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1.
The study area is located in Duhok province-Kurdistan region-Northern Iraq and including two locations the first location is situated in Galbook village and the vegetation cover is trees of （Quercus aegilops L.）, the second location is situated in Koradeer village that covered with threes of Prunus dulcis （Mill.） Webb.. Disturbed surface soil samples at depth 0-30 cm were collected at four different distances （1, 5, 10 and 15 m） from the tree with randomized selection three trees in each study location. Soil organic matter decreases with increasing distances from tree in both locations under two different trees species, which is attributed to the effect of tree crown. Ordinarily, organic matter content in both locations correspond to the requirements of Mollisols. Statistical analysis of data showed significant differences in organic matter content between locations. Cation exchange capacity is high under tree crown and decreasing with distances from tree in both locations, as a result of decreasing organic matter and increasing calcium carbonate with distances. Commonly soil pH is slightly increased with increasing distances from tree because of increasing calcium carbonate with distances and decreasing organic matter content. Calcium was not uniform with distances and Mg decreasing with distances in both locations. The values of fine clay/coarse clay and fine clay/total clay of soil samples confirm development of the soils under study. Porosity percentage under tree crown is high and decreasing with distances. Soil bulk density was increased with distances in both locations, as a result of decreasing organic matter content with distances. This study aims to explain the effect of tree distances and species on the mollic horizon properties.  相似文献   

2.
Water erosion is the major reason for the loss of soil organic carbon in the Northeast China, which leads to the soil quality deterioration and adjacent water pollution. In this study, the effect of extraction temperature, pH value, and salt on the water extractable organic matter (WEOM) was determined by means of the UV absorbance, fluorescence excitation-emission matrix, and derived fluorescence indexes. In general, the carbon content and aromaticity of WEOM increased with the increasing of extraction temperature, with the exception that there was no significant difference in the amount at 0 and 20℃. More fluorophores, especially microbially-derived organic matter were extracted at high temperature. The pH values of extractant, including 5, 7, and 10, showed no effect on the carbon amount of WEOM, whereas the aromaticity and microbially-derived component gradually increased with the increasing of pH values. The fluorescence intensity of humic acid-like fluorophore was stronger in neutral and alkali condition than that in acidic condition. The addition of 10 mmol L-1 CaCl2 significantly decreased the carbon amount of recovered WEOM. Moreover, it significantly decreased the aromaticity of WEOM and the quantity of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like fluorophores, whereas increased the percentage of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like fluorophores in the total fluorophores and the amount of microbially-derived organic matter. Generally, 10 mmol L-1 KCl showed the same influence trend, but with low influence degree.  相似文献   

3.
The objective of this paper is to investigate a simple and practical method for soil productivity assessment in the black soil region of Northeast China. Firstly, eight kinds of physicochemical properties for each of 120 soil samples collected from 25 black soil profiles were analyzed using cluster and correlation analysis. Subsequently, parameter indices were calculated using physicochemical properties. Finally, a modified productivity index （MPI） model were developed and validated. The results showed that the suitable parameters for soil productivity assessment in black soil region of Northeast China were soil available water, soil pH, clay content, and organic matter content. Compared with original productivity index （PI） model, MPI model added clay content and organic matter content in parameters while omitted bulk density. Simulation results of original PI model and MPI model were compared using crop yield of land block where investigated soil profiles were located. MPI model was proven to perform better with a higher significant correlation with maize yield. The correlation equation between MPI and yield was： Y= 3.2002Ln（MP/）＋ 10.056, R^2 = 0.7564. The results showed that MPI model was an effective and practical method to assess soil productivity in the research area.  相似文献   

4.
For the scientific management of farmland, it is significant to understand the spatio-temporal variability of soil organic matter and to study the influences of related factors. Using geostatistical theory, GIS spatial analysis, trend analysis and a Geographically Weighted Regression （GWR） model, this study analyzed the response of soil organic matter to climate and socio-economic factors in central Heilongjiang Province during the past 25 years. Second soil survey data of China for 1979-1985, 2005 field sampling data, climate observations and socio-economic data for 1980-2005 were analyzed. First, soil organic matter in 2005 was spatially interpolated using the Co-Kriging method along with auxiliary data sets of soil type and pH. The spatio-temporal variability was then studied by comparison with the 1980s second soil census data. Next, the temporal trends in climate and socio-economic factors over the past 25 years were investigated. Finally, we examined the variation of the response of soil organic matter to climate and socio-economic factors using the GWR model spatially and temporally. The model showed that 53.82% area of the organic matter content remained constant and 29.39% has decreased during the past 25 years. The impact of precipitation on organic matter content is mainly negative, with increasing absolute values of the regression coefficient. The absolute value of regression coefficient of annual average temperature has decreased, and more areas are now under its negative effects. In addition, the areas of positive regression coefficient of annual sunshine hours have northward shifted, with the increasing absolute value of positive coefficient and decreasing absolute value of negative coefficient. The areas of positive regression coefficient of mechanized farming as a socio-economic factor have westward shifted, with the increasing absolute value of negative coefficient and decreasing absolute value of positive coefficient. The area of regions with the positive regression coefficient of irrigatio  相似文献   

5.
Methiopyrisulfuron is a novel sulfonylurea herbicide with good activity for annual broadleaf and gramineal weeds control. Present study was to investigate the effects of organic amendments （including peat （PE）, sewage sludge （SS）, and humic acid （HA）） on adsorption, desorption and leaching of methiopyrisulfuron in soils. The batch equilibration technique was applied for adsorption-desorption experiments and the leaching was tested through soil column simulated experiments under laboratory conditions. The Freundlich model may well describe adsorption-desorption of methiopyrisulfuron on organic amendments, the natural soil, and amended soils. Organic amendments could not only greatly increase the adsorption capacity of methiopyrisulfuron, but also significantly enhance the hysteresis of desorption of methiopyrisulfuron. The correlations between Kf-ads and organic matter content of amended soils were significant, and the correlations between H and soil organic matter in amended soils with PE, SS, and HA were significant too. The results of soil column experiments indicated that organic amendments greatly decreased leaching of methiopyrisulfuron. This study suggested that PE, SS, and HA could greatly influence environmental behavior of methiopyrisulfuron in soils. Use of organic amendments might be an effective management practice for controlling potential pollution of methiopyrisulfuron to environment.  相似文献   

6.
The paper compared the effects of application of farm manure with chemical fertilizers on nitrification and denitrification in black soil, the result showed that the numbers of nitrobacterias and denitrobacterias in farm manure treatment were both higher than that of other treatments. The intensity of denitrification in chemical treatment was higher than that of manure treatment. The content of organic matter in soil was correlated with the intensity of nitrification and denitrification, and the coefficients were resnectively 0.9981 and 0.8693.  相似文献   

7.
To better understand the interaction of N transformation and exogenous C source and manage N fertilization, the effects of glucose addition on N transformation were determined in paddy soils with a gradient of soil organic C content. Changes in N mineralization, nitrification and denitrification, as well as their response to glucose addition were measured by incubation experiments in paddy soils derived from Quaternary red clay in subtropical China. Mineralization and denitrification were changed in order of increasing soil fertilities： high 〉 middle 〉 low. During the first week of incubation, net N mineralization and denitrification rates in paddy soil with high fertility were 1.9 and 1.1 times of those in soil with middle fertility and 5.3 and 2.9 times of those in soil with low fertility, respectively. Addition of glucose decreased net N mineralization by approximately 78.8, 109.2 and 177.4% in soils with high, middle and low fertility, respectively. However, denitrification rates in soils with middle and low fertility were increased by 14.4 and 166.2% respectively. The highest nitrate content among the paddy soils tested was 0.62 mg kg-1 and the highest nitrification ratio was 0.33%. Addition of glucose had no obvious effects on nitrate content and nitrification ratio. It was suggested that the intensity of mineralization and denitrification was quite different in soils with different fertility, and increased with increasing soil organic C content. Addition of glucose decreased mineralization, but increased denitrification, and the shifts were greater in soil with low than in soil with high organic C content. Neither addition of glucose nor inherent soil organic C had obvious effects on nitrification in paddy soils tested.  相似文献   

8.
Erect milkvetch (Astragalus adsurgens Pall.), a leguminous grass, is a major source of fuel and forage, and has an important role in the restoration of the degraded ecosystems in central and northeastern China. The objective of this work was to investigate how erect milkvetch planting would affect the physical and chemical properties of soil in degraded arable lands. Soil samples at the depths of 0-20 and 20-40 cm were collected from erect milkvetch planting fileds at ages of 0, 1, 2 and 3 yr. Changes in soil bulk density, soil porosity, total N and P, organic matter content, available P, hydrolysable N and available K were measured. The results showed that root biomass and above-ground plant biomass were both significantly increased with plantation age. The significant increase in root nodule biomass was not observed in the first two years. However, it was significantly increased after three years. Root growth of erect milkvetch improved soil structure, and hence, decreased soil bulk density and increased soil porosity. Furthermore, the nitrogen fixation by erect milkvetch and return of erect milkvetch plant to soil increased the soil total N, hydrolysable N and organic matter content of the soil. Low concentrations of P in the soil with erect milkvetch planting could be ascribed to high plant uptakes and possibly to high sequestrations of P in plant biomass. Concentrations of K significantly increased during the first two years of erect milkvetch planting. The high accumulation of K under erect milkvetch cultivation in the first two years could partly be attributed to low plant uptake, and partly to relatively quick recycling within plant-soil systems. Three years after erect milkvetch plantingr, K accumulation at 0-20 cm soil layer was significantly lower than that from non-vegetated field sites, which could be attributed to high plant uptake. These parameters, except for soil bulk density, were all decreased with increasing soil depth. Soil total N, organic matter, porosity and available K in the 20-40 cm layer all showed linear increase trends, and soil bulk density, total P and available P in the depth 0-20 cm layer soil were decreased with increasing planting age. Erect milkvetch establishment could be an effective and applicable measure to improve soil nutrients, and prevent further soil degradation and erosion.  相似文献   

9.
In this study, the hydrolysis of the insecticide ethiprole in buffered solutions at pH 4.0, 7.0 and 9.0, respectively, and the degradation and adsorption-desorption behaviors of ethiprole in ifve agricultural soil samples from China were investigated. The half-lives under anaerobic conditions were faster than that in the aerobic experiment. Ethiprole was relatively stable under both acidic and neutral conditions while it was readily hydrolyzed under alkaling condition. The sorption of ethiprole on ifve soils was well described by the linear and Freundlich equation and mainly governed by soil organic matter. The exothermic process of ethiprole adsorption can also be well explained by physical adsorption. A weak adsorption capacity was observed in all soils, which could readily lead to leaching problems.  相似文献   

10.
The relation between soil water content and the growth of cotton root was studied for the scheme of field water and cotton yield under mulched drip irrigation. Based on the field experiments, three treatments of soil water content were conducted with 90%, 75%θf, and 60%θf （θfis field water capacity）. Cotton roots and root-shoot ratio were studied with digging method, and the soil moisture was observed with TDR （time domain reflector）, and cotton yield was measured. The results indicated that the growth of cotton root accorded with Logistic growth curve in the three treatments, the cotton root grew quickly and its weight was very high under 75%θf because of the suitable soil water condition, while grew slowly and its weight was lower under 90%θf due to water moisture beyond the suitable condition, and the root weight was in between under 60%θf For the three water treatments, the cotton root weight decreased with soil depth, and decreased more significantly in deeper soil layer with the soil moisture increasing. And the ratio of cotton root weight in 0-30 cm soil layer to the total root weight was the highest under 75%θf. The cotton root system was distributed mainly in the soil of narrow row and wide row mulched with plastic film, and little in the soil outside plastic film. The weight of cotton root was the highest in the soil of narrow row or wide row mulched with plastic film under 75%θf. Root-shoot ratio decreased with the soil moisture increasing. The soil water content affected cotton yields, and cotton yield was the highest under 75%θf. The higher soil moisture level is unfavorable to the growth of cotton root system and yield of cotton under mulched drip irrigation.  相似文献   

11.
不同土壤中苯噻草胺的微生物降解   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
研究了除草剂苯噻草胺在不同土壤中的降解。结果表明，有机质含量低的土壤中微生物降解是其消失的主要因素，有机质含量高的黑土中吸附结合是其消失的主要因素。水田条件下苯噻草胺消失速率比旱田条件下快，但消失类型不同。被吸附的农药在解吸前不参与微生物降解，土壤有机质含量影响苯噻草胺的实际降解速率。提出反 S型函数模型更好地拟合农药在土壤中的消失动态。  相似文献   

12.
以湖南省沅江市新湾村为供试地,选择不同土壤(不同有机质、不同地形)为研究对象,对土壤属性、土壤含水量和作物生长发育及产量、品质进行观测。结果表明,土壤含水量与土壤有机质丰缺、地形坡度密切相关:有机质丰富和地形坡度小的土壤,土质结构良好,使土壤容重下降,加快降水入渗,减少地表径流,增加土壤含水量,增强保水能力,相应地作物产量大幅度提高。建议平整土地和增施有机肥,保持水土,培肥地力,提高抗旱能力,增加作物单产,提高品质。  相似文献   

13.
污染土壤中有机质和重金属互相作用的模拟研究   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文
    为了解污染土壤中有机质积累与重金属积累之间的相互影响,在供试土壤中添加不同等级的有机物料和重金属元素Pb与Cu,在培养条件下研究有机物对土壤重金属稳定性的影响及不同重金属添加量对土壤生物呼吸强度和有机质矿化的影响.结果表明,随着重金属添加量的增加,土壤微生物生物量和有机质矿化速率显著下降,添加的有机物料残留增加,促进了土壤有机碳的积累.同时,有机碳的积累又增加了土壤对重金属的吸附固定,增加了土壤中重金属的稳定性,降低了其淋溶性,有利于重金属在土壤中的积聚.分析结果表明,颗粒态有机质中重金属的富集是土壤有机质矿化减弱和重金属稳定性增加的主要原因.由此推断,污染土壤中重金属和有机质可通过形成重金属-颗粒态有机质复合体发生相互促进稳定或积聚的作用.  相似文献   

14.
[目的]明确施用通用调理剂对土壤PCB28降解的影响。[方法]土壤添加2 mg/kg PCB28后,根据不同浓度通用调理剂、有机肥和含水率等设置12个处理,开展培养试验,并于培养0、14、21、28 d采集土样分析PCB28浓度。[结果]施用调理剂能够促进土壤PCB28的降解,其降解率为48.6%,施用有机肥可以继续促进PCB28的降解率至59.8%,并且提高含水率能够进一步提高PCB28的降解率至67.9%。[结论]施用0.4 mg/g调理剂、0.7 mg/g有机肥和提高土壤含水率能够显著提高土壤PCB28的降解率。  相似文献   

15.
以三江平原小叶章湿地为研究对象,研究了小叶章湿地土壤SO4^2-的吸附和解吸特征。结果表明,小叶章湿地不同层土壤对SO4^2-的等温吸附均可以用Langmuir、Freundrich和Temkin方程来表示,且吸附能力均随土壤深度的增加而增加,这种变化和土壤有机质、pH值和粘粒含量密切相关。土壤的解吸能力不仅和土壤质地密切相关,而且受土壤中吸附SO4^2-的影响,一般当土壤中吸附SO4^2-量较大时,解吸的绝对量大,但解吸率较低,反之亦然。吸附率明显高于解吸率,对于延缓土壤的酸化具有一定的意义。  相似文献   

16.
灌漠土的磷素吸附特性与供磷缓冲能力的初步研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
用Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程能良好地描述灌漠土对磷素的吸附,相关系数在0.8以上。根据Langmuir方程计算的标准磷素需要量与土壤吸湿水、有机质和粘粒含量呈高度正相关。回归分析表明,最大缓冲容量(Mb)和吸附反应自由能(△G°)与吸湿水、有机质和粘粒含量呈高度正相关,与Olsen—P呈强负相关,与pH没有统计上显著的相关性。Mb和△G°间的相关系数达0.92。  相似文献   

17.
利用人工污染土壤,研究了高锰酸钾对4种不同土壤中菲和芘的氧化修复效果。结果表明,当高锰酸钾浓度为33.33mmol·L-1时,土壤中菲和芘的氧化去除率达到最大。高锰酸钾氧化去除率不仅与高锰酸钾浓度有关,还与土壤性质和老化时间有关。土壤有机质含量的增加会降低高锰酸钾对土壤中菲和芘的氧化去除率;随着老化时间的增加,高锰酸钾的氧化去除率逐渐降低。老化40d后,4种土壤中菲和芘的氧化去除率显著降低,菲的氧化去除率在14%～67%之间,芘的氧化去除率在61%～84%之间。高锰酸钾氧化前后,4种土壤中有机质含量下降范围为0.77%～9.21%。从土壤有机质含量来看,高锰酸钾氧化修复多环芳烃污染土壤对土壤质量影响较小,具有较好的应用前景。  相似文献   

18.
渤海湾港城盐碱原土的快速改良研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
通过淡水洗盐、有机质增效和提高渗透性方法,对港城原土进行了快速改良研究。结果表明：通过淡水洗盐均可将不同含盐量土壤的盐分洗至正常水平（0.2%）以下,加水量（Y）与土壤含盐量（X）的直线回归方程为Y=1.455 2＋0.597 0X（R^2=0.934 5）;添加玉米秸秆可明显提高土壤有机质含量,且随添加比例的增加而提高;添加玉米秸秆和珍珠岩可提高土壤渗透性,添加比例以5%为宜。  相似文献   

19.
阿维菌素土壤吸附特性研究   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
 【目的】研究阿维菌素在土壤中的环境行为。【方法】应用平衡法研究了阿维菌素在5种土壤上的吸附特性。【结果】土壤对阿维菌素具有很强的吸附特性，且随着土壤理化性质的差异，土壤对阿维菌素的吸附性有着明显差异；阿维菌素在土壤中的吸附符合Fruendlich方程，其吸附常数Kaf值与土壤有机质含量和粘粒含量呈显著正相关性；阿维菌素在土壤上的吸附自由能为10.9859～25.1538 kJ•mol-1。【结论】阿维菌素在土壤上的吸附主要是物理吸附；表面活性剂吐温－80对水稻土、菜地土和山地红壤上吸附的阿维菌素具有显明的增溶作用，而对山地黄壤和盐碱土则有着增加土壤对阿维菌素的吸附能力的影响。  相似文献   

20.
秸秆还田和施肥对耕层土壤养分变异的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
以定位试验和河北省土壤养分调查的数据为基础,重点研究了秸秆还田和施肥对土壤养分循环的影响。结果表明,施用氮磷钾肥后土壤有机质比10年前提高0.14～0.21个百分点,在施用氮磷钾肥的基础上,秸秆还田的土壤有机质含量比秸秆不还田提高0.02～0.1个百分点;同时,秸秆还田还能提高土壤容重和田间持水量,改善土壤质量。与1982年相比河北省土壤有机质除张家口、承德下降外,其余9地市都呈上升趋势,土壤速效磷11个地市全部上升,土壤速效钾11个地市则普遍下降。  相似文献   

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