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1.
Objective Integrated surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobial use (AMU) across One Health sectors is critically important for effective, evidence-based policy, stewardship, and control of AMR. Our objective was to evaluate progress towards achieving comprehensive, integrated AMR/AMU surveillance in Canada.Materials and methods Based on an environmental scan, interviews of subject matter experts, and reports from the 2014 National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases and the 2016 Canadian Council of Chief Veterinary Officers, we identified 8 core surveillance requirements and their specific components; the latter were assessed using a 2-way classification matrix, with 7 common elements ranked according to development stage.Results Components that mapped to requirements of a comprehensive, fully integrated AMR/AMU surveillance system were mostly in the lowest stages of development (Exploration or Program Adoption). However, both the establishment of the Canadian AMR Surveillance System integrated reporting and expansion of existing components under the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program and the Canadian Integrated Program for AMR Surveillance are improvements. Regardless, obvious gaps in Canadian AMR/AMU surveillance prevent this from being a comprehensive and integrated One Health program.Conclusion Action is needed in 3 crucial areas: i) development of a complete, integrated AMR/AMU surveillance program, based on current success; ii) changes in Federal/Provincial/Territorial policies to require standardized AMR/AMU reporting; and iii) more resources for AMR/AMU surveillance (dedicated persons, funding, and enabling structures and policy). There is an urgent need for prioritization by Federal/Provincial/Territorial governments to address governance, leadership, and funding to create surveillance systems that inform stewardship and policy.  相似文献   

2.
The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in faecal Campylobacter spp. from lambs and adult sheep and associations between antimicrobial use (AMU) and AMR. A total of 275 faecal samples collected during initial and final visits from 51 sheep flocks, including one feedlot, across southern Ontario were tested for the presence of Campylobacter spp. Campylobacter jejuni was detected in 52% (143/275) of the faecal samples, Campylobacter coli in 7% (19/275), Campylobacter lari in 1% (2/275) and 2% (4/275) were non-speciated Campylobacter. Broth microdilution was used to test antimicrobial susceptibility of 162 isolates to nine antimicrobials. Campylobacter jejuni isolates (n = 142) were resistant to tetracycline (39%), ciprofloxacin (4%), nalidixic acid (4%) and telithromycin (1%). C. coli isolates (n = 19) were resistant to tetracycline (74%), and azithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, and telithromycin (5%). The C. lari isolate displayed resistance to nalidixic acid. No statistically significant associations were found between AMU and AMR during multivariate modelling in this study.  相似文献   

3.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging animal welfare and public health issue linked to antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock. This study was conducted in 2004 on 20 swine farms in Alberta and Saskatchewan. On-farm records and questionnaires were used to retrospectively describe the antimicrobial exposures of pigs through feed, water, and injection. Antimicrobial use in all production categories was described over 12 months. On-farm records and questionnaires provided sufficient data to describe antimicrobial exposure rates through feed and water. In contrast, on-farm records did not supply sufficient data to describe parenteral antimicrobial exposure rates. Records lacked data on the number of exposures per treatment, therefore parenteral AMU was described as an exposure incidence. Parenteral exposure records were often unavailable for pigs less than 22 kg, in which case questionnaires were used. The incidence of parenteral AMU was significantly higher in herds reporting exposure by questionnaire compared with existing records, suggesting that on-farm records did not reliably describe parenteral AMU. However, because antimicrobial exposures in feed and water were markedly more common than through injection, it was concluded that existing on-farm data would be a valuable resource for investigating AMU and AMR in pigs.  相似文献   

4.
This paper reviews common therapeutic applications of antimicrobials in broiler chicken production in relation to Canadian guidelines, surveillance data, and emerging public health concerns about antimicrobial use (AMU). Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus spp., were reviewed because of their animal health and economic significance. Enterococcus cecorum and Salmonella were included because of their importance in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance. This review identified that i) antimicrobials are available in Canada to treat infections by these agents, but may be through over the counter or extra-label use, ii) prevalence rates for these diseases are unknown, iii) antimicrobial use estimates in broilers are lacking, and iv) AMR has emerged in clinical isolates, though data are very sparse. This review highlights the need for surveillance of AMU and AMR in broiler chickens in Canada.  相似文献   

5.
Metabolic and residue depletion profiles of albendazole (ABZ) and its major metabolites in three fish species, rainbow trout, tilapia and Atlantic salmon are reported. Based on these profiles, similarities (or dissimilarities) between species will determine the potential to group fish species. ABZ at 10 mg/kg body weight was incorporated into fish food formulated in a gelatin base or in gel capsule and fed as a single dose to six fish from each species. Rainbow trout were held three each in a partitioned 600-L tank. Tilapia and Atlantic salmon were housed in separate 20-L tanks. Samples of muscle with adhering skin were collected at 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postdose from trout kept at 12 degrees C, at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h postdose from tilapia kept at 25 degrees C and at 8, 14, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postdose from Atlantic salmon kept at 15 degrees C. The samples were homogenized in dry ice and subjected to extraction and cleanup procedures. The final extracts were analyzed for parent drug ABZ and its major metabolites, albendazole sulfoxide (ABZ-SO), albendazole sulfone (ABZ-SO2) and albendazole aminosulfone using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. ABZ was depleted by 24 h in trout and tilapia and by 48 h in salmon; ABZ-SO, a pharmacologically active metabolite, was depleted by 48 h in tilapia, by 72 h in rainbow trout and was present until 96 h in salmon; and low levels of ABZ-SO2 and albendazole aminosulfone, both inactive metabolites, were detectable at least till 96 h in all three fish species.  相似文献   

6.
In 2006, the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) Farm Program was implemented in sentinel grower-finisher swine herds in Québec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Herds were visited 1-3 times annually. Faecal samples were collected from pens of close-to-market (CTM) weight (>80 kg) pigs and antimicrobial use (AMU) data were collected via questionnaires. Samples were cultured for generic Escherichia coli and Salmonella and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. This paper describes the findings of this program between 2006 and 2008. Eighty-nine, 115 and 96 herds participated in this program in 2006, 2007 and 2008 respectively. Over the 3 years, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) levels remained consistent. During this period, resistance to one or more antimicrobials was detected in 56-63% of the Salmonella spp. isolates and 84-86% of E. coli isolates. Resistance to five or more antimicrobials was detected in 13-23% of Salmonella and 12-13% of E. coli. Resistance to drugs classified as very important to human health (Category I) by the Veterinary Drug Directorate (VDD), Health Canada, was less than or equal to 1% in both organisms. AMU data were provided by 100 herds in 2007 and 95 herds in 2008. Nine herds in 2007 and five herds in 2008 reported no AMU. The most common route of antimicrobial administration (75-79% of herds) was via feed, predominantly macrolides/lincosamides (66-68% of herds). In both 2007 and 2008, the primary reasons given for macrolide/lincosamide use were disease prevention, growth promotion and treatment of enteric disease. The Category I antimicrobials, ceftiofur and virginiamycin were not used in feed or water in any herds in 2008, but virginiamycin was used in feed in two herds in 2007. Parenteral ceftiofur was used in 29 herds (29%) in 2007 and 20 herds (21%) in 2008. The reasons for ceftiofur use included treatment of lameness, respiratory disease and enteric disease.  相似文献   

7.
The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and patterns of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in enteric bacteria obtained from Ontario sheep flocks, and associations between antimicrobial use (AMU) and AMR. Forty-nine sheep producers participated for a 1-year interval between 2006 and 2008. Two-hundred and eighty-three pooled fecal samples were collected from the flocks during initial and final visits. Up to 3 isolates of Salmonella spp. and generic E. coli per pooled fecal sample were tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials. Resistance was infrequent among Salmonella (0%, n = 7 isolates) and low among E. coli (13.1%; n = 849) isolates. A small number of isolates were resistant to antimicrobials classified as being of very high importance to human health. Tetracycline resistance was most frequently observed (12.0%). Logistic regression was used to model potential AMU (qualitative and quantitative) risk factors for tetracycline resistance in generic E. coli from final visits. Qualitative analysis indicated that the use of injectable sulfonamides [including trimethoprim-sulfonamide combinations (TMS)] and tetracycline in the feed and water were significantly associated with tetracycline resistance (OR = 2.6, P = 0.01; and OR = 4.8, P ≤ 0.01, respectively). Quantitative analysis also indicated that TMS exposure rate was significantly associated with tetracycline resistance, which varied depending on the exposure rate. The exposure rate of tetracycline in the feed and water was only significant after the removal of one influential flock, warranting further research examining flocks with higher tetracycline exposure rates. Although the prevalence of AMR in participating flocks was relatively low, risk factors for resistance were identified.  相似文献   

8.
Liver microsomes from market-size ( n  = 6) rainbow trout, channel catfish and tilapia were used to investigate in vitro biotransformation kinetics of albendazole (ABZ). ABZ was transformed to a single metabolite, ABZ sulfoxide (ABZ-SO). Catfish displayed the highest maximal velocity ( V max = 264.0 ± 58.6 pmols ABZ-SO/min/mg protein) followed by tilapia (112.3 ± 8.2) and rainbow trout (73.3 ± 10.3). V max in catfish was significantly different ( P  < 0.05) from the other two species. Michaelis–Menten constant ( K m) values (μ m ) varied significantly among the species: rainbow trout (3.9 ± 0.5), tilapia (9.2 ± 1.7) and catfish (22.0 ± 3.2). However, V max/ K m ratios showed no difference among the three species, making them equally efficient performing this phase I biotransformation reaction. In a second series of experiments, channel catfish ( n  = 6 per treatment) were dosed in vivo with gel-food containing ABZ (10 mg/kg, p.o.). Fish were killed at 24, 48, 72 and 120 h after dosage. Control fish were fed ABZ-free feed. Induction of ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase activity was significant ( P  < 0.05) in all ABZ-dosed treatments as compared with controls.  相似文献   

9.
This paper identifies common poultry diseases requiring antimicrobial therapy, antimicrobials deemed efficacious to treat these diseases, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in these commodity-pathogen combinations, and describes current residue issues and minor use minor species (MUMS) guidelines. Veterinarians with turkey/layer expertise and diagnosticians were surveyed to determine the bacterial and protozoal diseases diagnosed in the last 5 years. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale were the 3 most frequently diagnosed pathogens of turkeys. In layers, E. coli-peritonitis, and Clostridium perfringens/Eimeria spp. infections were the most common diagnoses. A literature review identified 32 antimicrobials as efficacious and/or recommended for treating these diseases. Surveillance and monitoring indicate the presence of enteric resistant organisms from some of these avian species (including resistance to antimicrobials of very high importance to human medicine). This paper highlights the need for surveillance of pathogen frequency, antimicrobial use (AMU), and AMR particularly in turkeys.  相似文献   

10.
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11.
A comparative pharmacokinetic study was conducted in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) following intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration of oxytetracycline (OTC) at a dose rate of 60 mg/kg body weight. Trout and catfish were kept in aerated tap water in tanks at constant temperatures of 12 degrees C and 25 degrees C, respectively. The two- and three-compartment open models adequately described plasma drug disposition in African catfish and rainbow trout respectively, following i.v. OTC administration. Compared to catfish (COP = 86 +/- 10 micrograms/ml) an eightfold higher extrapolated zero time concentration was obtained in trout (COP = 753 +/- 290 micrograms/ml). A significant difference was observed with respect to the relatively large apparent distribution volumes (Vd(area] after i.v. OTC administration (trout, mean value: 2.1 l/kg; catfish, mean value: 1.3 l/kg). The mean final elimination half-lives of both fish species were greater than previously reported in mammals (trout, 89.5 h; catfish, 80.3 h). A mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax = 56.9 micrograms/ml) was obtained in trout at 4 h after i.m. administration of OTC. In catfish a lower Cmax of 43.4 micrograms/ml was determined at about 7 h. No significant difference was observed with respect to bioavailability following i.m. administration of OTC (trout, 85%; catfish, 86%).  相似文献   

12.
The objective of this study was to evaluate preferences for various metrics and denominators among Canadian swine veterinarians, in order to improve reporting of antimicrobial use (AMU) information to these stakeholders and to facilitate enhanced stewardship decisions. An online survey was made available to swine veterinarians across Canada; 12 responses (estimated response rate 17.6%) were submitted and analyzed. Responses represented veterinarians from every major pig-producing province and from a range of year of graduation from veterinary college. Participants self-evaluated their understanding of dose-based metrics as higher than weight- and frequency-based metrics and interpreted most results of AMU analyses correctly. Participants preferred dose-based metrics over others, and had various objectives for AMU information, including improving AMU on their clients’ farms and enabling comparisons with other farms. The results are useful to those making decisions about which AMU metrics to use in reports targeted to swine veterinarians.  相似文献   

13.
Edwardsiella ictaluri was consistently isolated from the spleens, livers, and head kidneys of diseased Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus from a farm experiencing mortality events in several culture ponds. We describe the first published outbreak of E. ictaluri-induced edwardsiellosis in Nile tilapia. Pure cultures of the isolated bacteria were characterized both biochemically and molecularly. Biochemical analysis was performed using the API-20E and RapID One systems, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the broth microdilution method. Molecular analysis involved sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, species-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and PCR-mediated genomic fingerprinting (rep-PCR). Pairwise sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene identified the case isolates to be a 100% match to E. ictaluri cultured from channel catfish in the southeastern United States. However, rep-PCR analysis identified the case isolates to be genetically different from representative strains isolated from disease outbreaks in cultured channel catfish in Mississippi. Infectivity challenges (intraperitoneal injection and immersion) demonstrated that a representative E. ictaluri strain isolated from tilapia was pathogenic to naive tilapia, reproducing clinical signs and mortality, thereby establishing Koch's postulates.  相似文献   

14.
Antimicrobials are essential medicines for the treatment of many microbial infections in humans and animals. Only a small number of antimicrobial agents with new mechanisms of action have been authorized in recent years for use in either humans or animals. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) arising from the use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine is a concern for public health due to the detection of increasing levels of resistance in foodborne zoonotic bacteria, particularly gram‐negative bacteria, and due to the detection of determinants of resistance such as Extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamases (ESBL) in bacteria from animals and in foodstuffs of animal origin. The importance and the extent of the emergence and spread of AMR from animals to humans has yet to be quantified. Likewise, the relative contribution that the use of antimicrobial agents in animals makes to the overall risk to human from AMR is currently a subject of debate that can only be resolved through further research. Nevertheless, risk managers have agreed that the impact on public health of the use of antimicrobials in animals should be minimized as far as possible and a variety of measures have been introduced by different authorities in the EU to achieve this objective. This article reviews a range of measures that have been implemented within European countries to reduce the occurrence and the risk of transmission of AMR to humans following the use of antimicrobial agents in animals and briefly describes some of the alternatives to the use of antimicrobial agents that are being developed.  相似文献   

15.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of Streptococcus iniae in tilapia (Oreochromis spp), hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X M saxatilis), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) on commercial fish farms in the United States. ANIMALS: 1,543 fish (970 tilapia, 415 hybrid striped bass, and 158 channel catfish). PROCEDURES: The dry-swab technique was used for collection of specimens for streptococcal isolation. Specimens were shipped by overnight delivery and processed by use of standard bacteriologic techniques. RESULTS: Streptococcus iniae was not isolated from market-size channel catfish. Prevalence in tilapia and hybrid striped bass was 37 of 970 (3.81%) and 30 of 415 (7.23%), respectively. Prevalence by farm ranged from 0.0 to 27.4% for tilapia and 0.0 to 21.6% for hybrid striped bass. In tilapia, prevalence was lowest in market-size and nursery fish (4 of 239 [1.67%] and 3 of 339 [0.88%], respectively), with an increase in prevalence for fish in the grow-out stage (30 of 337 [7.96%]). For hybrid striped bass, prevalence was lowest in nursery and market-size fish (3 of 96 [3.12%] and 1 of 47 [2.12%], respectively) and highest in fish in the grow-out stage (26 of 272 [9.56%]). Prevalence in market-size tilapia and hybrid striped bass was 5 of 286 (1.75%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results of this study do not support the contention that S iniae is a serious public health threat associated with commercially raised fish; rather, it represents a limited risk for older or immunocompromised people who incur puncture wounds while handling and preparing fish.  相似文献   

16.
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17.
Aquaculture disease and health management.   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
Disease problems constitute the largest single cause of economic losses in aquaculture. In 1988, channel catfish producers lost over 100 million fish worth nearly $11 million. Estimates for 1989 predict even higher losses. The trout industry reported 1988 losses of over 20 million fish worth over $2.5 million. No data are available on losses sustained by producers of shellfish. Bacterial infections constitute the most important source of disease problems in all the various types of production. Gram-negative bacteria cause epizootics in nearly all cultured species. Fungal diseases constitute the second most important source of losses, especially in the culture of crustaceans and salmon. External protozoan parasites are responsible for the loss of large numbers of fry and fingerling fin fishes and are a cause of epizootics among young shellfish. The number of therapeutants approved by the Food and Drug Administration is limited. Research to support the registration of promising therapeutic agents is urgently needed.  相似文献   

18.
Few antimicrobials are licensed for use in sheep in Canada, and the range of indications is narrow. Treatment in an "extra-label" manner may be ineffective. In addition, potentially harmful drug residues in food-animal products and antimicrobial resistance in bacteria may be associated with extra-label drug use (ELDU). No data had been documented on drug use, specifically antimicrobial use (AMU), in Ontario sheep, although it was thought that much use was extra-label. This study investigated AMU and ELDU on 49 lamb-producing Ontario sheep farms. Data were prospectively collected over 12 months from the participating farms, and farm-level practices were ascertained with a questionnaire. Treatment-level and farm-level variables were investigated for associations with rates of AMU by means of Poisson rate regression models fit with a generalized estimating equation to control for clustering at the farm level. Antimicrobials with high mean exposure rates included chlortetracycline (in feed), penicillins, and oxytetracycline. The exposure rate in lambs was significantly lower (P < 0.01) with antimicrobial treatment of systemic signs, respiratory disease, or wound or injury than with treatment of other reported diseases or conditions; it was also significantly lower with 3 or more lambing periods per year (α = 0.05). The exposure rate in adult sheep was significantly lower with treatment of 5 of the 6 most prevalent diseases or conditions (α = 0.05) and significantly higher with producer decision to treat and producer experience of 20 y or greater. Rates of using antimicrobials not licensed for use in sheep were high, as was extra-label use of licensed antimicrobials. Diseases reportedly treated most often with antimicrobials (e.g., systemic signs, mastitis) were significantly associated with lower rates of ELDU (α = 0.05). Compared with the rates in adult sheep, the mean rate of use of nonlicensed antimicrobials was similar in the lambs, whereas the mean rate of extra-label use of licensed antimicrobials was lower among the lambs. The results are useful in determining if public health concerns about antimicrobial use in Ontario sheep are warranted and in creating drug use and licensure strategies for the Canadian sheep industry.  相似文献   

19.
Antimicrobial usage (AMU) has been described to be high in pig production. Although farmers are aware of the high usage, little is known about intervention to improve the situation. This study evaluated the extent to which AMU could be reduced in pig production by the optimization of herd management, biosecurity status, vaccination strategy, anthelmintic therapy and advice on prudent AMU. Furthermore, the effects of these interventions on the herd production results were explored. This intervention study was conducted on 61 Flemish pig herds and included three visits per herd. During the initial visit, information was gathered on herd management, biosecurity status (quantified by means of the Biocheck.UGent? risk‐based scoring system), vaccination strategy, anthelmintic therapy and AMU. This info was then translated into a herd‐specific action plan which was discussed with the farmer and herd veterinarian/other advisors during the second visit. In the final herd visit (±8 months later), comparable data were obtained to evaluate the progress. Overall, a significant improvement of 2.4 points external and 7 points internal biosecurity on the herds was obtained, combined with additional vaccination, anthelmintic therapy and prudent AMU. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in the AMU with a decrease of 52% for the pigs from birth till slaughter and 32% for breeding animals, based on treatment incidences (TIs) and included an important reduction in the use of critically important antimicrobials. More importantly, the increased biosecurity levels and decreased AMU were combined with significantly improved technical results such as the number of weaned piglets per sow per year (+1.1), daily weight gain (+5.9 g/day) and mortality in the finisher period (?0.6%). Guided interventions as a team effort of farmer and herd veterinarian/other advisors have shown to be a promising method in the reduction of AMU in pig production.  相似文献   

20.
Salmonid immunoglobulin purification has been hampered by time-consuming, labour-intensive, conventional chromatographic procedures. In this report we describe the use of immunoaffinity chromatography for the purification of immunoglobulins from trout serum in a single step. An anti-heavy chain monoclonal antibody (1G7) which reacts with more than 85% of total trout immunoglobulins was used to purify the trout immunoglobulin. The purity achieved was higher than 95%, and the immunoglobulins recovered were fully immunogenic. This method served equally well in isolating immunoglobulins from the sera of other salmonids (coho salmon and chinook salmon). The procedure should be useful in the standardization of salmonid immunoglobulin reagents.  相似文献   

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