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1.
以隆德县2011年TM遥感影像为数据源,以宁夏生态功能区划为基础,对隆德县生态系统服务功能受益范围进行划分,通过对隆德县生态系统服务价值进行测算,确定其生态系统生态补偿标准。研究结果表明,隆德县总生态服务价值约为30.298亿元,其中森林生态系统的贡献达到80.85%,其次为农田,再次为草地和水域;隆德县生态补偿的最终价值约为7.084亿元,森林生态系统补偿价值约为6.447亿元,占总补偿价值的91%。完全符合退耕还林以来“生态立县”建设的发展目标,但是草地生态系统的生态补偿价值偏小,建议今后保持森林生态系统良好发展的同时,加强草地生态系统建设。 相似文献
2.
在分析横断山区土壤资源特点及开发利用中存在问题的基础上，针对性地提出可持续利用途径；以河谷为主，发展生态特色农业，以生态建设为重点，发展多功能林业，强化草地建设和管理；发展商品性草地牧业，加强自然保护区建设，保持生物多样性，发展生态旅游业。 相似文献
3.
陕北榆林市土地生态价值及生态风险动态分析 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
以榆林市的遥感影像资料为依据,运用地学信息图谱的理论和方法,在RS和GIS的支持下,生成了榆林市1985-2000年的土地利用及生态价值变化图谱;在此基础上,对该区土地利用及生态价值的时空变化特征进行了分析,并作了土地生态风险动态评估.研究表明,研究期内,榆林市未利用地及水域面积减少,耕地、林地、草地及建设用地面积增加,其中草地增加最多;未利用地向草地流转及草地与耕地的相互转化占了全区土地利用类型总变动量的79.59%,其中,北6县以未利用地向草地及草地向耕地流转为主,南6县以草地向林地及耕地向草地转变为主;土地利用变化使该区生态价值总量增加了3.11%,其中,北6县占总增量的86.74%;榆林市土地生态风险降低,与土地生态价值的变化情况能够相互印证. 相似文献
4.
5.
[目的] 草地承载能力的高低影响草地利用的可持续性和草地生态系统的安全性。内蒙古锡林郭勒盟作为北方重要生态屏障,研究其草地资源承载能力变化,为区域草地生态安全与可持续利用、生态文明建设提供科学依据。 [方法] 利用2013,2015,2018和2020年土地利用及其他相关数据,基于三维生态足迹模型、生态赤字(ED)/盈余(ER)和生态压力指数等方法与指标,分析评价内蒙古锡林郭勒盟草地资源承载力状况。 [结果] ①2013—2020年锡林郭勒盟草地资源生态足迹持续高于生态承载力,总生态足迹与总生态承载力呈现先增后减趋势,7 a内分别下降了2.76%和7.35%;人均生态足迹与人均承载力7 a间变化率分别为-9.62%,-13.19%;生态足迹在空间上呈现出由东向西递减的变化规律,生态承载力东部及北部高于西部及南部; ②草地资源生态足迹深度先上升后下降,总体上升4.95%,均大于1,草地生态系统持续处于生态赤字状态,草地生态系统呈现出不可持续性; ③4个时期ER/ED均小于0,生态压力指数均大于1,草地生态承载状况多年连续超载,生态安全稳定性持续降低。 [结论] 锡林郭勒盟所处的干旱半干旱地理位置及其资源禀赋,叠加高强度的人类经济社会活动,导致全盟草地生态承载力降低,生态处于极不安全状态。 相似文献
6.
新疆玛纳斯河流域土地利用变化特征及影响因素研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
以2000、2005、2010和2015年四期遥感影像解译为基础,从土地利用变化幅度、变化速率、转移方向及利用程度等方面,分析了玛纳斯河流域2000~2015年的土地利用变化特征、影响因素及保护对策。结果表明:(1)2000~2015年,玛纳斯河流域以未利用地、草地和耕地为主。耕地面积扩张较为明显,但增加速度在2010~2015年有所下降;未利用地和草地面积以减少为主,其中草地的减少速率不断提升,未利用地在2010~2015年单一土地利用动态度(0.17%)为正值,有增加趋势;建设用地面积有一定程度的增加,单一土地利用动态度先下降再上升;(2)耕地呈内外双向扩张,新增面积主要来自草地和未利用地;建设用地的增加主要来自耕地和草地;草地和未利用地以转出为主,草地的主要转出方向是耕地,未利用地向耕地和草地转移。随着未利用地的开发利用,玛纳斯河流域的土地利用综合指数逐渐增加,土地利用程度处于稳步发展阶段;(3)在人口、经济和政策等因素的影响下,耕地和建设用地等生产、生活用地面积增加,草地、未利用地等生态用地面积减少,因此对流域内"三生用地"的保护应着重加强生态用地的恢复和管控,合理划定生态用地红线,保护耕地和基本农田,集约利用已开发的存量建设用地。 相似文献
7.
为了响应耕地"数量—质量—生态"统筹发展的号召,以河北省为例,运用ArcGIS 10.2,从耕地图谱特征变化的角度出发,分别对前期变化型、后期变化型、反复变化型以及持续变化型4个模式下的耕地生态服务价值变化情况进行了研究分析。结果表明:2004—2016年期间,研究区内耕地面积共增加了4 331 555.45hm~2,且生态服务价值保持上升状态,共增加287.71亿元。前期变化型主要以"耕地—草地—草地"类型为主,其生态服务价值增加38 599.78万元;后期变化型主要以"耕地—耕地—草地"类型为主,是整个变化模式中最大的单体变化类型,生态服务价值增加了85 651.01万元;反复变化型主要以"耕地—草地—耕地"的变化类型为主,其生态服务价值也是此变化类型中增加最多的;持续变化型模式主要以"耕地—园地—草地"模式为主,耕地转向园地生态服务价值增加了40 044.61万元,园地转向草地减少了5 585.61万元。研究表明河北省耕地生态服务价值总体上呈增加趋势,与园地、草地之间的转换有着密切的关系。 相似文献
8.
孙鸿良 《中国生态农业学报》2005,13(3):6-9
阐述了内蒙古自治区中西部草地普遍存在的退化问题,表现为生产力大幅度下降,草群质量降低;土壤裸露化、沙漠化土地面积日趋扩大;河流退缩,绿洲植被濒临大片枯亡;自2000年以来各地纷纷退耕还草,建立人工饲料作物基地,在实施中又出现人工草地生态系统不稳定,水资源浪费严重,建设成效落后于大面积资源损伤速度以及草地生态安全体系不健全等问题。并提出分片整治与异地育肥、重建草地生态安全保障体系及产业向多元化转移和建设节水型饲料作物基地的整治战略。 相似文献
9.
以黄土高原为研究对象,在遥感和GIS技术支持下,分析区域1986-1997年土地利用时空变化,并运用马尔可夫模型对未来土地利用进行预测,采用生态弹性度进行土地利用变化与生态效应研究。结果表明：黄土高原土地利用动态变化显著,相对变化量远远大于绝对变化量;土地利用类型转换非常剧烈,区域1986-1997年修正土地利用动态指数的变化趋势是高覆盖草地〉建设用地〉其他林地〉灌木林地〉水田〉水体〉未利用土地〉有林地〉旱地〉其他草地;土地利用的年均动态变化指数为2．17％,旱地、灌木林地、高覆盖草地、水体、建设用地和未利用土地垂直重心指数上升,水田、其他草地垂直重心指数下降;1986、1997、2008和2019年早地、有林地和其他草地面积一直在微弱减少,水田、高覆盖草地、水域、建设用地、未利用土地在缓慢持续增加,灌木林地和其他林地出现了先增加后少量减少的趋势;1986、1997、2008和2019年生态弹性度分别为5．17、7．30、7．60和7．65,区域生态弹性度整体呈现上升趋势,但上升幅度呈减小趋势。 相似文献
10.
内蒙古鄂托克旗天然草地植被生态需水量研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
开展天然草地植被生态需水量研究,对维持草地系统生态健康和可持续发展意义重大。该研究以干旱风沙草原区鄂托克旗为研究对象,基于联合国粮农组织推荐的Penman-Monteith公式及美国农业部土壤保持局推荐的有效降水量计算方法,对各草地类型的生态需水量和生态缺水量进行计算,并对不同类型天然草地生态需水和降雨资源之间的平衡关系进行分析。结果表明:全旗全年生态需水量在丰水年为2.94×10~9m~3、平水年为3.07×10~9 m~3、枯水年为3.10×10~9m~3;全旗生态缺水量在丰水年为2.72×10~8m~3、平水年为5.00×10~8m~3、枯水年为1.15×10~9m~3。草地中生态需水量由大到小依次为温性荒漠草原类、温性草原化荒漠类、低地草甸类、温性荒漠类、温性草原类。在整个生长季中,鄂托克旗各草地类型生态需水在3、6、10月为盈余状态,其余月份均为严重亏缺状态。鄂托克旗草地生态系统整体处于水分亏缺状态,尤其是惠农站代表区,在枯水年水分亏缺指数超过50%。低地草甸类草地缺水程度较严重,建议在该类型草地分布范围内发展人工草地,温性草原化荒漠类草地缺水程度较轻,建议在鄂托克旗适当发展。研究结果可为区域草地水资源高效利用和退化草原系统恢复重建提供理论依据。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献