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1.
城市滨水景观具有特殊性,而园林设计是其最重要的组成部分。城市滨水景观设计,不能仅仅停留在美学角度的"风景如画"上,应该从更深、更广的层面去理解和把握,特别是要从景观生态的角度,从人与自然共生的角度去分析,其中的关键是要重视城市滨水景观园林巨大的生态功能和游憩功能。生态园林强调发挥生态、社会、美化等综合功能,注重生态效益,维护和改善城市生态环境质量,从"自然的"和以生态为中心着手,用环境保护的最新成果去指导城市滨水景观规划设计,达到可持续性发展的要求。 相似文献
2.
María José José Martín Carlos L. De Pablo Pilar Martín De Agar 《Landscape Ecology》2006,21(7):1075-1088
Changes in the landscape from 1946 to 1999 were studied according to changes in the land uses, boundaries and mosaics therein.
The abundances of the different categories of these three landscape elements were calculated using land use maps. Their frequency
profiles were compared based on their richness, evenness and diversity. Richness of land uses does not noticeably change.
However, these slight changes are spatially perceptible in the landscape when changes in the boundaries and mosaics are considered.
For the three landscape elements the least diverse landscapes are obtained in the initial year. The highest landscape diversity
is reached, however, in the intermediate years when boundaries or mosaics are considered, whereas the highest value based
on land uses occurs in the final period studied. Considering that land uses, boundaries and mosaics provide different information
on landscape characteristics and qualities, conditional entropy analyses were conducted in order to ascertain which of the
types of landscape elements is most related to landscape change. Boundaries are the element most related to landscape change.
Mosaics, however, are the element that best describe each of the years because they integrate the information on land uses
and boundaries. From an ecological and management point of view, the three elements should be considered as opposed to just
land uses. They compliment each other in the information provided by each one in relation to changes occurring and the effects
thereof on landscape structure and functioning. 相似文献
3.
Context
Although uncertainties are ubiquitous in landscape planning, so far, no systematic understanding exists regarding how they should be assessed, appropriately communicated and what impacts they yield on decision support. With increasing interest in the role of uncertainties in science and policy, a synthesis of relevant knowledge is needed to further promote uncertainty assessment in landscape planning practice.Objectives
The aim of this paper is to synthesize knowledge about types of uncertainties in landscape planning, of methods to assess these uncertainties, and of approaches for appropriately coping with them.Methods
The paper is based on a qualitative literature review of relevant papers identified in the ISI Web of Knowledge and supplemented by frequently cited publications. The identification and synthesis of relevant information was guided by a developed framework concerning uncertainty in landscape planning.Results
The main types of uncertainties identified in landscape planning are data-, model-, projection- and evaluation uncertainty. Various methods to address these uncertainties have been identified, including statistical methods for the assessment of uncertainties in planning approaches that help to cope with uncertainties. The integration of uncertainty assessments into landscape planning results is lacking.Conclusions
The assessment of uncertainties in landscape planning have been addressed by science, but what is missing are considerations and ideas on how to use this knowledge to foster uncertainty analysis in landscape planning practice. More research is needed on how the application of identified approaches into landscape planning practice can be achieved and how these results might affect decision makers.4.
从风景园林学专业与农业规划关联程度切题,以农业园区规划案例的形式,剖析风景园林在农业规划中的精彩演绎,阐述风景园林学在农业规划中不可或缺的作用。 相似文献
5.
Cemeteries are not only burial places that provide a public service. They are also green urban spaces with cultural and natural qualities and could be integrated into the green infrastructure planning system. In this study, we explore the extent to which environmental qualities and functions are ascribed to urban cemeteries in the municipal master plans, green infrastructure plans and websites of the capital cities of Scandinavia. In addition, we conduct a focus-group interview in Oslo with six municipal employees representing green space planning/management, cultural heritage and cemetery administration/management, focusing on a broad perspective of qualities ascribed to urban cemeteries. The document study shows that, across the Scandinavian countries, cemeteries are mainly included in the concept of green infrastructure but they are not ascribed qualities similar to those ascribed to public green spaces; instead, most qualities are related to cultural history. However, Copenhagen municipality has a more inclusive approach, describing the cemeteries as green spaces and inviting people to use them for recreational purposes. The municipality even has a policy document with a strategy on how to combine the primary function of a burial site with new needs for recreational space. In the focus-group interview, cemeteries are described as static places, peaceful and quiet places, green spaces, spaces in which to experience darkness, and places for all (multiple use). There is relatively high agreement among interviewees about the recreational qualities of cemeteries, even though the cemetery administration/management emphasizes several times that its main focus is on accommodating the bereaved and their relatives. In the discussion, we focus on differences between the different Scandinavian countries in the qualities and functions ascribed to cemeteries, and examine potential explanations for why cemeteries are mostly described as green spaces, part of the green infrastructure, but treated as private green spaces in the urban planning context. 相似文献
6.
7.
Landscape cohesion: an index for the conservation potential of landscapes for biodiversity 总被引：14，自引：6，他引：14
In urbanising landscapes, planning for sustainable biodiversity occurs in a context of multifunctional land use. Important
conditions for species persistence are habitat quality, the amount and configuration of habitat and the permeability of the
landscape matrix. For planning purposes, these determinants should be integrated into simple indicators for spatial conditions
of persistence probability. We propose a framework of three related indices. The cohesion index is based on the ecology of
metapopulations in a habitat network. We discuss how an indicator for species persistence in such a network could be developed.
To translate this network index into an area index, we propose the concept of spatial cohesion. Habitat cohesion and spatial
cohesion are defined and measured for single species or, at best, for species profiles. Since species differ in their perception
of the same landscape, different species will rate different values of these indices for the same landscape. Because landscapes
are rarely planned for single species, we further propose the index of landscape cohesion, which integrates the spatial cohesion
indices of different species. Indices based on these concepts can be built into GIS tools for landscape assessment. We illustrate
different applications of these indices, and emphasise the distinction between ecological and political decisions in developing
and applying such tools.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
This paper considers urban gardens as lived spaces which have an important role in reconnecting with nature in an urban environment, but also as an archive of concepts related to culture and everyday life. In this context, the paper studies the character of three of Belgrade’s urban gardens and their contribution to the quality of everyday life in the large-scale socialist residential settlements built during the 1970s. Focus is placed on establishing relations between the dwelling culture, social and cultural needs and changes, and the dominant architectural and planning paradigms of modernism and post-modernism. Belgrade’s urban gardens were created and developed spontaneously (most often non-legally) as self-organized citizens’ acts. Research presented in our case studies confirms the paper’s initial assumption that the urban gardens in Belgrade are still considered marginal and certainly not representative urban practices, overshadowed by the planned urban conceptions and socio-political actions. In this sense, we may notice the lack of a systematic approach to managing these gardens, and complete absence of legislation either provided by authorities, private or public bodies or even associations. Although the urban gardens emerged in socialism outside of any rules and regulations, they promoted the values of an active relationship between the user, dwelling culture and immediate residential surroundings, and contributed to improving the dwelling culture of the “new working class” in the socialist dwelling units. Also, the gardens were not only a place for producing food in financially difficult times, especially during the post-socialist transition of the 1990s, but above all a place associated with socialization and a “sense of home”. Recognizing the benefits of urban gardens and accordingly raising awareness about this concept in the city, together with the adoption of appropriate regulations, would certainly be of immense relevance to urban gardening and generally landscape quality in Serbia. 相似文献
9.
The idea that landscape has been created by human activities on a biophysical basis allows for clear cause–effect reasoning.
However, landscape planning and management practice learns that it is impossible to neglect the social perception of landscape,
i.e. the ways people think about nature and landscape. It is the result of social research and human sciences of the last
decade that a differentiation in views of nature and landscape can be identified in the different groups of social actors
in the landscape. Case studies from France and the Netherlands show a marked change in values attributed to nature and landscape
in the end of the last century. Social demand for landscape is growing and a shift from a functional image of nature and landscape
to a more hedonistic image like the Arcadian and wilderness images has taken place. Comparing the Netherlands with France
and rural with urban inhabitants, the influence of urbanisation is evident in this process. It is further shown that images
of nature vary considerably between for example farmers, urban residents, hunters and conservationists. The way people perceive
landscape seems determined by their functional ties with the landscape and the social praxis in which they encounter the landscape.
It is concluded that the concept of landscape is nearer to the lifeworld of people than the abstract notions of nature and
biodiversity. This implies a big challenge both for national and international landscape policies and for local landscape
management initiatives to be developed, taking into due consideration both the material and immaterial nature of landscape. 相似文献
10.
We argue that soundscapes possess both ecological and social value and that they should be considered natural resources worthy
of management and conservation. In this paper we bring together diverse bodies of literature that identify the human and ecological
benefits provided by soundscapes. Sense of place, cultural significance, interactions with landscape perceptions, and wildlife
wellbeing are a few of the values ascribed to soundscapes. The values and benefits of soundscapes are motivation to advance
soundscape conservation and management. Given that soundscape conservation is new, we present a summary of conservation principles
that need to be considered in soundscape conservation planning. These include the need to set goals, identify targets, assess
condition, identify and manage threats, and conduct monitoring of the soundscape. We also argue that soundscape conservation
needs to consider the soundscape within the larger mosaic of the landscape that is occupied by humans—a perspective provided
by landscape ecology. We describe several different kinds of soundscapes that need to be conserved, such as natural quiet,
sensitive, threatened, and unique soundscapes, and the ways that conservation planning can protect these for the future. 相似文献
11.
Joan Iverson Nassauer 《Landscape Ecology》1992,6(4):239-250
Environmental policy should explicitly address the appearance of the landscape because people make inferences about ecological quality from the look of the land. Where appearances are misleading, failing to portray ecological degradation or ecological health, public opinion may be ill-informed, with consequences for environmental policy. This paper argues that while ecology is a scientific concept, landscape perception is a social process. If we do not recognize this difference, we have problems with the appearance of ecological systems. Three influential problems are discussed: 1) the problem of the false identity of ecological systems, 2) the problem of design and planning as deceit about ecological systems, and 3) the problem of invisible ecological systems. These problems for environmental policy may be resolved in part if landscape planners and policy-makers use socially-recognized signs to display human intentions for ecological systems. Specifically, planning and policy can include socially-recognized signs of beauty and stewardship to display human care for ecological systems. An example in United States federal agricultural policy is described. 相似文献
12.
城市滨水景观区是反映城市独特风貌的区域之一,滨水区景观设计是城市生态规划和城市空间系统规划的重要部分。本文以山西新绛新城区滨水景观设计为例,旨在研究有关滨水景观设计的原则和方法,打造具有地方特色及人性化的景观环境。 相似文献
13.
Jobin Benoît Beaulieu Jason Grenier Marcelle Bélanger Luc Maisonneuve Charles Bordage Daniel Filion Bernard 《Landscape Ecology》2003,18(6):575-590
Most landscape definitions in the western world are based on soil, climatic, or physiographic features and do not integrate
humans as an integral part of the landscape. We present an approach where landscape types have been delineated in southern
Québec, Canada based on current land use where anthropogenic and agricultural activities are concentrated as a practical application
of the holistic approach in landscape definition. Landsat-TM satellite images were classified and the 27 habitat classes were
regrouped into 5 general land cover classes (cash crop, dairy farming, forest, anthropogenic, wetlands) and overlaid onto
soil landscape polygons to characterize natural boundary units. Cluster analyses were used to aggregate these polygons into
seven agricultural types of land scape forming a gradient from urban and high-intensity cash crop farming activities to landscapes
dominated by a mosaic of agriculture and forested areas. Multivariate analyses of raw data and of socio-economic and farming
practices variables were used to describe the defined types of landscape and these were projected over three established land
classification systems of southern Québec (Canadian ecoregions, North American Bird Conservation Initiative regions and Corn
Heat Unit regions) to compare their similarity in terms of land cover and for planning of future ecological studies. Because
agricultural landscapes are highly dynamic, they are bound to undergo changes in the near future. Our landscape delineation
may serve as an experimental setup where land scape dynamics and wildlife populations and community structures could be monitored.
Because the information we used to delineate and characterize agricultural landscape types is readily available in other countries,
our approach could easily be adapted to similar data sources under and a wide variety of landscape types.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Incorporating biological information in local land-use decision making: designing a system for conservation planning 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
Theobald David M. Hobbs N.T. Bearly Tammy Zack Jim A. Shenk Tanya Riebsame William E. 《Landscape Ecology》2000,15(1):35-45
Human settlement is a formidable agent of change affecting fundamental ecological processes. Decisions governing these land-use changes occur almost exclusively at the local level and, as a result, they are made at many different locations and times. Consequently, it is difficult for ecologists to provide needed scientific support for these choices. We built an information system designed to support conservation decisions at local scales by offering data over the Internet. We collaborated with local stakeholders (e.g., developers, planners, politicians, land owners, environmental activists) to design the system. This collaboration produced several generalizations about effective design of information systems to support conservation. The most important of these is the idea that ecological data and analysis must be understood by those who will be affected by the decisions. Also, planning for conservation is a process that uses scientific data, but that ultimately depends on the expression of human values. A major challenge landscape ecologists face is to extend general landscape principles to provide specific scientific information needed for local land-use planning. 相似文献
15.
Laura R. Musacchio 《Landscape Ecology》2018,33(6):847-860
Context
One of the key challenges for landscape planners is to reframe the meaning of ecosystem services. In this context, alternative concepts such as ecologies have potential to complement ecosystem services when applied to human–nature relationships in changing landscapes.Objectives
The objectives of this article are: (1) to review how landscape planners use major critical approaches to translate the meaning of ecosystem services and (2) to introduce why ecologies provides helpful insights to complement ecosystem services.Methods
A conceptual framework examines how landscape planners use critique to reframe the meaning of ecosystem services. This framework is then revised as a scenario to reframe the meanings of ecologies and ecosystem services.Results
Landscape planners use three critical approaches to reframe the meaning of ecosystem services to advance the understanding of human–nature relationships in changing landscapes. Yet, they identify some important issues and gaps that emerge when it is applied. These issues and gaps are part of the rationale for why landscape planning is at a crossroads with ecosystem services. This rationale is then extended to create a scenario for why a revised conceptual framework is needed for landscape planners to reframe the meanings of ecologies and ecosystem services.Conclusion
The translational challenge of ecologies and ecosystem services is an example of the key role that landscape planners play in developing a deeper understanding of human–nature relationships.16.
17.
Anthropogenic landscape changes in Central Europe occurred in several stages. Characteristic features include an acceleration in the sequence of changes, a continual increase in the scope and complexity of ecologic problems, growing destabilization of the natural household and a rising proportion of irreversible changes.Various bioindication techniques are excellently suited for detecting and evaluating landscape changes, as reflected in a large number of case studies. Of these, a number are classified by the authors according to the following criteria: landscape features/components, structure of the test area, and time framework for the studies.Thorough changes must be brought about in man's relation with nature to remedy the aggrevated environmental situation, with these priorities: making human thinking and action compatible with the environment, transforming material production along ecological lines, and applying ecological principles to landscape management, for example in the form of landscape planning. 相似文献
18.
自然辩证法是关于自然界和科学技术发展的一般规律以及人类认识自然和改造自然的一般方法的科学。将辩证法的思想自然地运用到园林景观中去,不仅增加园林小品的美感和层次性,同时也使园林景观有了正确的理性认识和逻辑思维的引导。文章以徐州园林景观设计个案为例,从规划层面和设计手法层面上论述自然辩证法在园林景观中的应用,可供当代造园借鉴。 相似文献
19.
社区公园是现代居住区建设中的重要组成部分,越来越受人们的重视。本文介绍了重庆市巴南区水鸭凼社区公园景观规划设计,通过对公园基地现状、高差进行全面分析,结合该社区公园的规划建设理念与设计构思,从道路景观、水体景观、绿化种植景观3个方面详细介绍了如何因地制宜,依托原有地形及周边景观创造出具有地方特色、环境宜人的生态社区公园。 相似文献
20.
河流作为城市空间格局和生态系统的重要组成部分,对城市生态环境和市民休闲游憩起着重要的作用。以六盘水市水城河景观改造一期项目为个案,从河道的区位环境等方面入手,分析其景观特点及景观改造的原则,重点关注其对原有沿岸景观的发现、保护和生态改造。尤其是将新景观融入河道周围环境的方法,在营造良好视觉和空间体验的同时,使改造设计具有本土性、地域性和场所性,其场地特点和地域生态得到重新的诠释和展现,使河道景观得到延续并产生综合生态效益。 相似文献