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不同加工方法对胡椒精油化学成分的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以70%～80%成熟度的胡椒鲜果为原料,通过不同加工方法制备黑胡椒、白胡椒与青胡椒,并通过GC-MS对其胡椒油化学成分进行分析.结果表明:(1)加工方法不同对胡椒油化学成分的种类与含量都有显著影响.(2)3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、反式-石竹烯、β-蒎烯、L-水芹烯、α-蒎烯6种烯类是3种胡椒精油中含量较多的化学成分.其中,黑胡椒精油中特有成分4种:5-甲基-3-己醇、氨基甲酸叔己脂、木罗烯、α-蛇床烯;白胡椒精油中特有成分7种:2-甲基-2-戊醇、3-甲基-3-戊醇、γ-萜品烯、樟脑、乙酸松油酯、β-檀香烯、δ-杜松烯;青胡椒精油中特有成分5种:朱栾倍半萜、γ-古芸烯、4-甲基-3-己醇、2,5-二甲基-2-己醇、反式3-蒈烯-2-醇. 相似文献
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采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取胡椒鲜果、黑胡椒、白胡椒和胡椒叶中的精油,得率分别为1.46%、1.77%、2.30%和1.25%。对精油进行GC-MS分析,分别鉴定得到38、31、36和63种化学物质,δ-榄香烯、3-蒈烯、D-柠檬烯、α-古巴烯、石竹烯和律草烯在果与叶中含量均较高,其中叶中δ-榄香烯含量占38.54%;蒎烯、月桂烯、α-水芹烯和间伞花素在果中含量较高,而在叶中含量较低;甘香烯、α-荜澄茄油烯、β-榄香烯、α-古芸烯、β-古巴烯、α-蛇床烯、花柏烯、4-异亚丙烯-7-甲基-6-亚甲基-2-辛烯酸甲酯和桉油烯醇在叶中含量较高,而果中含量较低或没有。此外,采用电子鼻方法可有效区分胡椒粉和胡椒叶。 相似文献
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以胡椒属种质蒌叶、墨西哥胡椒、假荜拔为材料,利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱和质谱联用（HS-SPME-GC/MS）技术测定3种种质叶片中的挥发性成分及用面积归一法计算其相对含量。结果表明：鉴定出蒌叶、墨西哥胡椒、假荜拔的挥发性成分59种,其中从蒌叶中共鉴定出挥发性成分36种,其含量较高的有安息香醛、荜澄茄油烯和β-石竹烯,相对含量分别为23.56％、9.36％和8.54％;从墨西哥胡椒中鉴定出挥发性成分18种,其中含量较高的有肉桂醛、萜品烯和萜品油烯,相对含量分别为77.98％、5.88％和5.11％;而假荜菝叶片挥发性成分有25种,含量较高的有β-石竹烯、罗勒烯和芳樟醇。挥发性成分的种类在3种胡椒属种质中都不相同,总的相对百分含量也不同,说明不同的种质,叶片挥发性成分有一定的差异。 相似文献
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采用GC-MS法,研究了以‘班尼约尔1号’和‘热引1号’胡椒为杂交亲本的6个杂交种白胡椒（‘PC003’、‘PC008’、‘PC009’、‘PC011’、‘PC033’、‘PC036’）精油的化学成分,其化学组成成分用总离子流色谱峰的峰面积归一化法定量分析。结果表明：6个杂交品种白胡椒精油中共检测出烯类、醇类、酯类、酚类等8大类77种化合物,含量较高的化学成分有石竹烯[(30.93±0.00)%~(53.81±0.01)%]、可巴烯[(0.83±0.00)%~(10.09±0.00)%]、δ-毕澄茄烯[(0.08±0.00)%~(7.64±0.01)%]、石竹烯氧化物[(0.10±0.00)%~(5.86±0.00)%]、α-红没药醇[(0.18±0.00)%~(5.51±0.01)%]、蛇麻烯[(0.55±0.01)%~(6.64±0.00)%]、异丙二醇[(2.56±0.00)%~(4.12±0.00)%]。不同杂交品种白胡椒精油中检测出的挥发性成分和总的百分含量都不同,部分品种间差异显著。研究结果为今后胡椒新品种选育和优异种质资源开发利用提供参考依据。 相似文献
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采用固相微萃取法(SPME)萃取紫苏子的挥发性物质，经气相色谱－质谱联用仪(GC-MS)检测，结果表明，紫苏子的挥发性成分主要由石竹烯、紫苏醛、a-石竹烯、柠檬烯、临氨基苯甲酸沉香酯、4-乙烯基－4-甲基－3-异丙烯基－1-异丙基－环己烯、(E,E)-1-甲基-5-亚甲基-8-异丙基-1,6-环癸二烯、2,6-二甲基-6-(4-甲基-3-戊基)双环[3.1.1]己-2-烯、1,4-二乙基-1,4-二甲基-2,5-环己二烯等组成，其中石竹烯相对含量最高（41.2 %），紫苏醛次之(12.38 %)。 相似文献
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采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对胡椒蔓和叶中化学成分种类及含量进行系统分析,并考察提取物对3种重要农业病原真菌的作用。结果表明,胡椒蔓和叶中化学成分种类复杂,而且减压浓缩与自然挥发相比得到的种类更多。胡椒蔓中胡椒碱相对含量最高,达到34.97%;胡椒叶中烯类化合物种类繁多,以δ-榄香烯最高,相对含量达到13.268%。除了胡椒碱、烯类等特征性成分,还含有大量如酸酯类、化学结构带环或桥的酮、醇类化合物以及甾醇类化合物。胡椒蔓和叶提取物在2.5mg/mL浓度下即对3种农业病原真菌均表现出明显的抑制作用,其中对番茄早疫病菌的抑制作用最为明显,而且叶提取物对3种病原菌的抑制作用明显优于蔓提取物,同时得出2种提取物对3种真菌的毒力回归方程及EC50等表征参数。研究表明,胡椒蔓和叶在农业病原菌防治中具有良好的开发潜力和利用价值。 相似文献
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以浮宫1号、软丝安海变和硬丝安海变共3个福建地方杨梅品种为试材,采用气质联用(GC-MS)技术,分析3个杨梅品种果肉挥发物成分的异同。结果表明:烃类在杨梅香味中起重要作用,3个品种中烃类的相对含量是89.26%~95.99%。不同品种的杨梅果肉中所含的香气成分及含量差异极大,浮宫1号的香气成分主要由十八烷、二十七烷、1-石竹烯、二十烷和二十六烷等构成,共占76.69%;软丝安海变的香气成分主要由1-石竹烯和环氧石竹烯等构成,共占83.30%;硬丝安海变的香气成分主要由二十七烷、二十六烷、二十烷、9-甲基十九烷和二十五烷等构成,共占64.92%。此结果为杨梅育种提供了依据。 相似文献
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采用固相微萃取法采集海南地区白胡椒粉的挥发性成分,用气相色谱-质谱法分析鉴定,并用总离子流色谱峰的峰面积对其风味成分进行归一化定量分析。结果表明：共鉴定出26种化合物,分别为3-蒈烯(20.37 %)、石竹烯(19.81 %)、柠檬烯(14.36 %)、β-蒎烯(9.10 %)、γ-萜品烯(8.18 %)、α-水芹烯(6.70 %)、α-蒎烯(3.60 %)、δ-榄香烯(3.22 %)、罗勒烯(1.97 %)、可巴烯(1.76 %)、异松油烯(1.63 %)、α-石竹烯(1.46 %)和δ-杜松萜烯(1. 相似文献
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Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Tatiana G. Polotow Sandra C. Poppe Cristina V. Vardaris Douglas Ganini Maísa Guariroba Rita Mattei Elaine Hatanaka Maria F. Martins Eduardo F. Bondan Marcelo P. Barros 《Marine drugs》2015,13(10):6117-6137
Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions. 相似文献
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Youna Hemery Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Tanja Nurmi Vieno Piironen Minnamari Edelmann Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased. 相似文献
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M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
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Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
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Tovar LR Olivos M Gutierrez ME 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2008,63(4):189-194
Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate
present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides
most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but
poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in
central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn. 相似文献