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[目的]评估神农架林区大九湖湿地生态系统服务功能价值,为湿地保护与管理提供科技支撑。[方法]收集现有数据,采用资源经济学和生态经济学原理,评估神农架大九湖湿地生态系统8项服务功能价值。[结果]神农架大九湖湿地生态系统服务总价值量为6.53亿元,约占神农架林区2015年度国内生产总值(GDP)的30%,其中以调蓄洪水、土壤保持和休闲娱乐3项服务价值为主导,占总价值的88.94%;科研教育服务价值仅占总价值量的0.47%,但其价值不可忽视。[结论]大九湖湿地生态系统服务总价值量突显了湿地保护的重要性,在一定程度上,湿地萎缩和功能退化与人类社会对湿地生态服务功能的认识程度有着密不可分的联系。 相似文献
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城市湿地主导生态系统服务功能及价值评估--以江苏省镇江市为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
依据生态系统服务功能的特点和作用机理,利用统计资料,结合实地调查及实验,综合运用生态经济学、环境经济学和资源经济学的学科理论与方法,对江苏省镇江市城市湿地主导生态服务功能进行了价值量化评估。结果表明:(1)镇江城市湿地具有巨大和多重的生态服务功能,主导服务功能总价值为3.14×1010元,直接与间接使用价值所占比例分别为71.52%和28.48%。(2)3大类13亚类主导服务功能中,文化社会服务功能价值>产品服务功能价值>调节与维护服务功能价值,分别占主导服务功能总价值的39.18%,32.34%和28.48%;旅游休闲、蓄水调洪、水源供给、水稻生产的功能价值合计占主导服务功能总价值的84.22%。(3)单位面积生态系统服务功能价值约为全球和中国的46倍,其中,自然湿地单位面积价值为5.49×105元/hm2,远大于人工湿地的单位面积价值(1.04×105元/hm2)。 相似文献
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白龟山水库是河南省平顶山市的主要供水水源。基于生态服务价值原理和当地实际,对该水库湿地生态系统的生态价值进行了评估。结果表明:该水库直接的物质生产价值为17.757亿元人民币,水库消落带土壤和植被固碳释氧总价值为1.424亿元人民币,在提供野生生物栖息地、维护生物多样性等服务功能方面的年生态效益为0.221亿元人民币,调蓄洪水功能价值为6.177亿元人民币,水资源蓄积功能价值为3.551亿元人民币,水库净化水质总价值为0.816亿元人民币。该水库湿地生态系统,在全部发挥效益后每年所产生的生态服务价值总额为29.946亿元人民币。除了供水功能外,水库的调蓄洪水功能价值最为突出,其次是水资源蓄积功能价值。 相似文献
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[目的] 对内蒙古森工湿地生态系统服务功能空间格局进行研究,为保护该区森工湿地生态系统和资源的可持续利用提供理论依据。[方法] 以2018年内蒙古森工湿地资源调查数据为基础,内蒙古森工湿地生态系统为研究对象,利用市场价值法、碳税法、工业制氧成本法、影子工程法、污染防治成本法和专家评估等生态经济价值评价方法,逐项对其涵养水源、固碳释氧等8项服务功能所产生的价值量进行评估。[结果] 内蒙古森工湿地生态系统服务功能总价值量为860.92亿元;其中,涵养水源、降解污染、提供生物栖息、固土保肥、固碳释氧、科研文化游憩、改善小气候和营养物质积累价值量分别为：111.78,104.02,89.38,67.64,56.16,43.25,24.11和5.53亿元。大杨树、乌尔旗汗和库都尔林业局生态价值量排位列前三,分别为111.78,104.02和89.38亿元。[结论] 各项服务功能,以涵养水源、降解污染和提供生物栖息为主导服务功能,以营养物质积累为最小服务功能。从整体空间格局分布来看,各林业局湿地生态系统服务功能价值量的空间分布总体趋势均表现为：中部 > 西南部 > 北部。 相似文献
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以水土保持学、生态学和生态经济学理论为指导,提出水土保持生态服务价值的概念。认为水土保持生态服务价值估算是在特定尺度和区域范围内,将水土保持措施为人类和社会提供的服务进行货币值计量的研究,具体评价内容包括保持和涵养水源价值、保持和改良土壤价值、固碳供氧价值、净化空气价值、防风固沙价值、维持生物多样性价值等6个方面。针对水土保持措施提供生态服务功能的不同表现形式,采用市场价值法、影子工程法、生产成本法、机会成本法等多种价值评估方法,以2004年全国水土流失新增综合治理面积为例,对水土保持生态服务的功能价值量进行估算。初步估算出水土保持措施带来的生态服务价值总量为2117．8亿元,其中,保持与涵养水源价值为406．0亿元,保持与改良土壤价值为889．9亿元,固碳供氧价值为106．9亿元,净化空气价值为183．2亿元,防风固沙价值为172．0亿元,维持生物多样性价值为359．8亿元。在各项价值中,保持与改良土壤和保持与涵养水源的价值最为突出。 相似文献
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在了解东居延海湿地功能结构特征的基础上,根据生态学基础理论,将湿地生态系统服务功能划分为社会—经济—生态3个方面,结合湿地功能表现效果,运用能值分析方法,建立并量化湿地功能价值指标评价体系,定量分析了各功能价值的能值。研究结果表明:东居延海湿地总价值为1.56×1020sej,其中社会价值2.41×1019sej、经济价值2.68×1019sej、生态价值1.04×1020sej,湿地能值货币价值为2.12亿元,单位面积湿地价值为453.86万元/km2,是青海湖湿地价值的1.16倍。东居延海的存在对额济纳旗地区生态环境的恢复及改善西北地区盐碱化和荒漠化等生态问题具有重大意义。 相似文献
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吴旗县退耕还林生态效益价值评估 总被引：44，自引：0，他引：44
生态效益的评价和核算对评价林业生态工程的建设效果至关重要。综合运用专家咨询、理论分析法和频度分析3种方法。建立了吴旗县退耕还林生态效益评价指标体系，使用市场价值法、影子工程法、机会成本法和替代法等方法，对该县退耕还林6年来的生态效益进行了价值核算。结果表明：吴旗县退耕还林工程具有巨大的生态效益,核算后的总生态价值约为24．8亿元，其中拦蓄保护水资源价值为6．4亿元，保护土地资源退化价值为6亿元，净化空气价值为5．3亿元，改善小气候价值0．3亿元，保护农田价值为0．02亿元．增加生物多样性价值为6．7亿元。研究结果可为黄土区退耕还林工程建设效益评价提供参考。 相似文献
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喀斯特石山区次生林恢复后生态服务价值评估——以广西壮族自治区马山县弄拉国家药物自然保护区为例 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
用生态经济学核算方法,定量评价了广西壮族自治区马山县弄拉次生林恢复后的生态服务价值。结果表明：恢复重建后的次生林具有极高的价值,1981～2006年弄拉次生林提供的服务价值累计超过8．82亿元人民币,其中直接利用价值为0．49亿元,占总价值的5．57％,间接使用价值为8．33亿元,占总价值的94．44％,间接使用价值远远大于直接使用价值。保护土壤价值、生物多样性的维持及科研文化价值分别为3．13亿元、1．74亿元及0．52亿元。弄拉次生林的恢复在防止水土流失、保护土壤肥力、维持或增加生物多样性和教育科研等方面具有极其重大的作用。 相似文献
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泥沙沉积与围垦对洞庭湖生态系统服务功能的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
研究泥沙沉积和围垦对洞庭湖生态系统部分服务功能的影响结果表明,泥沙、围垦、湿地三者既互为条件,又互为因果关系,这种因果循环关系在湖泊生态系统中产生了泥沙淤积湿地浮涨钉螺孽生、害鼠繁殖、土地沙化,泥沙沉积湿地围垦生物资源量减少,泥沙沉积加围垦调蓄功能减弱洪涝频繁、水体污染、航道阻塞等一系列连锁反应,且很大程度上削弱或损害了湖泊服务功能,进而降低了部分服务功能的价值,即水产和饲草资源损失价值32 .1亿元,蓄水与供水功能损失价值1.5 3亿元,调蓄洪水与生物多样性损失价值4 1.92亿元,生态环境与航运功能损失价值74 .76亿元 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献