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1.
In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of pigs originating from different herds bacteria, cells and the antibacterial peptide PR-39 were examined to gain information about the lung health status. In a high health nucleus herd 56% and in low health herds 20-100% of the examined pigs were found positive for potentially pathogenic bacteria. Based on these findings, a novel definition for bacterial respiratory tract disease was established using an 8% cut-off for the relative number of neutrophils in bronchoscopic and a 40% cut-off in transtracheal BALF in combination with the occurrence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. The antibacterial peptide PR-39 was highly correlated to this definition of respiratory disease. An assessment of the bacteriological respiratory health status appears to be possibly based on the determination of PR-39 concentrations in BALF using different cut-off values according to the lavage method (2.5 nM for bronchoscopic and 5 nM for transtracheal BALF).  相似文献   

2.
Accurate definition of respiratory health in pigs is an important problem for swine producers and veterinarians. In an approach to identify potential biomarkers, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)-derived proteins from pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae were performed at different time points post infection. Mock-infected pigs were used as a control. It was shown that the antimicrobial peptides, prophenin-2 and PR-39, and the calcium-binding protein calgranulin C were reproducibly upregulated in BALF of pigs chronically infected with A. pleuropneumoniae. Concentrations of PR-39 were significantly (p<0.05) increased in BALF (median of 4.8 nM) but not in serum (median of 2.5 nM) on day 21 after infection. A Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) plot showed that PR-39 in BALF is an accurate and easily accessible marker to detect clinically healthy pigs convalescent from an experimental A. pleuropneumoniae infection. These results imply that PR-39 might have a potential as a general biomarker to determine porcine respiratory health.  相似文献   

3.
The maturation of respiratory tract defence was investigated in a longitudinal study of calves during the first 100 days of life. From day 7, the proportions of the cell types identified in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were similar to those found in adults, with a predominance of alveolar macrophages over polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and lymphocytes. Functionally, bactericidal activity of BAL cells was defective and for the first 21 days they supported intracellular bacterial growth. At 24 hours of life, the movement of peripheral blood neutrophils to a chemotactic source was poor, but this increased rapidly during the first week of life. Like BAL cells, peripheral blood PMNs supported intracellular bacterial growth for the first two weeks of life. These studies suggest that cellular defence mechanisms may be compromised during the first week of life.  相似文献   

4.
A new transtracheal bronchoalveolar lavage technique for the diagnosis of respiratory disease in sheep under field conditions was tested in 76 sheep. The sheep were divided into three groups, normal sheep, sheep with clinical signs of respiratory disease and housed sheep, on the basis of their respiratory disease history and husbandry conditions. The detection of Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae or parainfluenza virus type 3 and bovine respiratory syncytial virus antigen in the lavage samples was closely correlated with clinical disease. The sheep with clinical respiratory disease had a higher mean percentage of neutrophils in the lavage fluid than the sheep in the other two groups.  相似文献   

5.
Twenty-four healthy cats underwent bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage to determine the normal cytologic environment of the lower respiratory tract of cats. Initial screening to ensure the health of the study population included complete histories, physical examinations, thoracic radiography, CBC, serologic tests for feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, and occult heartworm, and sugar and Baermann fecal flotation. In 18 cats, protected catheter brush samples of airway secretions from the lavaged lung segment were taken for culture of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and mycoplasma. Bronchial lavage fluid (5 sequential 10-ml aliquots of normal saline solution) was pooled and filtered with cotton gauze. The unspun sample was used for determination of a total nucleated cell count. Lavage fluid was cytocentrifuged and 500 cells/slide were scored for determination of the cellular differential. Activity of lactate dehydrogenase and concentrations of total protein and IgG within the supernatant were measured, and assays were performed to detect the presence of IgA and IgM. Complete histologic evaluation of the lavaged lung of each of 6 random-source cats was performed after differential cell counting revealed 18% eosinophils within bronchoalveolar lavage fluid recovered from this group. Alveolar macrophages were the predominant cells encountered; however, a quarter of all cells recovered were eosinophils. A significant relationship was not found between the abundance of eosinophils in the lavage fluid, and either isolation of aerobic bacteria, high total nucleated cell counts, total protein concentrations, or activity of lactate dehydrogenase. Histologic evaluation of the lungs of 5 of 6 random-source cats revealed normal lungs in 2 cats, and minimal abnormal change in 3 others. Evaluation of the lungs from 1 random source cat revealed acute, mild eosinophilic bronchiolitis. We conclude that large numbers of eosinophils may be retrieved from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of healthy cats.  相似文献   

6.
AIM: To develop a technique to estimate the volume of epithelial lining fluid (ELF) obtained during bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and pleural lavage (PL) in the dog, using the urea dilution method. METHODS: BAL and PL fluids were obtained by saline lavage of pulmonary and pleural cavities of nine clinically healthy mixed-breed dogs immediately after euthanasia. Cell counts in the BAL and PL fluids were measured using standard techniques. The concentration of ELF in each lavage fluid was calculated from the relative concentration of urea in plasma and in each type of lavage fluid. Cell counts in ELF were then calculated. RESULTS: There were substantially higher cell counts in ELF compared to BAL or PF fluid. However, nucleated cell counts in ELF could not be predicted from cell counts in BAL or PL fluid. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results suggest that accurate assessment of cellular or non-cellular components in lavage fluids should include a calculation of the proportion of ELF recovered, using a method such as urea dilution.  相似文献   

7.
OBJECTIVE: To compare concentrations of gentamicin in serum and bronchial lavage fluid after IV and aerosol administration of gentamicin to horses. ANIMALS: 9 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE: Gentamicin was administered by aerosolization (20 ml of gentamicin solution [50 mg/ml]) and IV injection (6.6 mg of gentamicin/kg of body weight) to each horse, with a minimum of 2 weeks between treatments. Samples of pulmonary epithelial lining fluid were collected by small volume (30 ml) bronchial lavage 0.5, 4, 8, and 24 hours after gentamicin administration. Serum samples were obtained at the same times. All samples were analyzed for gentamicin concentration, and cytologic examinations were performed on aliquots of bronchial lavage fluid collected at 0.5, 8, and 24 hours. RESULTS: Gentamicin concentrations in bronchial lavage fluid were significantly greater 0.5, 4, and 8 hours after aerosol administration, whereas serum concentrations were significantly less at all times after aerosol administration, compared with IV administration. Neutrophil counts in bronchial lavage fluid increased from 0.5 to 24 hours, regardless of route of gentamicin administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Aerosol administration of gentamicin to healthy horses resulted in gentamicin concentrations in bronchial fluid that were significantly greater than those obtained after IV administration. A mild inflammatory cell response was associated with aerosol delivery of gentamicin and repeated bronchial lavage. Aerosol administration of gentamicin may have clinical use in the treatment of bacterial bronchopneumonia in horses.  相似文献   

8.
The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of age on bronchoscopic features and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cellularity in dogs. Thirty healthy beagle dogs from three age groups were included: young dogs (10 months to 4.5 years of age; n = 8), middle-aged dogs (5–8 years old; n = 13) and older dogs (>8 years; n = 9). Haematology, thoracic radiography, bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage were performed; bronchoscopic findings were scored and BALF total and differential cell counts were determined. The total bronchoscopic score was higher in older dogs; these dogs had more irregular bronchial mucosa, more prominent mucosal vessels and bronchiectasis. Younger dogs had a higher percentage of neutrophils in BALF compared with middle-aged and old dogs and a higher percentage of lymphocytes in BALF compared with middle-aged dogs. The results show that age has an effect on bronchoscopic features of airways and the composition of BALF in the dog.  相似文献   

9.
AIM: To develop a technique to estimate the volume of epithelial lining fluid (ELF) obtained during bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and pleural lavage (PL) in the dog, using the urea dilution method.

METHODS: BAL and PL fluids were obtained by saline lavage of pulmonary and pleural cavities of nine clinically healthy mixed-breed dogs immediately after euthanasia. Cell counts in the BAL and PL fluids were measured using standard techniques. The concentration of ELF in each lavage fluid was calculated from the relative concentration of urea in plasma and in each type of lavage fluid. Cell counts in ELF were then calculated.

RESULTS: There were substantially higher cell counts in ELF compared to BAL or PF fluid. However, nucleated cell counts in ELF could not be predicted from cell counts in BAL or PL fluid.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results suggest that accurate assessment of cellular or non-cellular components in lavage fluids should include a calculation of the proportion of ELF recovered, using a method such as urea dilution.  相似文献   

10.
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was analyzed in healthy horses, using different lavage fluid volumes and lung sites. The only significant difference in the cellular composition of BAL fluid between the right and left lungs was the mast cell numbers, which were significantly higher in the left lung. Total cell count ranged from 34 to 330 cells/microliter for the right lung and 43 to 330 cells/microliter for the left lung. Percentage of neutrophils ranged from 1 to 7% in the right lung and 1 to 5% in the left lung. The small-volume (50 ml) lavage had a greater percentage of neutrophils and a lesser percentage of mast cells in the large-volume (350 ml) lavage. Statistical difference in the composition of BAL fluid recovered was not detected between the 3 sequential 100-ml lavages and a single 300-ml lavage, except that macrophages were significantly higher in the 3 sequential 100-ml lavages. Values for BAL fluid analysis in healthy horses have varied considerably and this variation is from a failure to adhere to any standard technique for volume of fluid infused.  相似文献   

11.
The ability of the SAV 6 high-frequency jet ventilator to effectively ventilate three anesthetized, paralyzed cats (3.2–4.2 kg), two small dogs (7.2 and 10.0 kg), six medium-sized dogs (20.5–25.0 kg), and three large dogs (36.0–43.0 kg) via a 14-gauge (dogs) or a 16-gauge (cats) catheter placed percutaneously into the trachea via the cricothyroid membrane or into a preplaced endotracheal tube was evaluated. The lowest driving pressure within the range of 0.25 to 2.0 kg/cm2 (1 kg/cm2= 14.2 psi) and the highest cycle rate within the range of 60 to 240 per minute that would generate a PaCO2 of 30 ± 3 mm Hg were determined.
All animals could be ventilated to a PaC02 of 30 ± 3 mm Hg by the endotracheal tube and transtracheal route, except the largest dogs, which couid be ventilated to an average PaC02 of 36 mm Hg by the transtracheal route. The transtracheal route consistently required higher driving pressures and lower cycle rates than did the endotracheal tube route. Cats could be ventilated with a driving pressure of 0.25 kg/cm2; small dogs could be ventilated with 0.5 to 1.0 kg/cm2; medium-sized dogs with 1.0 to 1.5 kg/cm2; and large dogs with 1.5 to 2.0 kg/cm2.
The SAV 6 high-frequency jet ventilator can effectively ventilate cats and dogs (7.2–43.0 kg) via a transtracheal catheter and an endotracheal tube.  相似文献   

12.
PR-39 is a porcine antimicrobial peptide that plays an important role in the innate defense mechanism.We produced monoclonal antibodies(MAbs)against PR-39 by fusing mouse myeloma cells with lymph node cells from BALB/c mice immunized with the reactive site sequence PR-11 of PR-39.Furthermore,we investigated the effect of lactoferrin on PR-39 gene levels and peptide concentrations in cultural supernatants of bone marrow granulocytes by RT-PCR and the competitive inhibition ELISA method established in this study.Two hybridomas 3H5 and 5H7 were selected for developing ascites and contained MAbs against PR-11,which were used for screening the specificity to PR-39 by competitive inhibition ELISA.We found that MAbs were successfully produced against PR-11 and the MAbs had a strong reaction with PR-39 excreted by porcine marrow granulocytes.The ascites had a relatively high titer and the purified MAbs were determined as IgG1.Incubation with 10 or 100 μg/mL lactoferrin significantly increased(P0.05)PR-39 mRNA levels in bone marrow granulocytes after 3 h and 6 h,but 1000 μg/mL lactoferrin reduced(P0.05)PR-39 mRNA expression after 3 h and 6 h compared with control(no lactoferrin added).The relative concentrations of PR-39 in supernatant secreted by marrow granulocytes were significantly increased by 1000 μg/mL lactoferrin after both 3 h and 6 h.These findings suggest a regulatory role of lactoferrin for the antimicrobial peptide PR-39 in marrow cells in vitro.It is possible that the regulation of antimicrobial peptide PR-39 expression may be one of the protective mechanisms of lactoferrin in pigs.  相似文献   

13.
Proline-Arginine-39 (PR-39) is a small cationic, proline and arginine rich, cathelicidin that plays an important role in the porcine innate immune system. Although PR-39 was first discovered in intestinal cell lysates of pigs, subsequent research has indicated that it is primarily expressed in bone marrow and other lymphoid tissues including the thymus and spleen, as well as in leukocytes. Mature PR-39 cathelicidin has anti-microbial activity against many gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria. PR-39 is also a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune system with recognized immunomodulatory, wound healing, anti-apoptotic, and pro-angiogenic functions. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current knowledge about the structure, expression, and functions of PR-39 and its potential to promote intestinal homeostasis. This understanding is relevant in the search of alternative therapeutics against diarrheic enterocolitis, a major problem faced by pork producers both in terms of costs and risk of zoonosis.  相似文献   

14.
Lavage procedures were used to obtain samples of respiratory secretions from the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and bronchoalveolar level of apparently normal conscious horses, and the cellular composition of the lavage fluids was assessed. There was a progressive increase in total cell count of the secretions obtained from the upper to the lower respiratory tracts. Nasal lavage fluid was composed chiefly of epithelial cells, whereas tracheal, bronchial and bronchoalveolar fluids contained higher proportions of macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils. Eosinophils and mast cells were identified in small numbers. The results of the differential cell counts were compared with previous published reports, which revealed some major differences between studies. It is suggested that these differences may relate to variations in the collection technique, the cytological interpretation of cell types, the presence of subclinical airway disease, and the degree of exposure to airborne environmental contaminants.  相似文献   

15.
PR-39 is a porcine antimicrobial peptide that plays an important role in the innate defense mechanism. We produced monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against PR-39 by fusing mouse myeloma cells with lymph node cells from BALB/c mice immunized with the reactive site sequence PR-11 of PR-39. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of lactoferrin on PR-39 gene levels and peptide concentrations in cultural supernatants of bone marrow granulocytes by RT-PCR and the competitive inhibition ELISA method established in this study. Two hybridomas 3H5 and 5H7 were selected for developing ascites and contained MAbs against PR-11, which were used for screening the specificity to PR-39 by competitive inhibition ELISA. We found that MAbs were successfully produced against PR-11 and the MAbs had a strong reaction with PR-39 excreted by porcine marrow granulocytes. The ascites had a relatively high titer and the purified MAbs were determined as IgG1. Incubation with 10 or 100 µg/mL lactoferrin significantly increased (P < 0.05) PR-39 mRNA levels in bone marrow granulocytes after 3 h and 6 h, but 1000 µg/mL lactoferrin reduced (P < 0.05) PR-39 mRNA expression after 3 h and 6 h compared with control (no lactoferrin added). The relative concentrations of PR-39 in supernatant secreted by marrow granulocytes were significantly increased by 1000 µg/mL lactoferrin after both 3 h and 6 h. These findings suggest a regulatory role of lactoferrin for the antimicrobial peptide PR-39 in marrow cells in vitro. It is possible that the regulation of antimicrobial peptide PR-39 expression may be one of the protective mechanisms of lactoferrin in pigs.  相似文献   

16.
Comparisons were made between transtracheal aspirate (TTA) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology obtained from 50 horses with chronic lung disease and from 10 control horses. There was no significant correlation between the TTA cytology and the BAL cytology, suggesting that the cell population in the trachea is not representative of the cell population in the lower airways. In control horses the range of differential cell counts obtained from TTA fluid was remarkably large, whereas the variability in cell populations observed in BAL fluid was smaller. In the principal horses the total and differential cell counts of the TTA and BAL fluids were within the 95 per cent confidence interval in 38 and 24 per cent of cases, respectively; and an increase in percentage neutrophils was most common. It was concluded that BAL may be a useful diagnostic aid when evaluating horses with chronic lung disease, but that the clinical usefulness of cytological evaluations of TTA fluid may be limited in these cases.  相似文献   

17.
Background: Diagnosis of lower respiratory disease requires collection of airway samples to confirm the etiology of disease. Bronchoscopic evaluation is commonly performed in dogs but less information is available in cats. Hypothesis: The presence and number of bronchoscopic abnormalities visualized during bronchoscopic evaluation of cats with lower respiratory disease will correlate with the type of disease and total and differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Animals: Forty‐eight cats prospectively evaluated by a single bronchoscopist. Methods: Bronchoscopy was performed during clinical evaluation of cats presenting with cough, respiratory distress, or both. Cats were evaluated for airway hyperemia, stenosis, or collapse, mucus accumulation, bronchiectasis, and epithelial irregularities. Cats were placed into groups of bronchitis/“asthma,” pneumonia, or neoplasia based on BAL findings, histopathology, and response to appropriate medical therapy. Summation of bronchial abnormalities and total and differential cell counts were compared among groups. Results: Endobronchial abnormalities were common in cats with feline bronchitis/asthma, pneumonia, and neoplasia and no differentiating features were found. Excessive mucus accumulation was common (83%), followed by stenosis of bronchial openings and nodular epithelial irregularities (56%), airway hyperemia (54%), airway collapse (48%), and bronchiectasis (27%). Total bronchoscopic score and total cell count did not differ among groups, although differential cell counts were significantly different. A weak correlation (R2= 0.16, P= .006) between age and total bronchoscopic score was noted. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Bronchoscopic abnormalities are common in cats with lower respiratory tract disease, and visualization of the airways provides additional nonspecific clinical information in cats.  相似文献   

18.
Pneumonic pasteurellosis was experimentally induced in calves by inoculation of 5 x 10(8) Pasteurella haemolytica organisms into the right diaphragmatic lung lobe. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were obtained prior to inoculation and at postinoculation hour (PIH) 2, 4, and 6. Calves developed acute lung injury, characteristic of pneumonic pasteurellosis. Lesions were found only in the right diaphragmatic lobe. By PIH 4, significant (P less than 0.01) increases were detected in lavage fluid total cell count, neutrophil count, total protein and albumin concentrations, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactic dehydrogenase (LD) activities. Myeloperoxidase and elastase activities did not increase. Neutrophil depletion ameliorated the lung lesions and prevented the increase in lavage fluid cell count, total protein, and albumin concentrations and ALP and LD activities. Treatment with the iron chelator, deferoxamine mesylatehydroxyethyl starch, attenuated the increase in total protein and albumin concentrations and ALP and LD activities at PID 4, but not PIH 6. Treatment with a neutrophil function inhibitor, pentoxifylline, prevented the increase in lavage fluid neutrophil numbers, but accentuated the increase in total protein and albumin concentrations, and ALP, LD, myeloperoxidase, and elastase activities.  相似文献   

19.
A technique to standardise the analysis of cellular and non-cellular components in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) collected during saline lavage of pulmonary and pleural cavities was developed using the urea dilution method. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and pleural lavage (PL) fluids were collected from 12 clinically healthy cats. Total and differential cell counts in BAL fluid were within normal ranges for the cat, while cell counts in PL fluid were assumed to be normal based on clinical health during examination, auscultation and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities being comparable with other species. The major clinical implication of this study was that nucleated cell counts within feline ELF could not be predicted from analysis of lavage fluid which suggests that calculation of the proportion of ELF in lavage fluid by the urea dilution method may be necessary to avoid misdiagnosis of health or disease in pulmonary or pleural cavities.  相似文献   

20.
Eleven awake dogs and two cats received high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) via a transtracheal catheter for 6 hours to evaluate their clinical tolerance to the technique. A bronchoscopic examination was performed in all animals prior to and the morning of the day after the procedure to determine the gross effects of the technique on the tracheal epithelium.
All animals tolerated the technique well, exhibiting no discomfort and only a minimal amount of coughing. Only one dog exhibited coughing on the day following the procedure. No bronchoscopic changes were noted after HFJV in one dog. In one dog and one cat, the only observed change was an increase in the prominence of the vascularity compared to that observed prior to HFJV. The remaining animals exhibited more severe tracheal changes that included: an accumulation of mucus (seven dogs, one cat), focal spots of hemorrhage (two dogs), linear stretches of epithelial denuding (two dogs), and diffuse reddening and epithelial denuding (four dogs).
High-frequency jet ventilation by a transtracheal intravenous catheter is well tolerated for short-term ventilatory support in dogs and cats, but the magnitude of the tracheal damage observed in the present report may preclude long-term ventilatory support by this tecnique.  相似文献   

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