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1.
The protein and mineral composition of different varieties of three different lupin species (Lupinus albus, Lupinus angustifolius, and Lupinus luteus) and the effect of alpha-galactoside removal by means of a hydroalcoholic extraction process on such composition were studied in relationship to nutrient distribution among the different anatomical parts of the seed (embryo, cotyledon, and seed coat). The extent of processing-derived protein insolubilization was assessed by both chemical and electrophoretic techniques and related to the amount of nitrogen soluble in H(2)O, NaCl, ethanol, NaOH, and sodium dodecyl sulfate/beta-mercaptoethanol (SDS/BME). The alpha-galactoside extraction process caused a significant increase in the amount of total and insoluble nitrogen and decreased the amount of soluble protein nitrogen, without affecting the content of soluble nonprotein nitrogen. alpha-Galactoside extraction was not effective at decreasing the levels of Mn present in lupins, and processing caused an increase in the content of this mineral in all of the species studied with the exception of L. albus var. multolupa. In general, the effect of processing on mineral content varied with the different lupin species, and mineral losses were lower in L. luteus.  相似文献   

2.
Seed globulins isolated from 58 accessions representing 12 Old World Lupinus species were studied using two techniques of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC): reversed-phase (RP-HPLC) and ion-exchange (IE-HPLC). Differences in quantitative and qualitative composition of globulins between smooth-seeded and rough-seeded lupins appear to be significant. Each investigated species/subspecies is distinguished by its specific protein HPLC pattern of globulins. The number of globulin peaks recorded in particular species varied from four to eight. In total, 72 retention times of protein peaks were distinguished in the investigated taxa. Chromatographic data were subjected to statistical analysis using hierarchical UPGMA grouping of the examined taxa. Heterogeneous smooth-seeded lupins proved to be distantly related to rather homogeneous rough-seeded lupins except for the new species L. anatolicus. Within the rough-seeded lupins three subgroups are distinguished: (1) L. atlanticus, L. cosentinii and L. digitatus, (2) L. palaestinus and L. pilosus and (3) L. princei. The obtained data are discussed with reference to taxonomic relationships in the Old World lupins.  相似文献   

3.
Comparative SDS-PAGE analysis of seed globulins covered 74 accessions representing 19 New World Lupinus species, 18 North American lupins and one South American species: L. mutabilis. The species investigated showed major, well-defined polypeptide bands in the approximate M r range of 40–75 kDa. In general, intraspecific variation blurred interspecific differences; L. mutabilis could not be distinguished from the North American lupins. Of the taxa investigated, only L. subcarnosus and L. succulentus displayed some species-specific features. The American species examined showed different seed globulin patterns from those reported earlier for the smooth-seeded and for the rough-seeded Old World lupins.  相似文献   

4.
The nutritive and toxicological values of the dry seeds, germinated seeds, and string beans of Erythrina americana were studied using raw and boiled samples. Raw germinated seeds had a higher protein content and lower fiber content than dry seeds. The whole string bean had lower protein content and higher fiber content. However, the seeds of the green pod showed the same protein concentration as the dry seeds (dry basis). Boiling and elimination of broth was beneficial in diminishing the alkaloid concentration in all the samples. The trypsin inhibitors, lectins, and tannins were also diminished as was expected. The raw string bean showed the lowest LD(50). Although the total essential amino acids content of the boiled germinated seeds was increased, the quality of protein, protein efficiency ratio (PER), was lower than in boiled dry seeds, and in these, the PER was similar to the control (casein). The present results suggest that for the protein quality and low alkaloid content, the boiled dry seeds and string beans could be used for animal feeding. It could be interesting to test the raw string beans in ruminants since in this stage E. americana showed the lowest toxicity.  相似文献   

5.
The nutritional quality of various food products could be improved by supplementation with grain legumes to increase protein content and to improve the balance of essential amino acids. The lupin grain is a good candidate for this role, given its yield potential in a range of climatic environments and soil types. To establish the practicality of extending the use of lupins as food additives, the functional properties of various species and cultivars of lupin were studied for their effect as additives to baked products and their ability to provide foaming and emulsifying properties. Of the two lupin species that are commonly cultivated commercially, Lupinus albus showed the greater potential as a bread additive; loaf height and structure were maintained when lupin flour was substituted for wheat flour at levels up to 5%. This level of substitution offered the advantage of reducing mixing time. The detrimental effects at higher substitution levels appeared to be associated with the nonprotein components of the lupin flour. L. albus showed better functionality than L. angustifolius in emulsifying attributes, although L. angustifolius showed greater potential as a foaming agent. Defatting the lupin flour may be necessary to show these properties to best advantage. Certain cultivars (within each species) showed preferable performance, indicating the potential for plant breeding to provide germplasm better suited to uses as food additives.  相似文献   

6.
White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) has unexploited potential as a crop plant due to its high seed yield as well as protein and oil content in seeds. Well-characterized collections of gene resources are very important for breeding as a source of genetic variation. This paper presents the results of analyses for total content and qualitative composition of alkaloids in seeds of 367 L. albus accessions from the Polish Genebank. Accessions were divided into four classes of origin: wild collected material, land races, breeding lines, and cultivars. Apart from the expected broad variation as well as strong differentiation in the alkaloid content, a clear influence of domestication was observed. This was shown as an apparent decrease in the alkaloid content in breeding lines and cultivars classes. The total alkaloid content varies from 0.02 to 12.73% of the seed dry weight. Six major alkaloids (abundance >1%) were revealed: lupanine (28.22–94.49%, mean 76.06% in total content), 13-hydroxylupanine (0.10–32.78%, mean 8.23%), multiflorine (0.00–21.67%, mean 5.52%), albine (0.00–18.55%, mean 4.48%), angustifoline (0.24–12.14%, mean 2.07%), 11,12-seco-12,13-didehydromultiflorine (0.00–12.28%, mean 1.74%). Owing to its abundance, lupanine was found to be the most closely correlated to the total alkaloid content.  相似文献   

7.
Several lupines (Lupinus spp.) present on western U.S. rangelands contain alkaloids that are teratogenic to livestock and cause congenital birth defects in calves (crooked calf disease). Periodically, large losses of calves due to lupine-induced "crooked calf disease" occur in northern Oregon and eastern Washington state. Five lupine populations from this area representing three species (L. leucophyllus, L. sulfureus, and L. sericeus) were evaluated taxonomically and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and the major alkaloids in each lupine species were identified. The teratogenic alkaloid anagyrine was present in both of the lupine species responsible for the high outbreaks in east-central Washington and northeastern Oregon. However, the alkaloid profiles of the two lupines identified as L. leucophyllus were dissimilar, as were the alkaloid profiles of the two lupines identified as L. sulfureus. Botanical classification is not sufficient to determine potential teratogenicity, and it must be followed by chemical characterization to determine risk to livestock.  相似文献   

8.
Lupin products may be valuable as human foods because of their high protein content and potential anticholesterolemic properties. However, a small percentage of the population is allergic to lupin. In this study, we use in vitro IgE binding and mass spectrometry to identify conglutin beta, a major storage protein, as an allergen in seeds of Lupinus angustifolius and Lupinus albus. Purification of conglutin beta from L. angustifolius flour confirmed that serum IgE binds to this protein. Where IgE in sera recognized lupin proteins on Western blots, it recognized conglutin beta, suggesting this protein is a major allergen for lupin. The L. angustifolius conglutin beta allergen has been designated Lup an 1 by the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) allergen nomenclature subcommittee.  相似文献   

9.
The contents of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) and sucrose in Brassica, Lupinus, Pisum, and Hordeum species were investigated by chemometric principal component analysis (PCA). Hordeum samples contained sucrose and raffinose, and Brassica samples all contained sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose. In addition to these, the Pisum samples contained verbascose and the Lupinus samples also contained ajugose. High stachyose and low ajugose contents were found in Lupinus albus in contrast to Lupinus angustifolius, having low stachyose and high ajugose contents. Lupinus luteus had average stachyose and ajugose contents, whereas large amounts of verbascose were accumulated in these seeds. Lupinus mutabilis had high stachyose and low ajugose contents, similar to the composition in L. albus but showing higher raffinose content. The Brassica samples also showed compositional RFO variations within the species, and subgroup formations were discovered within the investigated Brassica napus varieties. PCA results indicated compositional variations between the investigated genera and within the various species of value as chemotaxonomic defined parameters and as tools in evaluations of authenticity/falsifications when RFO-containing plants are used as, for example, feed and food additives.  相似文献   

10.
Secondary metabolites (SMs), such as alkaloids and raffinose oligosaccharides (RFOs), play important roles in plant physiology. Although alkaloid and RFO phenotypic variation has been reported for yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.), most evaluations have used a reduced number of accessions; thus, limiting the understanding of accumulation patterns and variation ranges. The main goal of this research was to assess alkaloid and RFO content in a diverse L. luteus sample to understand possible SM accumulation patterns across this legume species. Eighteen yellow lupin accessions were analyzed using high performance thin layer chromatography to provide insights on seed and leaf RFO and alkaloid phenotypic variation. Co-dominant markers (170) were used to examine genetic relationships among L. luteus accessions and possible accumulation patterns across closely related genotypes. Significant differences were observed for seed and leaf RFOs. Total seed RFO accumulation ranged from 79.738 to 131.079 mg g?1. Raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose were observed in all genotypes’ seeds, but at different RFO concentrations. Raffinose was the only RFO detected in leaves (2.793–0.4224 mg g?1). Total alkaloid accumulation ranged from 0.22 to 15.12 and 0.00 to 8.007 mg g?1 for seeds and leaves, respectively. Lupinine, sparteine, and gramine were observed in seeds and leaves, and showed a wide range of variation. Neighbor-Joining (NJ) analysis showed an apparent pattern of seed alkaloid accumulation, most likely due to domestication events. However, high RFO accumulating accessions were scattered across the NJ tree. Alkaloid and RFO significant phenotypic variation will not only help to understand the roles of these SMs in L. luteus, but also to uncover the genetic basis behind their accumulation.  相似文献   

11.
Poor growth of lupins on calcareous soils may be attributed to a number of soil physical and chemical factors. Nutrient imbalances, such as deficiency of phosphorus (P) and micronutrients or calcium (Ca) excess have been reported to be responsible for the calcifuge behavior of the plants. In the present study we investigated the importance of nutrient imbalances for the growth reduction of lupins on a lime‐containing soil. Three lupin species (Lupinus luteus, Lupinus angustifolius, and Lupinus albus) were compared with lime‐tolerant Pisum sativum. Plants were cultivated in a sandy soil containing 0.2% or 10% magnesium (Mg) limestone and were fertilized with a complete nutrient solution except for iron (Fe). In each lime treatment, three of six pots per species were supplied with iron as FeEDDHA. Strong liming greatly decreased shoot growth, rate of leaf appearance, and shoot dry matter accumulation in all Lupinus species, but only marginally in P. sativum. All Lupinus species displayed chlorosis on the strongly limed soil, whereas on the slightly limed soil, only L. luteus did so. Shoot concentrations of P, potassium (K), Ca, Mg, manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) were generally in the adequate range. Decreased shoot growth was not associated with increased Ca concentrations. FeEDDHA fertilization alleviated chlorosis in most cases, but was not able to restore shoot growth. Therefore it is concluded, that, at least in the juvenile stage, nutrient imbalances do not play a major role in growth limitation of lupins on calcareous soils.  相似文献   

12.
Landraces of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) collected in Egypt were evaluated along with locally developed cultivars and selected foreign germplasm for yield and major morphological characteristics in five different locations. These locations represent different soil types and climatic conditions in Egypt. The results showed an outstanding performance of the local cultivar checks across traditional locations for lupin cultivation, which supports the utilization of local germplasm for further improvement of locally adapted lupins in Egypt. The results further suggest that local landrace germplasm may be an important source of alleles for shortening the vegetative period, reducing plant height and stem length, as well as for improving some yield components as number of pods and seeds per plant. The genotype-by-location interaction was significant for all characteristics. Mass selection in the Egyptian germplasm collection of white lupin has the potential for enhancing yield, especially in germplasm adapted to newly reclaimed desert locations.  相似文献   

13.
The intake of lupin-based foods could imply the exposure of consumers to quinolizidine alkaloids. The objectives of this study were to assess the genetic variation among and within 11 geographic regions of Lupinus albus ecotypes, verify the quinolizidine alkaloids amount of alkaloid-poor L. albus and Lupinus angustifolius varieties, and assess the effect of two climatically contrasting Italian environments on the alkaloid content. The quantitation was performed by GC-MS, and in all samples lupanine was the most abundant quinolizidine alkaloid, followed by albine and 13alpha-hydroxylupanine for L. albus and by 13alpha-hydroxylupanine and angustifoline for L. angustifolius. Some regions tended to have a high (Azores) or low (Egypt, Near East, Maghreb) total alkaloids content, but the variation among ecotypes within regions was larger than that among regions following the estimation of variance components. Alkaloid-poor varieties tended to have higher total alkaloid contents when grown in the subcontinental climate site, exceeding in some cases the limit of 0.200 mg/g.  相似文献   

14.
Microbial population and bioactive amine profile and levels of two lupin species (Lupinus luteus L. cv. 4492 and Lupinus angustifolius L. var. zapaton) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds as affected by germination were investigated. Microbial population increased considerably mainly in the first stage of germination (2 days), then small changes in bacterial numbers were observed up to 5 days to levels between 7.8 and 8.9 log colony-forming units/g. Microorganisms belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family were dominant for the legumes tested. Ungerminated legume seeds contained putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine, and spermine. Bioactive amine levels found in fenugreek seeds were between 3- and 4-fold higher than those found in lupin seeds. The highest total amine levels were found in fenugreek seeds [162 mg/kg of dry weight (dw)], followed by L. angustifolius var. zapaton seeds (84 mg/kg of dw) and, finally, L. luteus cv. 4492 (46 mg/kg of dw) seeds. The concentration of individual amines showed a gradual rising trend during the germination period in all tested sprouts, reaching levels >3 times higher than those found in ungerminated seeds. After 5 days of germination, the fenugreek sprouts contained the highest amount of total bioactive amines. Tyramine was the predominant amine in both lupin varieties, whereas cadaverine was the main bioactive amine detected in fenugreek. The results of this work thus indicated that microbial population and biogenic amine levels in the studied lupin and fenugreek sprouts are not a risk for healthy consumers or for individuals with restricted activity of detoxification enzymes.  相似文献   

15.
Summary During a collecting mission in South-West Turkey some lupin plants differing from Lupinus pilosus Murr., L. micranthus Guss. and L. angustifolius L., wild-growing in this region were found. These plants markedly distinguished from a dwarf habit of L. micranthus and exuberant L. pilosus. As found later, these plants with regard to many traits differed still more from the remaining lupin species of the Old World. The collected seeds of these plants were multiplied at the Plant Breeding Station in Wiatrowo. They were characterized by a smooth seed coat and according to classification of Gladstones could be referred to a group of European lupin crops containing the primitive species L. micranthus.New accession was compared to L. micranthus and L. pilosus considering 20 morphological, some physiological features and chemotaxonomic analyses. New accession was also artificially crossed to L. micranthus and L. pilosus but hybrid seeds were not obtained. The most pronounced morphological differences were in the height and exuberance of plants, the size of inflorescences and flowers, the size and coloration of strongly pubescent, ripen pods but first of all, the size and shape of seeds and seed coat surface.Differences in the protein and fat content in seeds as well as those in quantitative and qualitative composition of alkaloids also appear to be significant.Marked differences occurred also in the electrophoretic phenotype of isozymes. They consisted not only in differences of electrophoretic mobility of bands, but also in different number of bands.The obtained results enabled us to give the population of these plants a separate species name — Lupinus anatolicus.  相似文献   

16.
Two Gram-negative bacterial strains capable of using lupanine, the predominant quinolizidine alkaloid in Lupinus albus, as a sole carbon source were isolated from soil in which L. albus and L. luteus had been grown [Santana, F. M. et al. J. Ind. Microbiol. 1996, 17, 110-115]. In the present study, we present results suggesting that these isolates are of potential interest for removing lupanine and other quinolizidine alkaloids (QA) from the effluent resulting from the wet processing of Lupinus seeds, at temperatures within the range 20-34 degrees C. Growth in L. albus aqueous extract was diauxic, with a first period of rapid growth leading to the simultaneous consumption of a significant part of the initial concentration of QA (3 g L(-1), being 2 g L(-1) lupanine) and amino acids (1.5 g L(-1)). This period was followed by a second period of slower growth corresponding to the subsequent partial utilization (25%) of the carbohydrates (initial concentration of 20 g L(-1)) together with further removal of QA and amino acids. Despite the differences detected in the susceptibility of the two strains to lupanine toxicity, in particular at supraoptimal temperatures, and in the efficiency of lupanine catabolism, their performance on L. albus extract did not vary significantly.  相似文献   

17.
Aging, free radicals, and antioxidants in wheat seeds   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Free radical oxidative attack is considered a major cause of disruption and deteriorative changes observed in aged seeds. Antioxidant defense mechanisms may remove potentially damaging molecular species, and carotenoids may act as radical scavengers. The content of lutein, the major carotenoid in wheat seeds, was determined in the flours. It showed a rapid decrease during seed aging. In addition, the content of free radicals in glutens made from flours of wheat seeds after long-term storage was studied. The concentration of radicals appeared to be age dependent, because the highest content of radicals was detected between 13 and 15 years of aging over 36 years of storage. Specific spin labeling of the sulfhydryl groups of gluten proteins enabled comparative EPR studies of the rigidity of the protein chains. A progressive stiffening of polymeric gluten with seed storage was found.  相似文献   

18.
Distribution of the root systems of Zea mays L. and Lupinus luteus L. in mixed cropping with respect to competition for phosphate and potassium The spatial distribution of the root systems of maize (tasselling stage) and lupins (late flowering stage) in mixed cropping was studied with respect to root competition for macronutrients in a sandy soil under field conditions by means of the radioautographic method. The greatest root densities were measured for both species in the upper 40 cm soil layer within a radius of 10 cm around the respective shoot. Whereas the root growth of the lupins was almost entirely restricted to this region of soil, the root system of maize was found to extend further than 10 cm horizontally. In order to evaluate a possible interspecific root competition for macronutrients such as P and K, particular attention was paid to the interpenetration of the root systems of the two plant species. However, only a weak mutual interpenetration of the root systems of adjacently (about 50 cm apart) grown maize and lupin plants could be observed. The in-situ separation patterns determined for the roots of maize and lupins labelled with 32P and 35S, respectively, did not indicate that any root competition between the two species for the immobile macronutrients P and K had taken place. However, it is to be expected that intraspecific competition, i. e. reduced uptake due to the overlapping of the depletion zones of P and K, took place both within the root systems of maize and lupin.  相似文献   

19.
The total nitrogen of root nodules of yellow lupins (Lupinus luteus) and soybeans (Glycine max), when grown with N2 of air as the sole source of nitrogen, became progressively enriched with 15N relative to other parts of the plants. Nodules of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and lucerne (Medicago sativa) were not enriched with 15N. Analysis of the distributions of 15N amongst nodule fractions showed highest specific enrichment in coarse plant cell fragments and bacteroids in soybean and in lupins the soluble protein was also highly enriched. In terms of the total μg of 15N excess, the bacteroids contained most in soybean nodules and the soluble protein contained most in lupin nodules.  相似文献   

20.
Summary Electrophoretic analysis of seed globulins was performed to investigate relationships between the Old-WorldLupinus species. The analysis covered 11 species described earlier and the recently reported taxon,Lupinus anatolicus nom. nud. With only two exceptions, particular species were represented by various accessions. In total, 110 accessions were examined. SDS-PAGE of reduced globulins was carried out in a discontinuous buffer system. The results showed a marked difference between the smooth-seeded and the rough-seeded species. In the group of smooth-seeded lupins pronounced interspecific differences were recorded. The rough-seeded species formed a rather homogenous group, well distinguishable from the smooth-seeded species. Though no distinct interspecific differences were recorded in the rough-seeded group, most of the 34 investigatedL. atlanticus accessions could be distinguished due to a characteristic, prominent polypeptide band with approx. Mr 27 kDa. The recently reported smooth-seeded taxon,L. anatolicus, showed a species-specific SDS-PAGE globulin pattern. Some of the presented results were announced in the form of a poster at the VIIth International Lupin Conference, Evora, Portugal, April 18–23,1993.  相似文献   

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