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1.
Fouch Nakisha Baldwin Robert F. Gerard Patrick Dyckman Caitlin Theobald David M. 《Landscape Ecology》2019,34(8):1967-1987
Context
With underrepresentation of habitats in publicly protected areas, attention has focused on the function of alternative land conservation mechanisms. Private conservation easements (CEs) have proliferated in the United States, yet assessing landscape-level function is confounded by varying extent, resolution, and temporal scale.
ObjectivesWe developed and tested an assessment tool to evaluate interacting spatial, social, and environmental attributes of easements relative to the degree of human modification (HM). We hypothesized that on both private and public conservation properties HM would be lower than on non-conserved parcels, and that for fine-scale features (most CEs), the level of HM would be driven by the variables used to create the coarser scale HM measure.
MethodsVariation in HM between private, public, and non-conserved was tested via pairwise parcel sampling. Composition was evaluated using multiple geographic bounds and edge characteristics. We assessed both environmental and social predictors using multinomial logistic regression.
ResultsPrivately conserved lands did not differ significantly from non-conserved lands. Publicly conserved lands had lower HM than both privately conserved and non-conserved lands. Edge contrast was similar between private and matched non-conserved patches. The level of HM was not driven by distance to roads, or by elevation in this mixed-use setting.
ConclusionsVariation in tests for differences, land characteristics, and HM variables confirmed the significantly lower HM of publicly protected lands, and opens the question as to naturalness of easements in some contexts. CEs in this location may be representative of the mixed rural-forested landscape instead of more natural land cover.
相似文献2.
Phosphorus availability and farm structural factors: examining scarcity and oversupply in north‐east Germany 
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下载免费PDF全文 Assessing factors influencing phosphorus (P) availability in soils is important in preventing its overexploitation and excessive application in agricultural systems. Despite high historical P applications in the federal state of Brandenburg (Germany), county data on soil test P (STP) reveal considerable disparities in soil available P. In addition, negative soil balances as a result of small mineral P and manure inputs have been observed, raising questions about the factors leading to this situation. Our work focused on identifying possible causes operating at the farm management level by conducting a letter survey in two administrative districts of Brandenburg, the counties Barnim and Uckermark, linking farm management factors (ownership type, farm size, land tenure, animal husbandry with or without grassland and its intensity, presence of a biogas plant and organic production) to farmers’ self‐indicated levels of STP. Small‐ to medium‐sized individual farms tended to have (very) high STP, while large partnership farms and companies/cooperatives were sensitive to factors resulting in low STP. Farms with low shares of land ownership, the presence of grassland, extensive cattle farming and stockless organic farming had lower STP. On the other hand, biogas plants, partly in combination with intensive livestock (cattle) farming, were associated with larger STP. It was concluded that more care should be devoted to the design of agricultural policies and that further (inter‐ and transdisciplinary) research on this topic is needed. 相似文献
3.
Ulrike Kammann Scarlett Biselli Ninja Reineke Werner Wosniok Dirk Danischewski Heinrich Hühnerfuss Angelika Kinder Arne Sierts-Herrmann Norbert Theobald Hans-Heinrich Vahl Michael Vobach Johannes Westendorf Hans Steinhart 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2005,5(4):225-232
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Part I: Determination and identification of organic pollutants Part II: Results of the biotest battery and development of a biotest index-
Preamble. This series of two papers presents the results of an interdisciplinary research project (ISIS) dealing with bioassay-directed fractionation of marine sediment extracts. Part I presents the extraction and fractionation procedure as well as the results of chemical analysis, including non-target analysis of sediments. Part II describes the results of the biotest battery in relation to chemicals possibly causing parts of the observed effects. A biotest index is used to compare the toxicities of the samples.-
AUTHORS / AFFILIATIONS Ninja Reineke (3), Werner Wosniok (4), Dirk Danischewski (1), Heinrich Hühnerfuss (3), Angelika Kinder (5), Arne Sierts-Herrmann (5), Norbert Theobald (2), Hans-Heinrich Vahl (6), Michael Vobach (1), Johannes Westendorf (6) and Hans Steinhart (5).-
(1) Federal Research Centre for Fisheries, Institute for Fishery Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany (2) Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Bernhard-Nochtstr. 78, 20359 Hamburg, Germany (3) University of Hamburg, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany (4) University of Bremen, Institute of Statistics, Bibliothekstr. 1, 28334 Bremen, Germany (5) University of Hamburg, Institute for Food Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany (6) University of Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department for Toxicology, Vogt-Kölln-Str. 30, 22527 Hamburg, Germany (7) Eurofins Wiertz-Eggert-Jörissen, Stenzelring 14b, 21107 Hamburg, GermanyGoal, Scope and Background
The ecological relevance of contaminants in mixtures is difficult to assess, because of possible interactions and due to lacking toxicity data for many substances present in environmental samples. Marine sediment extracts, which contain a mixture of environmental contaminants in low concentrations, were the object of this study. The extracts were investigated with a set of different biotests in order to identify the compound or the substance class responsible for the toxicity. For this goal, a combination of biotests, biotest-directed fractionation and chemical analysis has been applied. Further on, a strategy for the development of a biotest index to describe the toxicity of the fractions without a prior ranking of the test results is proposed. This article (Part II) focuses on the biological results of the approach.Methods
The toxicological potential of organic extracts of sediments from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea was analyzed in a bioassay-directed fractionation procedure with a set of biotests: luciferase reporter gene assays on hormone receptor and Ah receptor, arabinose resistance test, fish embryo test (Danio rerio), comet assay, acetylcholinesterase inhibition test, heat-shock protein 70 induction, oxidative stress and luminescence inhibition test (Vibrio fischeri). The test results provided the basis for the calculation of a biotest index by factor analysis to compare the toxicity of the samples and fractions.Results and Discussion
Results of 11 biotests on different fractionation levels of the samples were described and discussed with regard to the occurrence of contaminants and their toxic potentials. Polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, quinones, brominated indoles and brominated phenols were in the focus of interest. A biotest index was constructed to compare the toxic responses in the samples and to group the biotest results.Conclusion
The procedure presented in this study is well suited for bioassay-directed fractionation of marine sediment extracts. However, in relatively low contaminated samples, high enrichment factors and sufficient fractionation is necessary to allow identification of low concentrations of contaminants which is required to link effects and possible causes. In the present case, the relation between substances and effects was difficult to uncover due to relatively low concentrations of pollutants compared to the biogenic matrix and to the remaining complexity of the fractions. The results, with respect to the brominated phenols and indoles in the samples, highlight the successful use of bioassay directed fractionation in the case of high concentrations and high toxicity.Recommendation and Outlook
In general, it has been shown that a marine risk assessment requires focusing on the input of diffuse sources and taking into account the fact of mixture toxicity. Effects resulting from biogenic substances will make the assessment of the influence of anthropogenic substances even more difficult. 相似文献4.
A. Ghani M. Dexter R. A. Carran & P. W. Theobald 《European Journal of Soil Science》2007,58(3):832-843
Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soils are increasingly recognized as important components of nutrient cycling and biological processes in soil‐plant ecosystems. The aims of this study were to: (i) quantify the pools of DON and DOC in a range of New Zealand pastoral soils; (ii) compare the effects of land use changes on these pools; and (iii) examine the seasonal variability associated with these two components of dissolved organic matter. Soil samples (0–7.5 cm depth) from 93 pastoral sites located in Northland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty and Otago/Southland, New Zealand, were collected in autumn. Adjacent sites under long‐term arable cropping or native vegetation and forestry land use were also sampled at the same time to estimate the impacts of different land use on DON and DOC in these soils. Twelve dairy and 12 sheep and or beef pastures were sampled in winter, spring, summer and autumn for a 2‐year period to study the seasonal fluctuations of DON and DOC. A field incubation study was also carried out in a grazed pasture to examine fluctuations in the concentrations of and and DON levels in soil. Other soil biological properties, such as microbial biomass‐C, biomass‐N and mineralizable N, were also measured. Pastoral soils contained the greatest amounts of DON (13–93 mg N kg−1 soil, equivalent to 8–55 kg N ha−1) and DOC (73–718 mg C kg−1 soil, equivalent to 44–431 kg C ha−1), followed by cropping and native vegetation and forestry soils. The DON concentration in soils was found to be more seasonally variable than DOC. There was approximately 80% fluctuation in the concentration of DON in winter from the annual mean concentration of DON, while DOC fluctuated between 23 and 28% at the dairy and the sheep and beef monitoring sites. Similar fluctuations in the concentrations of DON were also observed in the field incubation studies. These results indicate that DON is a dynamic pool of N in soils. There was a strong and significant positive correlation between DON and DOC in pastoral soils (r = 0.71, P < 0.01). There were also significant positive correlations between DON and total soil C (r = 0.59, P < 0.01), total soil N (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) and mineralizable N (r = 0.47, P < 0.01). The rather poor correlations between total soil C and N with DOC and DON, suggest other biogeochemical processes may be influencing concentrations of DOC and DON in these soils. Given the size of DON and DOC pools in the pastoral soils, we suggest that these pools of C and N should be taken into account when assessing the impact of pastoral land use on soil C and N enrichment of surface and groundwater. 相似文献
5.
Regarding the estimation of the energy concentration or digestibility of herb-dominated forage and plant samples from winter pastures, it could be expected that the estimation is only reliable when in vitro methods with rumen fluid as inoculum (= gas production techniques) are used. For the verification of this thesis based on logical reflections, an in vitro-method with rumen fluid added as inoculum, as well as chemical, and enzymatic methods were applied under consideration of existing estimating functions. As a possible reason for the observed divergence of the methods, effects of fungal infections or, respectively, secondary compounds in herbs are discussed. At the present state of knowledge, it is adequate to estimate the energy concentration in vitro by gas tests, as far as fattening types like suckler cows and beef cattle are concerned, maybe in contrast to the forage evaluation for dairy cows. 相似文献
6.
A 4‐year‐old, spayed female greyhound dog was presented with an acute onset of paraplegia. There was no known history of trauma or coagulopathy. Spinal cord compression was identified on MRI. Intra‐operative evaluation revealed the presence of a large subperiosteal hematoma and a smaller epidural hematoma. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a spinal subperiosteal hematoma diagnosed antemortem through MRI, with surgical exploration and successful treatment in a dog. 相似文献
7.
Loharikar A Briere E Schwensohn C Weninger S Wagendorf J Scheftel J Garvey A Warren K Villamil E Rudroff JA Kurkjian K Levine S Colby K Morrison B May A Anderson S Daly E Marsden-Haug N Erdman MM Gomez T Rhorer A Castleman J Adams JK Theobald L Lafon P Trees E Mitchell J Sotir MJ Behravesh CB 《Zoonoses and public health》2012,59(5):347-354
Outbreaks of human salmonellosis associated with live poultry contact have been reported since 1955. Multiple Salmonella serotypes have been associated with these outbreaks, and specific outbreak strains have been repeatedly linked to single hatcheries over multiple years. During 2009, four multistate outbreaks of human Salmonella infections associated with direct and indirect exposure to live poultry purchased from mail-order hatcheries and agricultural feed stores were identified, resulting in 165 culture-confirmed cases in 30 states. This report describes the epidemiologic, environmental and laboratory investigations conducted by state and local health departments, state departments of agriculture, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP) and National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Case-patients were identified through PulseNet, the national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance, and interviewed using the CDC standard live poultry contact questionnaire that asks about poultry-related exposures during the 7 days before illness onset. These outbreaks highlight the need to focus efforts on strategies to decrease and prevent human illness associated with live poultry contact through comprehensive interventions at the mail-order hatchery, agricultural feed store and consumer levels. Additional consumer education and interventions at mail-order hatcheries and venues where live poultry are sold, including agricultural feed stores, are necessary to prevent transmission of Salmonella from poultry to humans. 相似文献
8.
R. A. C. Mitchell C. R. Black S. Burkart J. I. Burke A. Donnelly L. de Temmmerman A. Fangmeier B. J. Mulholland J. C. Theobald M. van Oijen 《European Journal of Agronomy》1999,10(3-4):205-214
Spring wheat cv. Minaret crop stands were grown under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations at seven sites in Germany, Ireland, the UK, Belgium and the Netherlands. Six of the sites used open-top chambers and one used a controlled environment mimicking field conditions. The effect of elevated CO2 for a range of N application regimes, O3 concentrations, and growth temperatures on flag leaf photosynthesis was studied. Before anthesis, flag leaf photosynthesis was stimulated about 50% by 650 compared with 350 μmol mol−1 CO2 at all sites, regardless of other treatments. Furthermore, there was no evidence of a decrease in photosynthetic capacity of flag leaves due to growth at elevated CO2 before anthesis, even for low N treatments. However, photosynthetic capacity, particularly carboxylation capacity, of flag leaves was usually decreased by growth at elevated CO2 after anthesis, especially in low N treatments. Acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated CO2 therefore appears to occur only slowly, consistent with a response to changes in sink–source relationships, rather than a direct response. Effect of elevated CO2 on stomatal conductance was much more variable between sites and treatments, but on average was decreased by ˜10% at 650 compared with 350 μmol mol−1 CO2. Carboxylation capacity of flag leaves was decreased by growth at elevated O3 both before and after anthesis, regardless of CO2 concentration. 相似文献
9.
Dalley JW Fryer TD Brichard L Robinson ES Theobald DE Lääne K Peña Y Murphy ER Shah Y Probst K Abakumova I Aigbirhio FI Richards HK Hong Y Baron JC Everitt BJ Robbins TW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5816):1267-1270
Stimulant addiction is often linked to excessive risk taking, sensation seeking, and impulsivity, but in ways that are poorly understood. We report here that a form of impulsivity in rats predicts high rates of intravenous cocaine self-administration and is associated with changes in dopamine (DA) function before drug exposure. Using positron emission tomography, we demonstrated that D2/3 receptor availability is significantly reduced in the nucleus accumbens of impulsive rats that were never exposed to cocaine and that such effects are independent of DA release. These data demonstrate that trait impulsivity predicts cocaine reinforcement and that D2 receptor dysfunction in abstinent cocaine addicts may, in part, be determined by premorbid influences. 相似文献
10.
Roberta Gentile Mike Dodd Mark Lieffering Shona C. Brock Phil W. Theobald Paul C. D. Newton 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2012,48(3):357-362
Altered soil nutrient cycling under future climate scenarios may affect pasture production and fertilizer management. We conducted
a controlled-environment study to test the hypothesis that long-term exposure of pasture to enriched carbon dioxide (CO2) would lower soil nutrient availability. Perennial ryegrass was grown for 9 weeks under ambient and enriched (ambient + 120 ppm)
CO2 concentrations in soil collected from an 11.5-year free air CO2 enrichment experiment in a grazed pasture in New Zealand. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers were applied in a full
factorial design at rates of 0, 12.5, 25 or 50 kg N ha−1 and 0, 17.5 or 35 kg P ha−1. Compared to ambient CO2, under enriched CO2 without P fertilizer, total plant biomass did not respond to N fertilizer, and tissue N/P ratio was increased indicating
that P was co-limiting. This limitation was alleviated with the lowest rate of P fertilizer (17.5 kg P ha−1). Plant biomass in both CO2 treatments increased with increasing N fertilizer when sufficient P was available. Greater inputs of P fertilizer may be
required to prevent yield suppression under enriched CO2 and to stimulate any response to N. 相似文献