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1.
草地雀麦刈割对坡地水土流失的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在自然降雨条件下,选择25°坡地种植草地雀麦,建立径流试验小区,并在抽穗期进行刈割处理,研究刈割后草地雀麦生物学特性变化及其对坡地水土流失的影响。结果表明:坡地种植草地雀麦,水土流失防治效果显著,可使25°坡地地表年径流量与土壤侵蚀模数达到6 781.7 m3/km2和36.4 t/km2.a,保水、固土能力为93.0%和99.9%。草地雀麦抽穗期刈割,对其固土能力影响不大,仍可保持93.8%,但对其保水能力影响显著,一定程度上可以增加坡面径流流失,使保水能力降低到53.9%。草地雀麦覆盖对坡地土壤侵蚀影响显著,抽穗期刈割草地雀麦,短期内可使坡面覆盖度下降,土壤侵蚀增加,但随着草地雀麦不断再生,覆盖度快速增加,达到76.7%以后,刈割与无刈割坡地的土壤侵蚀量差异不显著。草地雀麦覆盖度与土壤入渗率对坡地地表径流流失均有一定影响,抽穗期刈割,可使草地雀麦覆盖度减小,0~30 cm土层地下生物量与无刈割坡地相比,减少33.4%,土壤入渗率相应降低,地表径流有所增加。 相似文献
2.
长汀县在2000年以来的水土流失综合治理过程中,根据坡面径流调控理论,创新采用坡面工程与生物措施相结合的等高草灌带造林技术,并作为关键技术运用在强度侵蚀区的治理实践中。与对照坡地相比,等高草灌带治理区植被盖度由28%上升为91%,侵蚀模数由4836t/km2.a下降为438t/km2.a,径流系数由0.52减少为0.27,有效地削减了坡面径流泥沙,控制了水土流失,促进植被快速生长覆盖地表,从而使退化生态系统得到较好的恢复。 相似文献
3.
[目的]分析不同树龄核桃林在不同栽植模式下的水土保持效益,为该区核桃经济林栽培技术技术的完善以及水土流失的有效防治提供理论依据。[方法]以河北省邢台市裸地和不同核桃林地内的径流场为研究对象,采用野外试验布设和室内分析测定相结合的方法,以裸地为对照研究了不同核桃林在天然降雨后的产流产沙特征。[结果](1)在常规核桃林、核桃—苜蓿林和核桃—生态放养(鸡)林3种核桃林栽植模式中,核桃—苜蓿林保水保土效果表现最优,径流系数在0.14%~0.30%之间,径流含沙量在4.04~8.95kg/m3之间。(2)在同一核桃林栽植模式中,随着核桃树树龄的增长其保水保土作用也逐渐增强。5年生核桃林的径流系数和径流含沙量平均为3年生核桃林的95.90%和83.63%,8年生核桃林的径流系数和径流含沙量平均为3年生核桃林的94.54%和77.66%。[结论]核桃林适宜的栽植模式可以在增加经济效益的同时,有效地控制水土流失,在实际应用中,应针对不同的地形条件、降雨特性进行合理的选择。 相似文献
4.
不同雨强和坡度下侵蚀性风化花岗岩母质坡地产流产沙特征 总被引：14，自引：3，他引：11
为研究解决南方侵蚀性风化花岗岩地区的水土流失问题,该文采用室内人工模拟降雨方法研究了不同降雨强度(30,60,90,120,150 mm/h)和不同坡度(5°,8°,15°,25°)条件下的风化花岗岩残积坡地的土壤侵蚀过程。结果表明:1)坡面径流的初始产流产沙时间都随着坡度和雨强的增大而提前;2)坡面径流量与坡度之间不呈简单的正相关关系,径流系数随雨强的变化呈现指数相关关系,入渗率在雨强为30~120 mm/h之间在坡度8°左右出现极大值;3)侵蚀产沙量随坡度和雨强的增大而增大,其与坡度之间的关系可以用幂函数表示,决定系数均达到0.815,与雨强之间为指数函数关系,决定系数均达到0.889以上;4)水力侵蚀对泥沙具有分选性,径流侵蚀挟带泥沙中的粉粒、黏粒以及细砂粒含量较多;5)坡度和雨强对于侵蚀产沙量的综合影响可以用线性相关方程来比较准确地描述,对产沙量的影响权重排序为:含沙量雨强径流系数坡度。 相似文献
5.
四川盆地中部浅丘农区水土流失严重，侵蚀模数达8815t/km^2.a，通过对水土流失成因分析和试验观测，水土流失主要发生在坡耕地，根据水土流失现状提出了营造水土保持林的治理方案，治理后每平方公里土壤蓄水容量增加22236.1m^3，次洪流量所产生的侵蚀模数由79.14t/km^2下降到3．71t/km^2。 相似文献
6.
短坡条件下侵蚀产沙与坡长的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用变雨强人工模拟降雨,选择1~10 m共7个坡长,在5°条件下研究了侵蚀产沙量及其过程与坡长的关系,每个坡长进行干运行和湿运行降雨。结果表明:(1)干运行降雨40~80 min,虽然雨强逐渐减小,但4 m及以上坡长小区的径流含沙量保持较高的水平并出现跳跃,而1 m和2.5 m的小区的径流含沙量在整个降雨过程中较平滑;湿运行含沙量总体上小于干运行,且波动幅度较干运行小。(2)2 h降雨平均含沙量随着坡长的增加而增加,可用二次多项式、幂函数及直线来拟合。(3)侵蚀模数与坡长呈幂函数关系,细沟间和细沟侵蚀模数的坡长指数分别为0.101~0.240和0.757~1.609,表明随着坡长增加,细沟间侵蚀增加较小,而细沟侵蚀增加迅速;干运行的坡长指数均大于湿运行的波长指数。 相似文献
7.
草被覆盖度对黄土坡面径流产沙影响的试验研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用室外人工径流冲刷模拟装置,在5 L/min冲刷流量条件下,对15°、20°、25°三种坡度的裸坡、30%~40%及70%~80%草被覆盖度情况下黄土坡面的产沙量、侵蚀率、径流含沙量进行了试验研究,结果表明:草被覆盖度变化对黄土坡面产沙量、侵蚀率和径流含沙量有着显著影响,覆盖度70%~80%的黄土坡面的产沙量不足裸坡产沙量的10%;相同坡度和冲刷流量条件下,黄土坡面侵蚀率与产沙量变化基本一致;草被对增强黄土坡面土壤抗蚀能力、减少侵蚀具有显著作用。 相似文献
8.
不同土地利用方式坡面径流侵蚀强度模拟试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用人工模拟降雨的方法,对南方红壤丘陵区3种土地利用方式下(经济林坡地、坡耕地及荒坡地)坡面侵蚀强度及其影响因素进行对比分析.结果表明,次降雨坡面土壤侵蚀模数大小顺序为坡耕地＞荒坡地＞经济林坡地;90 mm/h雨强是经济林坡地侵蚀性降雨的临界雨强,60 mm/h雨强是荒坡地及坡耕地侵蚀性降雨的临界雨强;建议在坡耕地上以4m为间隔设置水土保持措施;雨强30～120 mm/h时,侵蚀模数随坡长延长相同长度增速大小顺序为坡耕地＞荒坡地＞经济林坡地,雨强150 mm/h时,其顺序为经济林坡地＞坡耕地＞荒坡地;3种土地利用方式下侵蚀模数与径流深均呈正相关关系,可用幂函数拟合(R2＞0.75),侵蚀模数随径流深变化速率大小顺序为坡耕地＞荒坡地＞经济林坡地;3种土地利用方式下雨强与侵蚀模数的相关性均较坡长大. 相似文献
9.
基于SWAT模型的黄土高原典型区水土流失格局模拟评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
运用分布式生态水文模型SWAT对黄土高原典型区汭河流域的本底径流深度、本底侵蚀模数、现状径流深度、现状侵蚀模数分别进行了模拟研究,并以本底径流深度和本底侵蚀深度为标准分别对流域的现状径流和现状侵蚀进行定量空间评价。研究结果表明:(1)SWAT模型能够准确地模拟汭河流域水土流失总量及其空间格局。(2)汭河流域上游的多数集水区本底径流深度为70mm,占流域面积的68.68%,流域中下游集水区本底径流深度多数为60mm,占流域面积的28.96%。流域土壤侵蚀模数普遍在8t/hm2以下,只有极少数集水区的侵蚀模数在8～20t/hm2之间。(3)随着土地覆被盖度的增高,流域径流量减小,输沙量也减小,蒸发量增加,径流深度和侵蚀模数的空间异质性变小,水土流失的风险降低。(4)土壤侵蚀模数的空间异质性比径流深度的空间异质性对土地覆被变化更为敏感,5种土地覆被情景中,土壤侵蚀模数的空间异质性的大小顺序是:耕地、低覆盖度草地>裸地、沙化土地>当前土地覆被>疏林、草地>林地。 相似文献
10.
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
15.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
16.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
19.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
20.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献