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1.

This study aimed to evaluate the intake, digestion, blood parameters, and feeding behavior of crossbred dairy cows (Holstein?×?Gir) managed on Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania-1 and provided supplementation with groundnut cake, sunflower cake, or palm kernel cake (to replace soybean meal). Sixteen cows were randomly assigned in a Latin square design with four treatments and four experimental periods. The consumption of nutrients from the pasture did not vary between experimental treatments. Cows receiving the palm kernel cake supplement had a reduced crude protein, non-fibrous carbohydrate, and total digestible nutrient intake and an increase in the average consumption of ether extract. There was also a reduction in the digestibility of dry matter. The inclusion of supplements in the diet did not influence the average time spent eating, ruminating, or resting. The mean values of respiratory and heart rates showed thermal comfort during the trial period. There was a reduction in blood urea nitrogen with palm kernel cake supplementation, and the values of total protein, albumin, and glucose were also significantly different with this supplement. It is recommended that cakes of groundnut cake and sunflower cake seed be used for a total replacement of soybean meal supplements for lactating cows, but the use of palm kernel cake is not recommended.

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2.
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the partial replacement of elephant grass silage with babassu cake (Orbignya speciosa) on the carcass characteristics and meat quality of feedlot lambs. Forty-five castrated male Santa Ines sheep (19.08?±?0.41 kg) approximately 4 months old were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments 0.0, 12.5, 25.0, 37.5 and 50 % (%DM) replacement of babassu cake with silage forming isoproteic diets formulated at a ratio of 40 % roughage to 60 % concentrate. All of the studied animals were slaughtered at the end of the experiment. The liver weights and yields increased with the inclusion of babassu cake. The weight of the shoulder increased from 2.31 to 2.61 kg, while the loin yield decreased from 7.38 to 6.64 % with the inclusion of babassu cake, both linearly. The body length, thoracic perimeter, rump perimeter and carcass compactness index showed high and positive correlations with the hot and cold carcass weights. The myofibrillar fragmentation index decreased linearly as a function of the inclusion level of babassu cake, but other quality variables were not affected. The replacement of up to 50 % of the elephant grass silage with babassu cake in the diet of lambs does not cause negative effects on carcass characteristics or meat quality.  相似文献   

3.
This study aimed to evaluate the substitution of imported corn and soybean by local feed resources from tropical production settings such as entire green banana and Gliricidia sepium forage as energy and protein sources, respectively, in sheep diets. Two experiments were conducted: first, a ‘growth trial’ and second, an in vivo digestion study. In the ‘growth trial’, 40 Martinik lambs [body weight (BW): 29.4 ± 3.6 kg; 6 months old) were used and distributed into four groups of 10 lambs each according to treatment: HBGl (banana + gliricidia at low level; 1500 g/day; 119 g/kg BW0.75), HBGh (banana + gliricidia at high level; 3000 g/day; 238 g/kg BW0.75), HBS (banana + soybean cake) and Control (corn + soybean cake). In digestion trial, four Martinik rams (BW: 57.2 ± 3.45 kg) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used; treatments (HBG, HBS and Control) were similar but adjusted to metabolic body weight (MW) and just one level of gliricidia was used. Intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed intake to gain index (F:G), apparent total and ruminal digestibilities as well as nitrogen balance, microbial efficiency and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile were monitored. Lambs fed HBGh had greater dry matter (DM) intake based on MW and ADG (173 g/day vs. 141 g/day; p < 0.001), whereas HBGl lambs showed the lowest ADG (71.5 g/day) and the worst F:G (14.4; p < 0.001). The DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibilities were not influenced by treatment, whereas crude protein digestibility was higher (p = 0.024) in diets offered banana or corn + soybean cake (687 g/kg DM and 658 g/kg DM, respectively). Ruminal DM and OM digestibilities did not differ among treatments. Total or individual VFA concentrations were also not influenced by the diet. Higher (p = 0.006) ruminal fluid pH values were recorded for diets combining banana and gliricidia (6.54) or banana and soybean (6.39) until 3 h after a meal. As all animals on gliricidia‐ and banana‐supplemented diets gained weight and maintained a positive N balance, it is concluded that green banana and gliricidia forage may be a viable alternative to replace conventional energy and protein supplements in sheep diets.  相似文献   

4.
A growth and metabolic study was conducted on chicks fed on one of nine experimental rations containing different levels of de‐oiled silkworm pupae meal and corn‐steep fluid as a replacement of fish meal and groundnut cake respectively. The results revealed that half of the fish meal (5 per cent) and half of the groundnut cake (10 per cent) can be safely replaced by de‐oiled silkworm pupae and corn‐steep fluid respectively on equal protein basis in chick rations.  相似文献   

5.
This study compared the productive and nutritional parameters of milk from crossbred lactating cows managed on Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania and with a diet supplemented with different pressed oilseed cakes. The supplements used were as follows: peanut cake, sunflower cake and palm kernel cake for replacement of soybean meal. Sixteen cows with an average weight of 544 ± 57 kg and producing 8 ± 1.4 L of milk per day were used in this study. The animals were randomly assigned to the treatments according to a Latin square design repeated over time, with four treatments, 16 animals and four experimental periods. Supplementation of the diet with peanut cake, sunflower cake and palm kernel cake compared with soybean meal in the diet of cows did not affect the average daily production or composition of the milk. The palm kernel cake promoted an increase in lauric fatty acids (C12:0) and palmitoleic acids (C16:1) (5.02 and 1.65%, respectively) compared with peanut cake and sunflower cake (4.13 and 4.01%, respectively). The levels of oleic fatty acids (C18:1) were higher for the sunflower cake and palm kernel cake supplements (26.01 and 25.01%, respectively) compared with peanut cake (23.11%). The replacement of soybean meal with sunflower cake and palm kernel cake improved the nutritional quality of the milk, with lower concentrations of saturated fatty acids and higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids, without compromising the production or nutritional composition of the milk. © 2015 Japanese Society of Animal Science  相似文献   

6.
Patterns of tissue mobilisation in ruminants are ill-understood. This hinders nutritional management to mitigate the effects of energy deprivation on protein mass, and nutritional regimens designed to change body composition. An experiment was conducted to comprehensively evaluate the effects of a low-energy high-protein diet in growing lambs. Three diets (CON = concentrate diet ad libitum, STR = straw ad libitum, SFM = straw ad libitum plus 150 g/d fish meal) were fed to growing white-face lambs. Analysis of feed intake and metabolite data provided evidence that greater available N did not have a synergistic effect on intake of low quality forage. Metabolite and hormone profiles of lambs in negative energy balance, supplemented with duodenally available protein, revealed that SFM animals did not respond with an accelerated rate of fat mobilization or maintain protein mass due to available N. This was particularly evident from the leptin profiles, which indicated higher circulating leptin levels for SFM compared to STR animals. Further, the data revealed that in sheep fed below requirements for maintenance, leptin levels did not correspond with acute ME intake, whereas the opposite was true for well-fed animals. Conversely, the response of the GH/IGF-1 axis to high protein–energy ratio (PER) diets was indicative of effects not explained by the difference in energy provided by the two experimental diets.

These results contrast with observations from intra-gastric infusion experiments testing similar PERs and previous conventional feeding trials and provide evidence of: (1) specific differences associated with PER in lambs fed via intra-gastric infusion vs. a conventional feeding approach, and (2) lack of usefulness of high PER diets in the post hoc modification of body composition of growing lambs. While positive N balance is known to occur in ruminants in negative energy balance, the determinants of relative proportions of muscle and adipose tissue catabolised under energy deprivation remain unknown.  相似文献   


7.
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of a high protein – low energy diet on body composition of feedlot lambs The objective was to assess the capability of such a diet to reduce body fat while preserving lean body mass. Three dietary regimens were compared: a typical feedlot diet (CON), barley straw at libitum (STR), and barley straw supplemented with fish meal (SFM). The latter two diets caused an energy deficit in the experimental animals. Significant treatment effects on mass of metabolic organs, body composition, and carcass data were observed. Conventional analysis of sensory data and fatty acid profiles of adipose and muscle tissue identified few significant dietary effects, yet discriminant analysis clearly separated all treatment groups. It was concluded that protein supplementation of ruminants in the catabolic state does not conserve protein mass. Given the high cost of protein supplementation, the post hoc modification of body composition of feedlot lambs is not a viable option. It is suggested that the production of feedlot lambs with a desirable degree of fatness should employ a feeding strategy dynamically adapted to the changes in protein – energy balance required by the growing ruminant.  相似文献   

8.
Metabolic acidosis is a condition often induced by ruminal acidosis. Identification of the specific proteolytic pathways affected by metabolic acidosis and characterization of AA concentration changes induced by metabolic acidosis in ruminants has yet to be confirmed. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of nutritionally induced metabolic acidosis on lamb plasma AA and tissue variables, including mRNA and protein expression of components of the ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic pathway. Lambs (n = 10) were divided evenly into treatment groups receiving alfalfa pellets supplemented with 1) a control canola meal supplement, or 2) HCl-treated canola meal supplement for a 10-d treatment period. On d 11, lambs were slaughtered and liver, muscle, and kidney samples were collected to determine mRNA expression of components of the ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic pathway and ubiquitin protein expression. Plasma concentrations of serine (P = 0.06), glycine (P = 0.002), and glutamine (P = 0.04) were greater in acidotic lambs compared with control animals, indicating that protein catabolism may be occurring. However, no alteration (P > 0.1) in messenger RNA expression of the proteasome subunit C8, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, or ubiquitin or in ubiquitin protein expression were observed. These results suggest that ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is not the primary pathway of protein degradation in lambs afflicted with metabolic acidosis.  相似文献   

9.
This study presents the first results from Brazil using SF6 tracer technique adapted from cattle to evaluate the capability of condensed tannin (CT) present in three tropical legume forages, Leucaena leucocephala (LEU), Styzolobium aterrimum (STA), and Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth (MIM) to reduce enteric CH4 production in Santa Inês sheep. Twelve male lambs [27.88?±?2.85 kg body weight (BW)] were allocated in individual metabolic cages for 20-day adaptation followed by 6 days for measuring dry matter intake (DMI) and CH4 emission. All lambs received water, mineral supplement, and Cynodon dactylon v. coast-cross hay ad libitum. The treatments consisted of soybean meal (710 g/kg) and ground corn (290 g/kg) [control (CON)]; soybean meal (150 g/kg), ground corn (30 g/kg), and Leucaena hay (820 g/kg) (LEU); soybean meal (160 g/kg), ground corn (150 g/kg), and Mucuna hay (690 g/kg) (STA); and soybean meal (280 g/kg), ground corn (190 g/kg), and Mimosa hay (530 g/kg) (MIM); all calculated to provide 40 g/kg CT (except for CON). DMI (in grams of DMI per kilogram BW per day) was lower for LEU (22.0) than CON (29.3), STA (31.2), and MIM (31.6). The LEU group showed emission of 7.8 g CH4/day, significantly lower than CON (10.5 g CH4/day), STA (10.4 g CH4/day), and MIM (11.3 g CH4/day). However, when the CH4 emission per DMI was considered, there were no significant differences among treatments (0.37, 0.36, 0.33, and 0.35 g CH4/g DMI/kg BW/day, respectively, for CON, LEU, STA, and MIM). The sheep receiving STA had shown a tendency (p?=?0.15) to reduce methane emission when compared to the CON group. Therefore, it is suggested that tropical tanniniferous legumes may have potential to reduce CH4 emission in sheep, but more research is warranted to confirm these results.  相似文献   

10.
To study the effect of feeding calcium hydroxide-treated or vitamin E-supplemented cottonseed meal (CSM) incorporated diets on plasma gossypol, blood parameters and animal performance, 24 male Bikaneri lambs of 6–7 months of age and of uniform body weight were divided into four groups of six animals each in a completely randomized design and respectively fed isonitrogenous and isocaloric concentrate mixtures containing 20 % soybean meal (CON) or 40 % raw CSM (RCSM), 40 % raw CSM supplemented with 500 IU of vitamin E per head per day (ERCSM), and 40 %, 1.5 % calcium hydroxide-treated CSM (CaCSM) along with ad libitum wheat straw throughout 510 days of experimental feeding. The lambs on all the diets grew linearly throughout the experimental period. The total weight gain, in turn the average daily gain (ADG), was not affected by dietary variations. The daily intake of dry matter, crude protein (CP), digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were found comparable among lambs of all the groups. Though total gossypol intake was similar in RCSM, ECSM and CaCSM groups, however, free gossypol intake was significantly higher (P?<?0.01) in RCSM, ECSM groups as compared to CaCSM group. Serum iron and blood hemoglobin levels were significantly (P?<?0.05) lower in RCSM group as compared to CaCSM and CON groups, and ALT activity was significantly (P?<?0.05) higher on RCSM group as compared to other groups. Plasma gossypol and osmotic fragility of erythrocytes were significantly (P?<?0.05) increased in RCSM group as compared to CaCSM and ERCSM groups. However, there was no significant difference in the concentration of other blood/serum biochemical constituents among the lambs on different groups. Based on the results, it may be concluded that feeding of 40 % CSM in the concentrate mixture of the diet in Bikaneri lambs did not have any major adverse effect in blood parameters and animal performance. Either calcium hydroxide treatment or vitamin E supplementation did not produce any major additional benefits.  相似文献   

11.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing Tifton 85 hay (0, 33, 66, or 100 %) with by castor bean hulls on the intake and nutrient digestibility and performance of 28 noncastrated lambs, averaging 7 months in age, 19.5?±?2.0 kg average live weight, fed on diets based on forage cactus. The animals were housed in individual pens for 100 days. The digestibility trial occurred 40 days after the start of the performance using LIPE® as an external indicator for estimating fecal dry matter production. The replacement of hay with Castor beans hulls linearly decreased the intakes of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, organic matter, and crude protein and reduced the digestibility coefficients of the dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, organic matter content, crude protein, and total digestible nutrient content. The hot carcass and true carcass yields were not influenced by the treatments and the feed conversion increased linearly. The empty body weight, live weight at slaughter, hot and cold carcass weights, total gain, and average daily gain decreased linearly with the replacement. The replacement of Tifton 85 hay with castor bean hulls reduced the intake of dry matter, crude protein and energy, consequently reducing the performance of the animals. However, as the regression coefficients were of low magnitude, data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared using the Dunnett test with diet without castor bean hulls set as the control treatment. The Tifton 85 hay can be replaced up to 66 % by castor bean hulls in finishing diets for lambs.  相似文献   

12.
饼粕类饲料蛋白质降解率的研究   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
５头带瘤胃和真胃瘘管的绵羊饲喂由基础饲料和蛋白质补充料豆饼、芝麻粕、大豆粕、花生粕、处理豆饼、黄豆粉组成的日粮，用体内法测得７种日粮的蛋白质瘤胃降解率（％）分别为６７．８９、６９．８２、６６．５６、７０．７０、６３．０３、７２．１７、８０．０５；相应蛋白质补充料的降解率（％）为４８．３３、４９．１８、５１．２６、６０．７７、３１．７０、６８．２２。用尼龙袋法估测上述蛋白质补充料的蛋白质降解率（Ｋ＝  相似文献   

13.
(1) Apparent ileal and total tract protein digestibilities of rapeseed meal and cake and soybean meal and cake were assayed in growing turkeys at 4, 8 and 12 weeks of age. (2) In addition, the effect of killing technique on apparent ileal protein digestibility values obtained by a slaughter method and effect of rapeseed feeding on size of specific organs were studied. (3) Protein digestibility coefficients of rapeseed products were mostly 0.10 to 0.15 units lower than those of soybean products. Ileal digestibility of protein increased slightly or remained unchanged from 4 to 8 weeks and decreased thereafter. No effect of feed processing method (meal vs cake) on ileal digestibility was observed. (4) Killing the birds by carbon dioxide inhalation and bleeding led to slightly lower ileal digestibility values than mechanical stunning and neck dislocation. (5) Total tract digestibility of protein decreased from 4 to 8 weeks of age for soybean meal and rapeseed meal but increased for soybean cake and rapeseed cake. From 8 to 12 weeks of age total tract digestibility of protein decreased for all the products tested. (6) Feed containing rapeseed led to enlargement of thyroid glands and hearts, but did not affect liver size or mortality.  相似文献   

14.
In a series of experiments it was demonstrated that highly increased activities of aspartate aminotransferase (= GOT), total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) occurred in serum of sheep on herring meal feeding. The alanine aminotransferase (A1AT = GPT) level remained unchanged. The enzyme increase was apparently not related to the liver toxic agent dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) occasionally occurring in lethal doses in meals produced from raw materials preserved with excesses- of nitrite. Histological changes of the liver or other tissues were never detected in experimental animals killed at a stage with very high serum enzyme values. Diets equivalent in digestible crude protein consisting of vegetable as well as of animal protein sources other than fish meal, did not give rise to elevated serum enzyme values.Electrophoretic separation of the LDH isoenzymes in serum of herring meal-fed sheep showed an increased percentage of the LDH1 fraction, which is predominant in liver, heart, and kidney. Determination of enzyme activities in various tissues resulted in a markedly higher concentration in livers from herring meal-fed animals than in sheep fed casein at an equal protein level. It is suggested that herring meal may have a special promoting effect on the de novo synthesis of the enzymes concerned.As a practical consequence of the experiments it must be emphasized that serum determinations of these enzymes for diagnostic purposes will give a false picture of the clinical condition of sheep fed even moderate amounts of herring meal.  相似文献   

15.
In this study, the effects of diet including different levels of olive cake were investigated on the fattening performance, blood parameters, certain slaughtering traits, and carcass quality of lambs. Thirty-six male lambs were used in the experiment. The lambs were randomly assigned to three groups with 12 lambs each. Groups included control, 12.5 and 25% olive cake (OC). The mixed feeds were offered ad libitum. All lambs were also allowed to consume alfalfa hay (83.8 g DM/animal/day). The experiment lasted for a period of 56 days. The effect of different levels of olive cake was not found different in fattening performance values of lambs in 0–56 days (P > 0.05). Carcass weight, pH, and yield were not different (P > 0.05). While the values of color parameters, cooking loss, tenderness, and ether extract level of longissimus dorsi muscle (MLD) was not found different (P > 0.05), it was determined that the levels of olive cake increased the water-holding capacity of meat (P < 0.05). Furthermore, although the levels of olive cake were shown to decrease total n-3 and total saturated fatty acids (Σ SFA), they also increased total n-6, n-6/n-3 ratio, total monounsaturated fatty acids (Σ MUFA), and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (Σ PUFA) were not different (P > 0.05).  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

AIM: To determine the effect of oral dosing of sheep with loline alkaloids on their excretion in urine and faeces, and to monitor for any toxic effects.

METHODS: In Experiment 1, six 9-month-old ewe lambs were given a single oral dose of loline alkaloids (52 mg/kg bodyweight (BW); acute exposure) as a suspension of ground meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) seed in water. In Experiment 2, on six consecutive days, six ewe lambs were given three doses of loline (68 mg/kg BW/day; chronic exposure). Blood was collected at variable intervals up to 72 h in Experiment 1, and up to 8 days in Experiment 2, for haematology and measurement of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransaminase, creatine kinase and γ-glutamyl transferase in plasma. Urine and faecal samples were collected at similar times for measurement of creatinine in urine and loline alkaloid analysis. A post mortem with histopathology was carried out on two animals at the end of each experiment.

RESULTS: The loline alkaloids, N-acetyl norloline, N-formyl loline, N-acetyl loline, N-methyl loline and loline base were detected in urine within 15 minutes after the single dosing. N-formyl loline and loline base were the predominant metabolites in urine in both experiments. The total quantity of lolines excreted in both urine and faeces was 10% and 4% of the amount dosed in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. In both experiments, the clinical chemistry parameters in blood and urine were within normal ranges. Post-mortem and histopathological examination did not show any abnormalities.

CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of loline alkaloid profiles in both urine and faeces of sheep. The appearance of loline alkaloids and the loline base in urine within 15 minutes suggests rapid uptake, metabolism and excretion. Loline alkaloids were non-toxic to sheep at the concentrations they are exposed to under New Zealand grazing conditions. The low recovery of loline alkaloids in urine and faeces in the absence of toxicity signs suggests lolines are extensively metabolised; probably to forms other than N-formyl loline, N-methyl loline, N-acetyl loline, N-acetyl norloline, and loline base in the digestive tract of sheep prior to absorption, and/or in the liver or other tissues following absorption.  相似文献   

17.
The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of whole rice meal (WRM) inclusion in the concentrate upon body development, carcass traits, and meat quality of lambs. Twenty-four castrated lambs with an average initial body weight of 17.90?±?2.72 kg were randomly blocked according to two genetic groups (Corriedale and Texel by Corriedale crossbreds). Three isocaloric (11.3 MJ/kg of metabolizable energy) and isonitrogenous (17 % crude protein) diets were offered to the animals for 74 days. Diets consisted of 40 % forage and 60 % concentrate diet, on a dry matter basis, with 0, 15, or 30 % of WRM inclusion into the concentrate. Body growth (after slaughter), carcass, and meat traits were evaluated on each animal. Results obtained indicated that genotype did not affect body growth, carcass, and meat traits except for yellowness. No significant interaction between diet and genotype were detected. Inclusion of up to 30 % WRM did not significantly (P?>?0.05) affect body growth, carcass, and meat traits, except for meat color. Meat luminosity progressively increased (36.32?+?0.055X) while redness (15.13???0.03X) decreased with the inclusion of WRM in the diet, but still remained within acceptable values. The study indicates that WRM may be included up to 30 % in the concentrate replacing corn without adverse effects upon body development, carcass traits, and meat quality of lambs.  相似文献   

18.
In this study, pathological, serological and virological examinations were performed on 15 sheep from a flock of 250 sheep and lambs that suffer from simultaneous naturally occurring BTV, PPRV and SPV outbreaks. SPV was diagnosed macroscopically and histopathologically, BTV was diagnosed by ELISA, and PPRV was diagnosed pathologically and by ELISA. Clinically fever, diarrhea, depression, polypnea, conjunctivitis, lacrimation, rhinitis, erosive stomatitis, edema of eyelids, photophobia, cutaneous eruption with erythematous areas especially noticeable in wool-free parts of the body and axilla lesions evolving into papules were observed. At necropsy, the most effected organs were lungs and gut. Subepicardial hemorrhages were also commonly seen. While typical pox lesions were observed in some lambs, usually fibrinous pleuropneumonia was more prominent lung lesion. SPV and PPRV lesions were seen at the histopathological examination of the lesioned tissues, BT lesions were mild than SPV and PPRV microscopically. Serum and leukocyte samples of 15 animals were examined for PPRV and BTV by ELISA; 5 samples were positive for PPRV and 6 BTV, 4 were positive for both PPRV and BTV simultaneously. One hundred animals died, most were lambs. Mortality rates were 100% in lambs and 80% in the herd.  相似文献   

19.
Fifteen female adult capybaras, with initial average body weight (BW) of 32.7 (±?5.8) kg, were kept in individual pens to evaluate effect of supplementation of concentrate feed and its supply time on cecotrophy behavior frequency. The animals were allocated in a completely randomized design, with five animals per treatment, receiving three diets: grass only, grass and grain corn offered in a single meal, and grass and grain corn offered in two daily meals; all cecotrophy acts were recorded. Later, in a second experiment, five capybaras received five levels of urea in their diet: 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 g urea/100 kg BW, replacing soybean meal as true protein source, in a 5?×?5 Latin square design. The animals were weighed and their blood was collected every 2 weeks. The frequency of cecotrophy (Ps?<?0.05) was higher when the capybaras were fed grass only (0.5?±?0.07 acts/h) than when they received grass and corn in a single meal (0.3?±?0.05 acts/h) and grass and corn supplied in separate meals (0.1?±?0.03 acts/h). With increased urea in their diet, the capybaras showed initial signs of chronic intoxication, together with increments in serum urea (r?=?0.87, P?<?0.05) and a decreasing trend in daily weight gain (r?=??0.38, P?=?0.06). Therefore, when including concentrate feeds in capybara diet, these must be mixed with roughage in a single meal to avoid high decrease in the frequency of cecotrophy behavior and increase in dry matter intake. The replacement of soybean meal with urea in capybara diet is not recommended.  相似文献   

20.
Few data comparing the utilization of feeds by African cattle, sheep and goats are available. The experiment, involving five adult animals with permanent rumen cannulae, supplies comparative data on fermentative digestion in these ruminants under tropical conditions.Two Red Sokoto (Maradi) goats, two West African dwarf sheep, and one White Fulani (Zebu) steer were first maintained on a basal ration of freshly chopped Cynodon nlemfuensis and Centrosema pubescens for 21 days, followed by the forage plus groundnut cake or urea concentrate supplements at 0, 10, 17 and 24% protein levels.Supplementation of the basal rations with the concentrates brought about increasing levels of total VFA's in the animals, tending to be higher in the steer than in the goats or sheep, with no appreciable differences for the individual VFA's and ruminal pH. It also resulted in a significant lowering of the acetic acid levels (P<0.05) with a corresponding increase of the propionic acid concentration in the rumen, giving the lowest molar % of acetic acid and the highest molar % of propionic acid with the 17% crude protein concentrate.While the increasing levels of the proteins or urea in the concentrate resulted in significant increases in the iso-butyric acid concentration (P<0.05) differences in the concentration of n-butyric acid were not significant (P>0.05). However, the basal ration produced neither iso-butyric acid nor n-valeric acid in the rumens of these animals. It was a noteworthy observation that n-valeric acid production (about 3 percent) occurred only with the 24 percent groundnut cake protein.  相似文献   

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