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免耕玉米秸秆覆盖水稻的生育特性 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
2002~2003年在大田条件下研究了玉米茬移栽稻不同耕作方式对杂交稻的产量和生长特性的影响。结果表明,玉米茬晚稻以免耕畦作玉米秸秆覆盖处理产量最高,免耕玉米秸秆不覆盖处理次之,分别比传统翻耕移栽增产121%~20.5%和7.5%~7.7%。主要表现在白根比例高,根系伤流量大,分蘖早生快发,干物质量高。玉米茬晚稻免耕畦作玉米秸秆覆盖处理各主要生育期叶面积指数大,叶绿素含量和叶片光合速率高,氮素的积累和吸收量大。免耕玉米秸秆不覆盖处理开花前生长较旺,但后期存在早衰现象。 相似文献
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为探究黄土高原半干旱区保护性耕作提高春小麦产量的光合生理机制，依托黄土高原半干旱区2001年建立的不同耕作措施长期定位试验，于2019年研究了传统耕作(T)、传统耕作秸秆翻入(TS)、免耕秸秆不覆盖(NT)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)四种耕作措施对春小麦叶片光合相关性状、干物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明，小麦叶片叶绿素含量和叶面积指数在抽穗期达到峰值，保护性耕作延缓了花后叶片衰老，其中NTS处理的叶片叶绿素含量和叶面积指数在乳熟期均显著高于其他处理；耕作措施对开花期小麦旗叶RuBP羧化酶活性没有影响，但在灌浆期免耕和秸秆还田均提高了RuBP羧化酶活性，其中NTS处理的RuBP羧化酶活性是T处理的1.95倍；秸秆覆盖对小麦旗叶光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度影响显著，NTS处理可有效改善春小麦开花期和灌浆期的光合性能，其中NTS处理的开花期旗叶光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度比T处理分别提高了19.2%、30.7%、23.0%；免耕处理(NT和NTS)下花后干物质积累对籽粒贡献率较耕作处理(T和TS)提高了41.7%，秸秆还田处理(TS和NTS)花后籽粒干物质积累量及花后干物质积累对籽粒产量贡献率较不还田处理(T和NT)分别提高了71.2%和35.7%；NTS处理有效促进了小麦花后干物质积累和转运，显著增加了穗数和千粒重，使产量较T处理提高了18.7%。因此，在黄土高原半干旱区应用免耕秸秆覆盖的保护性耕作措施可促进春小麦旗叶花后光合作用、干物质积累及其向籽粒分配，延缓灌浆后期叶片衰老和叶绿素降解，协调和优化光合性能、光合时间、光合面积之间的关系，从而提高产量。 相似文献
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Keshav R. Adhikari Khem R. Dahal Zueng-Sang Chen Yih-Chi Tan Jihn-Sung Lai 《Paddy and Water Environment》2017,15(4):699-710
Maintenance of organic carbon in soil (SOC) is critically important for sustained agricultural productivity and environmental quality. This paper presents SOC resulting from differences in tillage types and demonstrates how mulch and nitrogen (N) application can mediate the tillage functions on SOC and crop productivities. The results are derived from a 4-year field-scale study carried out in a low-land under sub-tropical hot and humid environment of Nepal. It compared eight treatment combinations, viz., tillage (no-tillage and conventional tillage), mulch (no-mulch and 12 Mg ha?1 year?1 of mulch), and N application (recommended versus leaf color chart method) under rice–wheat cropping system. Seasonal grain and biomass yields of these crops were recorded and at the end of the 4-year study, quantified the organic carbon stock of soil; Within 15 cm of surface soil, SOC stock (Mg C ha?1) was statistically (p < 0.05) higher on no-tillage plots (11.2–11.8) than on conventional tillage plots (9.2–10.5). The treatment effect was more pronounced on winter wheat productivity where conventional tillage combined with straw-mulch exceled the performance of no-tillage. Clearly, no-tillage had the environmental benefit, and conventional tillage had the crop productivity benefit. 相似文献
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不同耕作方式对玉米叶片冠层光合特性的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以郑单958为试验材料,在已经定位研究28年留茬深松(DT)、免耕(NT)、翻耕(PT)和传统耕法(CT)的基础上,探讨不同耕作方式对玉米叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明,不同耕作方式下玉米叶片的净光合速率(Pn)处理间存在差异,DT处理比NT、PT和CT分别高8.78%、25.50%和48.13%,NT处理比PT和CT分别高15.38%和16.00%,PT处理比CT高0.54%,DT和NT处理分别与CT差异达显著水平(p<0.05),其他处理间差异不显著(2010年);气孔导度(Gs)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)处理间存在差异,差异不显著。 相似文献
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不同施氮量对免耕/翻耕移栽稻生长及产量形成的影响 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7
为探讨免耕移栽稻的氮肥管理措施和比较不同耕作方式下移栽稻的生长规律,研究了不同施氮量处理对免耕/翻耕移栽稻生长及产量形成的影响.结果表明,无论翻耕或免耕,增施氮肥可以促进分蘖的发生和叶面积的扩展;在水稻各生育时期,随着氮肥用量的增加,干物质的积累量有增加的趋势,每穗粒数和收获指数逐渐减少;水稻总吸氮量和实际产量逐渐增加,而氮肥吸收利用率、生理利用率和农学利用率及偏生产能力逐渐减小.翻耕移栽稻的分蘖能力、有效穗数和吸氮量显著高于免耕移栽稻,但翻耕和免耕对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响差异不显著,免耕移栽稻的氮肥生理利用率显著高于翻耕移栽稻. 相似文献
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龙岩市农技站于2005--2007年在双季稻区连续3a进行了不同免耕栽培方式试验。结果表明,晚季半年免耕早、晚稻产量与习惯有耕相比无显著差异,节本增收效果好,可作为水稻免耕的主要方式推广;全年免耕晚稻产量与习惯有耕相比产量显著减少,土壤容重显著增加,不适宜双季稻区推广。 相似文献
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Rajan Ghimire Keshav Raj Adhikari Zueng-Sang Chen Shree Chandra Shah Khem Raj Dahal 《Paddy and Water Environment》2012,10(2):95-102
Despite being a major domain of global food supply, rice?Cwheat cropping system is questioned for its contribution to carbon flux. Enhancing the organic carbon pool in this system is therefore necessary to reduce environmental degradation and maintain agricultural productivity. A field experiment (November 2002?CMarch 2006) evaluated the effects of soil management practices such as tillage, crop residue, and timing of nitrogen (N) application on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in the lowland of Chitwan Valley of Nepal. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in rotation adding 12?Mg?ha?1?y?1 of field-dried residue. Mung-bean (Vigna radiata L.) was grown as a cover crop between the wheat and the rice. Timing of N application based on leaf color chart method was compared with recommended method of N application. At the end of the experiment SOC sequestration was quantified for five depths within 50?cm of soil profile. The difference in SOC sequestration between methods of N application was not apparent. However, soils sequestered significantly higher amount of SOC in the whole profile (0?C50?cm soil depth) with more pronounced effect seen at 0?C15?cm soil depth under no-tillage as compared with the SOC under conventional tillage. Crop residues added to no-tillage soils outperformed other treatment interactions. It is concluded that a rice?Cwheat system would serve as a greater sink of organic carbon with residue application under no-tillage system than with or without residue application when compared to the conventional tillage system in this condition. 相似文献
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以杂交中稻川香9838为材料,于2010-2015年进行了冬水田耕作方式、栽插密度、施氮量与栽秧方式4个因素对杂交中稻产量影响的定位研究。结果表明,耕作方式、施氮量、栽秧方式这3个因子各水平间产量差异不显著,密度间产量差异极显著;因各因素间的互作效应显著,24个处理间的产量差异均不显著(F=0.89)。究其原因,翻耕、高密、高氮虽然其干物质生产量高,从土壤中吸收的氮素也较多,但因氮素利用率不如低密处理高,最终没能表现出增产效果。笔者认为,冬水田采用"免耕、栽插密度12万丛/hm2、施氮量120 kg/hm2和等行距栽培",可在保证较高产量前提下,大幅降低水稻生产成本。第5年定位结束后,各处理稻田土壤养分析结果表明,翻耕、高密和高施肥量处理下稻田土壤肥力较高,但从第5年定位试验结束后的后效试验(不施肥、相同栽培密度)产量看,翻耕免耕,密度12.00万丛/hm218.75万丛/hm2。可见,在连续免耕和高密种植5年后,虽然产量水平没有下降,但其水稻地力产量下降。 相似文献
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为了探明轻简栽培方式对中稻+再生稻产量构成特征和经济效益的影响,以黄华占和金农丝苗为材料,于2017年在四川泸州进行不同栽培方式（翻耕移栽、翻耕直播、免耕移栽）的大田试验,分析了中稻-再生稻干物质生产特性、产量、产量构成和经济效益。结果表明,不同栽培方式间头季稻产量差异不显著。翻耕直播头季稻产量较翻耕移栽平均增加3.5%,免耕移栽头季稻产量与翻耕移栽相当。再生季产量表现为翻耕移栽>免耕移栽>翻耕直播的趋势,但各栽培方式间差异不显著。与翻耕移栽相比,翻耕直播头季稻有效穗数较多而每穗粒数较少,成熟期干物质较高而收获指数较低。翻耕直播再生季有效穗数较多而每穗粒数和结实率较少。免耕移栽与翻耕移栽在有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重、干物质和收获指数上差异不显著。不同栽培方式之间产值差异较小,但经济效益差异较大。与翻耕移栽相比,翻耕直播、免耕移栽的经济效益分别增加0.4%和6.2%。可见,头季稻高产途径是培育足够的有效穗数和提高千粒重,再生季高产途径是在足穗的基础上,协同提高结实率和千粒重。轻简化栽培技术具有节本、省工、经济效益高等优点,在川东南地区具有很大的发展前景。 相似文献
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为明确不同秸秆还田模式下耕作方式对小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响,在沿淮下游地区,以淮麦36为材料,通过二因素裂区试验,以稻秸全量还田（S1）、稻秸不还田（S0）2种秸秆还田模式为主区,以免耕（T1）、旋耕（T2）、翻耕（T3）3种耕作方式为副区,比较分析了不同处理下小麦出苗、干物质转运、产量和品质等方面的差异。结果表明,在土壤墒情适宜（两年度土壤相对含水量分别为78.6%和72.5%）条件下,稻秸全量还田免耕处理的小麦出苗率和出苗均匀度较不还田处理分别下降了14.04%和28.46%,有效穗数降低4.37%,差异均显著。翻耕可减弱秸秆还田对小麦出苗带来的不利影响,提高出苗率和出苗均匀度,改善播种质量,增加拔节后光合面积,促进花后光合物质生产,增粒增重,最终实现增产,使产量较免耕平均增加12.85%。稻秸还田与翻耕均可改善小麦加工和营养品质。综上,稻秸全量还田结合翻耕有助于实现高产优质小麦的生产,适宜在沿淮下游稻茬麦区推广应用。 相似文献
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Y.S. Saharawat Bhagat Singh R.K. Malik Jagdish K. Ladha M. Gathala M.L. Jat V. Kumar 《Field Crops Research》2010
The rice–wheat rotation covering 13.5 million ha in the Indo-Gangetic Plains is vital for food security. Its sustainability is at risk as the current production practices are inadequate resulting in high cost of cultivation and inefficient use of inputs (i.e. water, labor and energy). In a field study, we evaluated resource conserving and cost-saving alternative tillage and crop establishment options with an aim to improve system productivity and efficiency. Treatments included transplanting and direct-seeding of rice after reduced and no-tillage, followed by wheat after no-tillage. Conventional-tilled (puddled) transplanted rice followed by conventional-tilled wheat was included as a current practice. Rice yields of transplanted rice were similar irrespective of tillage/puddling. However, both dry and wet direct-seeded rice yielded 0.45–0.61 Mg ha−1 lower than puddled transplanted rice. Wheat yield after no-tillage was either higher or equivalent to conventional practice. Wheat provided more economic return (US $35 ha−1) than rice. No-till wheat was 6% more profitable than the conventional practice (T1). Rice transplanting with or without puddling had similar water application but dry direct-seeded rice had 10–12% lower and wet direct-seeded rice 20–24% higher. Machine labor without tillage was lower by maximum of 51 and 43% in rice and wheat, respectively. Similarly, human labor was also 9–16% lower in no-till rice compared to other practices. Two years results consistently showed $35 more net income when rice was transplanted without puddling than that of conventional practice. Direct-seeded/un-tilled rice had variable response in 2 years; US $16 more in year 1 and similar in year 2 to the puddled transplanted rice. Direct-seeded or transplanted rice after no-tillage can be more efficient and profitable alternatives to current practice (puddled transplanted rice), however, require further refinement in areas of cultivar development for no-till direct-seeding condition, nutrient, water and weed management to harness maximal potential. 相似文献
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为给稻套麦的高产栽培和秸秆科学还田提供理论依据,通过大田小区和网室水泥池微区的3年定位试验,比较研究了稻麦两熟条件下免耕套播秸秆覆盖、免耕套播高茬、翻耕秸秆还田、翻耕秸秆不还田(CK)4个耕作方式处理对小麦产量和品质的影响.结果表明,在同期同量播种条件下,免耕套种小麦穗数较少,千粒重较高,第一年实际产量略低.但随着连续免耕时间的延长,残留秸秆较多,稻田水绵严重,影响套种小麦出苗,免耕处理产量明显降低,免耕秸轩覆盖还田比翻耕不还田平均降低7.27%,因而必须改变播种方式或轮耕.耕翻秸秆覆盖还田在麦季的产量有增有减,比翻耕不还田平均减产1%左右.免耕与秸秆还田条件下虽然小麦容重降低,但出粉率提高,小麦的加工品质改善.在土壤肥力较低时,免耕处理小麦的蛋白质和湿面筋含量有降低趋势;而秸秆覆盖还田可提高蛋白质和湿面筋含量,有利于改善中强筋专用小麦的品质. 相似文献
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LIU Shi ping NIE Xin tao DAI Qi gen Huo Zhong yang XU Ke 《水稻科学》2007,14(3):204-210
The interplanting with zero-tillage of rice, i.e. direct sowing rice 10-20 days before wheat harvesting, and remaining about 30-cm high stubble after cutting wheat or rice with no tillage, is a new cultivation technology in wheat-rice rotation system. To study the effects of interplanting with zero tillage and straw manure on rice growth and quality, an experiment was conducted in a wheat-rotation rotation system. Four treatments, i.e. ZIS (Zero-tillage, straw manure and rice interplanting), ZI (Zero-tillage, no straw manure and rice interplanting), PTS (Plowing tillage, straw manure and rice transplanting), and PT (Plowing tillage, no straw manure and rice transplanting), were used. ZIS reduced plant height, leaf area per plant and the biomass of rice plants, but the biomass accumulation of rice at the late stage was quicker than that under conventional transplanting cultivation. In the first year (2002), there was no significant difference in rice yield among the four treatments. However, rice yield decreased in interplanting with zero-tillage in the second year (2003). Compared with the transplanting treatments, the number of filled grains per panicle decreased but 1000-grain weight increased in interplanting with zero-tillage, which were the main factors resulting in higher yield. Interplanting with zero-tillage improved the milling and appearance qualities of rice. The rates of milled and head rice increased while chalky rice rate and chalkiness decreased in interplanting with zero-tillage. Zero-tillage and interplanting also affected rice nutritional and cooking qualities. In 2002, ZIS showed raised protein content, decreased amylose content, softer gel consistency, resulting in improved rice quality. In 2003, zero-tillage and interplanting decreased protein content and showed similar amylose content as compared with transplanting treatments. Moreover, protein content in PTS was obviously increased in comparison with the other three treatments. The rice in interplanting with zero-tillage treatments had higher peak viscosity and breakdown, lower setback, showing better rice taste quality. The straw manure had no significant effect on rice viscosity under interplanting with zero-tillage, but had the negative influence on the rice taste quality under transplanting with plowing tillage. 相似文献
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《Plant Production Science》2013,16(2):182-188
AbstractNo-tillage often affects crop root development due to the higher mechanical impedance to root elongation, resulting in yield reduction under an unfavorable rainfall pattern, such as drought. In this study, we analyzed the changes in water source of wheat and soybean under drought stress in a continuous no-tillage field. Deuterium-labeled irrigation water was applied at different growth stages of crops to analyze their water uptake pattern. Mechanical impedance of the surface soil was 3.5 and 4.4 times higher in the no-tillage than in the conventional tillage under wet and drought conditions, respectively. Root length density and root branching index (the length of lateral roots per unit axile root length) of soybean in the surface soil layer were higher in the no-tillage field. This indicates that the increased branching by the higher mechanical impedance of undisturbed surface soil causes roots to accumulate in the surface soil layer. The deuterium concentration in the xylem sap of both crops was significantly higher in the no-tillage than in the tillage under a drought condition. This indicates that the crops in the no-tillage field depend highly on the newly supplied easily accessible water (irrigation water and/or rainfall) as compared with those in the conventional tillage field under a limited water supply. In conclusion, enhanced surface root growth in the no-tillage condition would result in higher dependence on surface supplied irrigation water than in the conventional tillage under drought. 相似文献
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不同耕作方式对土壤物理性状及玉米产量的影响 总被引：34，自引：7，他引：27
通过对土壤容重、土壤坚实度、土壤含水量、土壤田间持水量及玉米产量的测定和分析,研究深松、常规旋耕、免耕不同耕作方式对土壤物理性状及玉米产量的影响。结果表明,不同耕作方式对土壤容重和土壤坚实度的影响效果为深松>常规旋耕>免耕。深松耕作能够打破犁底层,降低深层土壤紧实度。深松耕作后,0~35 cm耕层土壤容重较常规旋耕和免耕分别下降6.5%和8.8%,土壤紧实度分别下降25.6%和32.3%。深松可显著增强接纳灌溉和降水能力,扩大土壤水库容。在21~40、41~60、61~80 cm土层,深松处理土壤含水量比常规旋耕分别提高3.4%、4.5%、2.4%,比免耕分别提高5.6%、4.8%、2.4%。土壤耕层0~35 cm田间持水量,深松和免耕比常规施耕分别提高7.4%和8.1%。不同耕作方式生物产量和经济产量均以深松最高,常规旋耕次之,免耕最小;深松耕作较常规旋耕和免耕分别增产4.3%和5.7%,与免耕处理间差异显著。 相似文献
20.
免耕栽培对超级杂交稻两优培九根系特性的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了探明免耕对杂交水稻根系特性的影响．在前3年定位试验的基础上,于2007年在长沙以两优培九为材料,进行了翻耕移栽、翻耕直播、免耕移栽和免耕直播4种耕作方式的田间比较试验。在水稻直播条件下。分蘖中期免耕稻的根冠比和单株根干重均高于翻耕稻,增幅分别为23．42％0和3．33％,幼穗分化期增幅为30．01％和18．75％;在水稻移栽条件下,免耕稻分蘖中期的根冠比和单株根干重均高于翻耕稻．增幅分别为10．24％和10．57％,幼穗分化期增幅分别为22．67％和4．35％。无论直播或移栽．各个时期免耕稻的根系活力和根长均高于翻耕稻,免耕和直播能一定程度地提高水稻根系的活力。 相似文献