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1.
基于分区决策树的省级耕地地力评价——以山西省为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
省级耕地地力评价对快速准确掌握大区域耕地地力水平,有效的进行农业区划并指导农业生产有着重要的作用。本研究在收集分析山西省2005~2014年县域耕地地力评价数据、测土配方施肥采样点数据以及土地利用现状等数据的基础上,运用多尺度指标分区方法将山西省划分为5个区域。基于决策树方法构建了隶属各区的不同评价指标体系并对耕地地力进行了评价与分级,将山西省耕地划分为1~10等地。其中,1至3等地的耕地占总面积的11.56%,该部分耕地地力较高,为山西省的优质耕地;4至6等的耕地占耕地总面积的61.22%,可以通过进行一系列耕地保护措施有效提高耕地质量以提升粮食产量;7至10等的耕地占耕地总面积的27.22%,该部分耕地生产障碍因素突出,应通过加强生态保护继续开展农田建设以提高耕地地力水平。评价结果可为省级耕地资源管理及辅助决策提供依据。 相似文献
2.
《土壤通报》2015,(6):1289-1298
将湖南省划分为洞庭湖平原区,湘东、湘中丘陵、中低山区,湘南丘陵、中低山区和湘西北中低山区四个地貌景观区,以高密度的耕地表层土壤有机质数据为基础,分析地貌和样点数对插值精度的影响。研究表明:湖南省耕地表层土壤有机质平均含量从高到低依次为:湘南丘陵、中低山区湘东、湘中丘陵、中低山区湘西北中低山区洞庭湖平原区。湖南省耕地表层土壤有机质变异系数在31.23%~37.55%之间,属于中等变异水平;基底效应在12.3%~50.0%之间,其中湘东、湘中丘陵、中低山区和湘南丘陵、中低山区耕地表层土壤有机质呈现强烈的空间自相关,洞庭湖平原区和湘西北中低山区具有中等空间自相关。相同采样密度下,湖南省耕地表层土壤有机质的克里格插值精度从高到低依次为:洞庭湖平原区湘西北中低山区湘东、湘中丘陵、中低山区湘南丘陵空间自相关、中低山区。四个区的耕地表层土壤有机质NRMSE均随着样点数的增加呈现出递减的趋势,表明插值精度逐渐提升。 相似文献
3.
耕地地力对化肥养分利用的影响机制及其调控研究进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
耕地地力影响了化肥养分的利用效率,是调控养分利用率的基础途径。本文概述了耕地土壤障碍对养分利用的制约机制、耕地地力培育对养分利用的促进机制、提高养分资源利用效率的耕地培肥模式3个方面的研究进展。针对我国主要的耕地土壤–作物系统,提高化肥养分利用率需要解决4个地力调控方面的关键问题:地力与养分利用率关系及其时空变化规律、土壤障碍制约养分高效蓄积转化机制与消减原理、地力培肥促进根系–土壤–微生物互作提高养分耦合利用机制及调控途径、肥沃耕层构建与生物功能提升对养分蓄纳供应的协同驱动增效机制与调控理论。本文提出基于多时空尺度综合研究,建立稳定提升土壤功能–加速养分循环利用的"双核驱动"地力综合管理理论,在不同区域构建并应用化肥减施增效的耕地地力综合管理模式,实现耕地大面积均衡减施化肥的目标。 相似文献
4.
耕地地力评价指标体系构建中的问题与分析逻辑 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
耕地地力评价指标选取的主导性、独立性原则在实践中不易落实;耕地地力评价试图应用到多尺度空间,却没有适应不同时空尺度的明确任务定位,从而很少考虑评价指标选择的尺度适应性。本文运用地学、农学、系统科学的观点,建立了针对上述问题的分析逻辑,认为:第一,耕地地力评价的任务、评价技术路线和评价指标对地力的指示意义均具有时空尺度特征。第二,评价指标应区分为直接说明作物光、温、水、养分满足程度的指标和间接指示这些条件的指标。大空间范围的耕地地力评价以长时效,低空间精度为特征,着重表现区域地理障碍和资源约束,宜选取稳定性和间接性评价指标;小空间范围以即时状态的耕地地力评价为主,并具有较高的空间精度,评价指标应具有即时性和直接性特征。第三,土地—作物—管理条件构成土地利用系统的整体,随土地系统的作物需求、土地和管理条件的变化,评价指标对耕地地力的意义应辩证分析。第四,共同说明光、温、水、养分的某一方面性质的自然土地条件和人工土地条件应作为整体对待,综合为一个指标,而不应在评价指标体系中分割。 相似文献
5.
以海南省琼中县为研究区域,选取了地貌类型、成土母质、坡度、土壤养分等12个地力评价因子;在构建耕地地力评价指标体系的基础上,采用模糊数学理论确定指标隶属度,借助层次分析法对评价单元的指标隶属度进行加权求和计算地力综合指数,运用累积曲线法对琼中县耕地地力进行了等级划分。耕地地力共划分为4级:一级地844.37 hm2,占总耕地面积的9.73%;二级地3 306.39 hm2,占总耕地面积的38.12%;三级地3 786.85 hm2,占总耕地面积的43.66%;四级地736.24 hm2,占总耕地面积的8.49%。并针对影响琼中县耕地质量的障碍因子提出了改良建议。 相似文献
6.
借助遥感解译和GPS野外采样,获得安徽省蚌埠市淮上区田块尺度的评价单元和2 642个土壤采样点。应用GIS的空间分析功能,利用DELPH法、层次分析法和模糊评价等模型,以耕地的养分状况、理化性质、地理条件、管理状况4个方面和17个影响因素为主要评价依据,建立了评价模型。采用积累曲线法确定地力等级评价界限,将淮上区2万多块评价单元划分为5个等级。一等地和二等地主要集中在曹老集镇,其中分别占一等地的96.89%,二等地的70%,三等地和五等地在梅桥乡分布较多,分别占三等地的47.08%,五等地的61.37%,而沿淮河的小蚌埠镇和吴小街镇主要是三等地和四等地。地力等级评价结果能准确反映当地耕地的状况,为淮河流域耕地地力等级评价提供依据。 相似文献
7.
准确地掌握区域耕地地力等级及其空间分布格局,对于提高耕地生产能力具有重要的参考价值。以黑龙江垦区的前哨农场为研究区,以耕地地块为评价单元,在GIS的支持下,应用层次分析法、模糊数学法、综合指数法定量评价了耕地地力,进而分析耕地地力空间地域分布特征与规律。结果表明:农场耕地地力划分为6个级别,旱地和水田都是三级地、四级地数量最多,呈现向五级地、二级地、六级地和一级地逐次减少的正态分布特征;大部分耕地的地力处于中上等水平,且水田地力水平略高于旱地;西南部的第一、第二和第九管理区土壤质地良好、养分丰富、管理措施得当,是该农场优质耕地的集中分布区域。 相似文献
8.
县域尺度耕地生产能力的空间变异 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
研究河北省雄县耕地生产能力空间变异性特征及其主控因素,为黑龙港典型区耕地质量等级与生产能力提升及可持续利用提供指导。该文在分析县域和景观尺度耕地生产能力变异性特征的基础上,引用分类回归树模型探讨耕地自然属性因素和耕地管理因素对不同尺度耕地生产能力的影响。结果表明：县域尺度上耕地生产能力差异显著,呈现出西南部和东部高,东南部和中西部低的空间分布格局。5种景观尺度上耕地生产能力由高到低依次为：轻壤蒙金型小二坡地＞轻壤均质型小二坡地>黏壤均质型小低平地>砂壤蒙金型准缓岗>砂壤均质型准缓岗;耕地管理因素较耕地自然属性因素更能解释县域耕地生产能力空间变异性,主控因素依次是灌溉保证率、氮肥施用量、耕地速效氮和耕地有机质,贡献率总计51%。耕地自然属性因素是不同景观尺度间的主控因素,依次为阳离子交换量、有机质、速效钾和速效氮含量,贡献率总计55%;不同景观尺度上耕地生产能力主要受耕地管理因素所主控。因此,要想维持区域高水平耕地生产能力应注意调整耕地管理措施,包括节约集约用水,控制氮肥施用量（不宜超过240.34 kg/hm2）和加强耕地培肥管理。 相似文献
9.
利用四川单季稻区7个农业气象观测站5个主栽品种的田间观测数据,结合当地栽培管理措施、土壤条件及逐日气象资料对ORYZA2000模型进行参数调试,并确定四川单季稻区5个主栽品种的作物参数值;利用4～5a各主栽品种的观测数据对单季稻生育期、叶面积指数、生物量和产量等指标的模拟结果进行验证和评价。结果表明,合系39营养生长期发育速率最大,而生殖生长期发育速率最小,Ⅱ优838营养生长期发育速率最小,而D优63和汕优2生殖生长期发育速率最大;模型对5个单季稻主栽品种的生育期模拟效果较好,各品种开花期与成熟期的相对模拟误差均在1～2d,归一化均方根误差（NRMSE）均小于1%;各品种产量的NRMSE在5.26%～10.01%,叶面积指数的NRMSE为10.37%～19.19%,地上部总生物量、茎生物量、绿叶生物量及穗生物量的 NRMSE 分别为13.17%～18.69%、14.31%～20.41%、18.95%～24.74%和20.85%～25.39%。由此可见,ORYZA2000模型能够较为准确地模拟四川单季稻区5个主栽品种的发育及产量形成过程,适应能力较强,可以应用于四川单季稻生产。 相似文献
10.
利用四川单季稻区7个农业气象观测站5个主栽品种的田间观测数据,结合当地栽培管理措施、土壤条件及逐日气象资料对ORYZA2000模型进行参数调试,并确定四川单季稻区5个主栽品种的作物参数值;利用4～5a各主栽品种的观测数据对单季稻生育期、叶面积指数、生物量和产量等指标的模拟结果进行验证和评价。结果表明,合系39营养生长期发育速率最大,而生殖生长期发育速率最小,Ⅱ优838营养生长期发育速率最小,而D优63和汕优2生殖生长期发育速率最大;模型对5个单季稻主栽品种的生育期模拟效果较好,各品种开花期与成熟期的相对模拟误差均在1～2d,归一化均方根误差（NRMSE）均小于1%;各品种产量的NRMSE在5.26%～10.01%,叶面积指数的NRMSE为10.37%～19.19%,地上部总生物量、茎生物量、绿叶生物量及穗生物量的NRMSE分别为13.17%～18.69%、14.31%～20.41%、18.95%～24.74%和20.85%～25.39%。由此可见,ORYZA2000模型能够较为准确地模拟四川单季稻区5个主栽品种的发育及产量形成过程,适应能力较强,可以应用于四川单季稻生产。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献