the addition of straw to a soil of low fertility prevents heavy metal loss. 相似文献
14.
贵州铅锌冶炼区农田土壤镉铅有效性评价与预测模型研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
农田土壤重金属的不同活性库分布和土壤-溶液分配模型能够提供重金属的生物有效性和浸出能力等信息,因而在风险评价和修复实践中非常重要。本研究采集毕节铅锌冶炼区30个历史污染农田土壤,同时在贵州省范围内采集5种类型背景土壤制成不同浓度Pb/Cd单一污染土壤;经3个月老化,分别测定由0.43 mol/L HNO_3、0.1 mol/L HCl和0.005 mol/L DTPA提取态表征的重金属反应活性库以及由0.01 mol/L CaCl_2提取态表征的直接有效库;分析铅锌冶炼区农田土壤Cd、Pb不同有效库的分布特征,建立土壤-溶液分配模型,并讨论土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:历史污染土壤中Cd和Pb的直接有效库占全量比例分别比人工污染土壤低4倍和223倍,然而历史污染土壤Cd和Pb的反应活性库(0.43 mol/L HNO_3提取态)占全量比例要高于相应人工污染土壤中的比例。拓展Freundlich形式吸附方程能够准确描述各提取态表征的Cd和Pb活性库与土壤全量Cd和Pb的关系,尤其0.43 mol/L HNO_3提取方法能够克服土壤理化性质对土壤Cd和Pb提取的影响而与总量建立极显著的相关关系。pH依附性Freundlich吸附方程准确描述了Cd和Pb的总反应活性库分别与土壤溶液Cd和Pb的关系,对于Pb而言,还要考虑土壤有机质和有效磷的影响。本研究可为矿区农田土壤重金属污染评价、修复以及农田有效态标准的推导提供参考。 相似文献
15.
The risk assessment of heavy‐metal contamination in soils requires knowledge of the controls of metal concentrations and speciation. We tested the relationship between soil properties (pH, CEC, Corg, oxide concentrations, texture) and land use (forest, grassland, arable) and the partitioning of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn among the seven fractions of a sequential extraction procedure in 146 A horizons from Slovakia. Using a cluster analysis, we identified 92 soils as representing background metal concentrations while the remaining 54 soils showed anthropogenic contamination. Among the background soils, forest soils had the lowest heavy‐metal concentrations except for Pb (highest), because of the shielding effect of the organic layer. Arable soils had the highest Cr, Cu, and Ni concentrations suggesting metal input with agrochemicals. Grassland soils had the highest Cd and Zn concentrations probably for geogenic reasons. Besides the parent material (highest metal concentrations in soils from carbonatic rock, lowest in quartz‐rich soils with sandy texture), pedogenic eluviation processes controlled metal concentrations with podzols showing depletion of most metals in E horizons. Partitioning among the seven fractions of the sequential extraction procedure was element‐specific. The pH was the overwhelming control of the contributions of the bioavailable fractions (fractions 1–4) of all metals and even influenced the contributions of Fe oxide‐associated metals (fractions 5 and 6) to total metal concentrations. For fractions 5 and 6, Fe concentrations in oxides were the most important control of contributions to total metal concentrations. After statistically separating the pH from land use, we found that the contributions of Cu in fractions 1–4 and of NH4NO3‐extractable Al, Cd, Pb, and Zn to total metal concentrations were significantly higher under forest than under grassland and in some cases arable use. Our results confirm that metal speciation in soils is mainly controlled by the pH. Furthermore, land use has a significant effect. 相似文献
16.
重金属迁移与土壤性质的关系 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg runoff from yellow limestone soil and purple soils and the relationships between the mobility of the heavy metals and the soil characteristics were studied in laboratory using a rainfall simulator. The results showed that the concentrations of soluble Zn in surface runoff were significantly negatively correlated with the contents of < 0.002 mm particles and CEC of the soils, indicating that Zn was mostly adsorbed by clays in the soils. The contents of Cu and Hg in surface runoff were positively related to their contents in the soils. The amounts of Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg removed by surface runoff were influenced by the amounts of soil and water losses and their contents in the soils, and were closely related to the contents of soil particles 1~0.02 mm in size. 相似文献
17.
B. Elberling H. Breuning-madsen H. Hinge & G. Asmund 《European Journal of Soil Science》2010,61(1):74-83
For evaluating present concentrations of heavy metals in soils, it is important to be able to determine natural or background soil concentrations. Here, we compare the content of 7 m HNO3 -extractable and 0.2 m Na-EDTA-extractable fractions of cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) in present day cultivated A horizons (Ap) under different land uses and 19 buried A horizons (Apb) that have been covered by 3300-year-old burial mounds. The buried A horizons represent a unique opportunity to evaluate background concentrations of heavy metals in top soil. Variations in background concentrations were mainly related to clay content. Using the grain size distribution of present-day topsoils (cultivated and forest/natural A horizons), the background concentrations were calculated and subtracted from observed concentrations prior to an evaluation of soil-type- and land-use-specific metal accumulation. All cultivated soils were significantly enriched with respect to Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu over the last 3300 years and all forest soils were enriched with Pb. The study highlights the importance of using appropriate reference material for assessing present-day metal concentrations and stocks. 相似文献
18.
Influence of VA-mycorrhiza on heavy metal uptake of oat (Avena sativa L.) from soils differing in heavy metal contamination The heavy metal uptake of mycorrhizal oat-plants (Avena sativa L.) was evaluated in pot experiments with two soils differing in heavy metal accumulation. The effect of the fungal isolates on the uptake of the immobile metals Zn and Cu differed between the two soils: In the soil “Kleinlinden” mycorrhizal colonization increased heavy metal uptake by up to 37%. In the highly contaminated soil “München”, mycorrhizal infection lead to a higher uptake (max. 59 %) in roots but to a reduced translocation to the aerial plant fractions. The higher uptake of Zn and Cu into the roots was related to the higher heavy metal concentrations in this soil. The Cd uptake showed no difference between the two soils, but was increased in the roots by VAM together with a lower translocation into the shoots. VAM-formation changed the root architecture by increasing the specific root length (m g?1 root dry matter) and the total root length (km per pot). This increased absorbing surface of the roots was a major, but not the only cause for the differences in heavy metal uptake. 相似文献
19.
René R. Wijngaard Marcel van der Perk Bas van der Grift Ton C. M. de Nijs Marc F. P. Bierkens 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2017,228(3):107
This study investigates the impact of future climate change on heavy metal (i.e., Cd and Zn) transport from soils to surface waters in a contaminated lowland catchment. The WALRUS hydrological model is employed in a semi-distributed manner to simulate current and future hydrological fluxes in the Dommel catchment in the Netherlands. The model is forced with climate change projections and the simulated fluxes are used as input to a metal transport model that simulates heavy metal concentrations and loads in quickflow and baseflow pathways. Metal transport is simulated under baseline climate (“2000–2010”) and future climate (“2090–2099”) conditions including scenarios for no climate change and climate change. The outcomes show an increase in Cd and Zn loads and the mean flux-weighted Cd and Zn concentrations in the discharged runoff, which is attributed to breakthrough of heavy metals from the soil system. Due to climate change, runoff enhances and leaching is accelerated, resulting in enhanced Cd and Zn loads. Mean flux-weighted concentrations in the discharged runoff increase during early summer and decrease during late summer and early autumn under the most extreme scenario of climate change. The results of this study provide improved understanding on the processes responsible for future changes in heavy metal contamination in lowland catchments. 相似文献
20.
为了更好地评价酸性土壤中汞的生物有效性和生态风险,以酸性土壤为供试土壤,通过比较国内外几种常用的土壤有效汞的浸提剂的提取效果,筛选适合于酸性土壤的有效汞浸提剂并优化相应的提取条件,从而建立酸性土壤有效汞的提取方法。结果表明,在0.1 mol·L-1HCl、1 mol·L-1NH4OAc、0.005 mol·L-1DTPA、0.03%TGA-1/15 mol·L-1Na2HPO4这4种常用浸提剂中,0.03%TGA-1/15 mol·L-1Na2HPO4是最佳的浸提剂,因为它具有最高的提取率,且其所提取的有效汞与相应稻米中Hg含量的相关性最好。0.03%TGA-1/15 mol·L-1Na2HPO4的最佳浸提条件为土液比1∶10、振荡时间120 min、振荡速度250 r.min-1,浸提出的有效汞量与油菜的相关性达到极显著相关,能较好地指示田间条件下土壤汞对作物的可给性。 相似文献