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1.
ABSTRACT: Over recent years the growth in aquaculture, accompanied by the emergence of new and transboundary diseases, has stimulated epidemiological studies of aquatic animal diseases. Great potential exists for both observational and theoretical approaches to investigate the processes driving emergence but, to date, compared to terrestrial systems, relatively few studies exist in aquatic animals. Research using risk methods has assessed routes of introduction of aquatic animal pathogens to facilitate safe trade (e.g. import risk analyses) and support biosecurity. Epidemiological studies of risk factors for disease in aquaculture (most notably Atlantic salmon farming) have effectively supported control measures. Methods developed for terrestrial livestock diseases (e.g. risk-based surveillance) could improve the capacity of aquatic animal surveillance systems to detect disease incursions and emergence. The study of disease in wild populations presents many challenges and the judicious use of theoretical models offers some solutions. Models, parameterised from observational studies of host pathogen interactions, have been used to extrapolate estimates of impacts on the individual to the population level. These have proved effective in estimating the likely impact of parasite infections on wild salmonid populations in Switzerland and Canada (where the importance of farmed salmon as a reservoir of infection was investigated). A lack of data is often the key constraint in the application of new approaches to surveillance and modelling. The need for epidemiological approaches to protect aquatic animal health will inevitably increase in the face of the combined challenges of climate change, increasing anthropogenic pressures, limited water sources and the growth in aquaculture. TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1 Introduction 42 The development of aquatic epidemiology 73 Transboundary and emerging diseases 93.1 Import risk analysis (IRA) 103.2 Aquaculture and disease emergence 113.3 Climate change and disease emergence 133.4 Outbreak investigations 134 Surveillance and surveys 154.1 Investigation of disease prevalence 154.2 Developments in surveillance methodology 164.2.1 Risk-based surveillance and scenario tree modelling 164.2.2 Spatial and temporal analysis 164.3 Test validation 175 Spread, establishment and impact of pathogens 185.1 Identifying routes of spread 185.1.1 Ex-ante studies of disease spread 195.1.2 Ex-post observational studies 215.2 Identifying risk factors for disease establishment 235.3 Assessing impact at the population level 245.3.1 Recording mortality 245.3.2 Farm health and production records 265.3.3 Assessing the impact of disease in wild populations 276 Conclusions 317 Competing interests 328 Authors' contributions 329 Acknowledgements 3310 References 33. 相似文献
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E W Shell 《Journal of animal science》1991,69(10):4176-4182
The husbandry of aquatic animals originated in China in approximately 1,100 B.C., thousands of years after the beginning of animal agriculture. The practice did not reach Europe until the Middle Ages. Aquaculture apparently was not very important in Western Europe. The early immigrants from that region did not include fish with the other food animals that they brought with them to the New World. The practice of aquaculture finally came to the United States in the mid-nineteenth century, where it was used for the production of trout for stocking coldwater ponds and streams for sport fishing. Later, cultural practices were extended to warmwater species such as the largemouth black bass and the channel catfish. Thus, aquaculture in the United States was derived from recreational fishing rather than from food production, and from fisheries management rather than from animal science. There are important differences in the hydrosphere and atmosphere as cultural environments. Differences in composition, density, response to physical force, latent heat of fusion, specific heat, transparency, viscosity, and erosiveness of air and water result in different problems for land animal and aquatic animal culturists. Aquaculturists work primarily with "cold-blooded" ("lower") animals, whereas agriculturists work with "warm-blooded" ("higher") animals. In comparison with warm-blooded land animals, cold-blooded aquatic animals are less independent of changes in their environment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
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随着水产养殖产业的高速发展,水产养殖集约化规模扩大,养殖动物密度增大,容易造成氧化应激反应,这迫使水产养殖从业者亟需寻找无毒无害且高效的饲料添加剂以提高水产动物的抗应激能力。硒(Se)是一种人体和动物生长繁育必需的微量元素,其生物学功能主要通过硒蛋白表达,饲料中添加适量的硒能够增强水产动物的抵抗力。本文综述了硒和硒蛋白的种类以及硒对水产动物的生理机制,同时对硒在水产养殖中的应用进行综述,旨在总结不同硒源作为水产饲料添加剂在改善水产动物生长、免疫与肉质等方面的作用,为其在水产养殖中的高效应用提供科学参考。 相似文献
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Lijun DONG Jianchen DONG Francesco CARUSO Likun ZHAO Songhai LI 《Integrative zoology》2021,16(4):477-498
The underwater soundscape is an important ecological element affecting numerous aquatic animals, in particular dolphins, which must identify salient cues from ambient ocean noise. In this study, temporal variations in the soundscape of Jiaotou Bay were monitored from February 2016 to January 2017, where a population of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) has recently been a regular sighting. An autonomous acoustic recorder was deployed in shallow waters, and 1/3-octave band sound pressure levels (SPLs) were calculated with central frequencies ranging from 25 Hz to 40 kHz, then were grouped into 3 subdivided bands via cluster analysis. SPLs at each major band showed significant differences on a diel, fishing-related period, seasonal, and tidal phase scale. Anthropogenic noise generated by passing ships and underwater explosions were recorded in the study area. The fish and dolphin acoustic activities both exhibited diel and seasonal variations, but no tidal cycle patterns. A negative significant relationship between anthropogenic sound detection rates and dolphin detection rates were observed, and fish detection rates showed no effect on dolphin detection rates, indicating anthropogenic activity avoidance and no forced foraging in dolphins in the study area. The results provide fundamental insight into the acoustic dynamics of an important Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin habitat within a coastal area affected by a rapid increase in human activity, and demonstrate the need to protect animal habitat from anthropogenic noises. 相似文献
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Subasinghe RP 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2005,67(2-3):117-124
Aquaculture appears to have strongest potential to meet the increasing demands for aquatic products in most regions of the world. The world population is on the increase, as is the demand for aquatic food products. Production from capture fisheries at a global level is levelling off. Potential contributions from aquaculture to local food security, livelihoods and nutrition can be highly significant, especially in many remote and resource-poor rural areas. One of the major constraints to aquaculture production is the losses due to diseases. Over the decades, the sector has faced significant problems with disease outbreaks and epidemics which caused significant economic losses. The use of sound epidemiological principles and logical and science-based approach to identify and manage risks comprise two of the most important components of an effective biosecurity program. The maintenance of effective biosecurity in aquaculture is becoming more and more essential. There will be more demand for aquatic animal epidemiologists as well as epidemiological tools/resources in the region. The use of epidemiology will significantly improve health management, risk analysis and disease control. Although there are clear limitations and complications in the use of epidemiology for controlling aquatic animal pathogens, some positive results have recently emerged from a series of studies and trials to control diseases affecting the small-scale shrimp farming sector in southern India. This paper summarises the results of one such study which emphasizes the significant benefit of close collaboration with farmers, both individually and as groups, and capacity and awareness building among them and the importance of understanding the risk factors and implementing better management practices. 相似文献
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Recent studies on the role of carotenoids in aquaculture have investigated their function in regulating pigmentation, growth, survival, and immune activity of aquatic animals. These carotenoids include astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and tunaxanthin. Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin are the main synthetic carotenoids used world-wide in the aquaculture industry. They play an important role in protecting cells and organisms against photosensitized oxidations. Direct evidence of carotenoids functioning as antioxidants in vivo has been reported in animal models. In addition to their established biological effects as antioxidants, carotenoids appear to have a great variety of cellular actions that make them remarkable physiological modulators. Consequently, recent attention has been focused on improving our understanding of carotenoids on the physiology and metabolism in aquatic animals with a view to enhance the efficacy of astaxanthin as a carotenoid pigment. This review aims to summarize the function and research progress of carotenoids in aquaculture. We discuss the methods used to study the absorption, transport, metabolic transformation and deposition of carotenoids, and their spatial and temporal expression. 相似文献
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This paper describes the main features of fish aquaculture in Europe and Italy focusing attention on single sectors of the farmed species and their trend for the future. Over recent years, European and Italian aquaculture have shown a markedly different trend from that of world aquatic production. Asia, particularly China, has recorded a constant and rapid growth and Latin America a moderate development. Nowadays, European farmers are concerned with adapting their product to market demand and diversifying the fish species reared. After a discussion about the main European production statistics regarding finfish aquaculture production, we consider the most important aspects in the promotion of production and consequent consumption of farmed fish. 相似文献
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Disease and health management in Asian aquaculture 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Bondad-Reantaso MG Subasinghe RP Arthur JR Ogawa K Chinabut S Adlard R Tan Z Shariff M 《Veterinary parasitology》2005,132(3-4):249-272
Asia contributes more than 90% to the world's aquaculture production. Like other farming systems, aquaculture is plagued with disease problems resulting from its intensification and commercialization. This paper describes the various factors, providing specific examples, which have contributed to the current disease problems faced by what is now the fastest growing food-producing sector globally. These include increased globalization of trade and markets; the intensification of fish-farming practices through the movement of broodstock, postlarvae, fry and fingerlings; the introduction of new species for aquaculture development; the expansion of the ornamental fish trade; the enhancement of marine and coastal areas through the stocking of aquatic animals raised in hatcheries; the unanticipated interactions between cultured and wild populations of aquatic animals; poor or lack of effective biosecurity measures; slow awareness on emerging diseases; the misunderstanding and misuse of specific pathogen free (SPF) stocks; climate change; other human-mediated movements of aquaculture commodities. Data on the socio-economic impacts of aquatic animal diseases are also presented, including estimates of losses in production, direct and indirect income and employment, market access or share of investment, and consumer confidence; food availability; industry failures. Examples of costs of investment in aquatic animal health-related activities, including national strategies, research, surveillance, control and other health management programmes are also provided. Finally, the strategies currently being implemented in the Asian region to deal with transboundary diseases affecting the aquaculture sector are highlighted. These include compliance with international codes, and development and implementation of regional guidelines and national aquatic animal health strategies; new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques and new information technology; new biosecurity measures including risk analysis, epidemiology, surveillance, reporting and planning for emergency response to epizootics; targeted research; institutional strengthening and manpower development (education, training and extension research and diagnostic services). 相似文献
10.
This paper describes the main features of fish aquaculture in Europe and Italy focusing attention on single sectors of the
farmed species and their trend for the future. Over recent years, European and Italian aquaculture have shown a markedly different
trend from that of world aquatic production. Asia, particularly China, has recorded a constant and rapid growth and Latin
America a moderate development. Nowadays, European farmers are concerned with adapting their product to market demand and
diversifying the fish species reared. After a discussion about the main European production statistics regarding finfish aquaculture
production, we consider the most important aspects in the promotion of production and consequent consumption of farmed fish. 相似文献
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Caligid copepods (Crustacea) known as sea lice are pests of cultured fish, causing serious diseases and economic losses in fish aquaculture worldwide. One species, Caligus sclerotinosus Roubal, Armitage & Rohde, 1983 (Caligidae), is considered a serious pest of the highly prized red seabream Pagrus major (Temminck and Schlegel, 1843) (Sparidae) cultured in Japan. Recently, in neighboring Korea, red seabream culture has intensified and almost replaced yellow tail culture. However, until now, there have been no reports on infection of this sea louse from red seabream in Korea. We surveyed 120 (20 fish per month) P. major from a sea ranched Tongyeong Marine Research Center aquaculture facility, Gyeongsangnamdo, Korea for six months in 2011 (June to November). We recorded severe infection by the sea louse C. sclerotinosus on the skin of P. major. Prevalence was 100%, mean intensity 7.06, maximum intensity 49, and minimum intensity 2. Adult females (624), males (219) and few chalimi (5) were observed and identified by their morphology. As an average of all our collections, less than 0.6% of individuals were chalimi. We suggest, therefore, that adults of C. sclerotinosus undergo ontogenetic host switching after their final moult. No infection of C. sclerotinosus was found on wild P. major collected from Tongyeong and Yeosu fish markets on the southern coast of Korea. Severe infection by this sea louse may cause secondary infections of the host. This copepod is already reported from Australia and Japan and hence, this is the first report from Korea. We expect this pest to have an impact on Korean red seabream fisheries equally serious to that being experienced in Japan. 相似文献
14.
Mohammad Jalil Zorriehzahra Somayeh Torabi Delshad Ruchi Tiwari K. Karthik Kuldeep Dhama 《The Veterinary quarterly》2016,36(4):228-241
Wide and discriminate use of antibiotics has resulted in serious biological and ecological concerns, especially the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Probiotics, known as beneficial microbes, are being proposed as an effective and eco-friendly alternative to antibiotics. They were first applied in aquaculture species more than three decades ago, but considerable attention had been given only in the early 2000s. Probiotics are defined as live or dead, or even a component of the microorganisms that act under different modes of action in conferring beneficial effects to the host or to its environment. Several probiotics have been characterized and applied in fish and a number of them are of host origin. Unlike some disease control alternatives being adapted and proposed in aquaculture where actions are unilateral, the immense potential of probiotics lies on their multiple mechanisms in conferring benefits to the host fish and the rearing environment. The staggering number of probiotics papers in aquaculture highlights the multitude of advantages from these microorganisms and conspicuously position them in the dynamic search for health-promoting alternatives for cultured fish. This paper provides an update on the use of probiotics in finfish aquaculture, particularly focusing on their modes of action. It explores the contemporary understanding of their spatial and nutritional competitiveness, inhibitory metabolites, environmental modification capability, immunomodulatory potential and stress-alleviating mechanism. This timely update affirms the importance of probiotics in fostering sustainable approaches in aquaculture and provides avenues in furthering its research and development. 相似文献
15.
G. M. R. Valladão S. U. Gallani F. Pilarski 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2015,38(5):417-428
Intensification of livestock rearing often promotes an increase in inappropriate practices that disregard care for the environment, animal health, and workers' health. Intensive fish farming systems are often associated with higher stocking density and massive use of artificial feed. Currently, outbreaks of parasitic, bacterial, and fungal diseases act as major limiting factors for fish farming, meaning that producers have to make use of massive amounts of antibiotics, disinfectants, and pesticides in order to control mortality and avoid huge economic losses. Because of adverse effects on the aquatic environment, terrestrial organisms, and human health (both fish handlers and consumers), this therapy has been criticized. Use of herbal medicines within animal production has shown promise, in that it is natural and biodegradable and has antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, including those relating to fish. Recently, researchers have reported promising effects from many herbal medicines for treating parasitic diseases caused by protozoa and metazoa, and broad activity against bacteria and fungi. This review addresses the current issues regarding indiscriminate use of chemicals and antibiotics in aquaculture and discusses the main findings and methodologies of the latest research on herbal medicines to stimulate and accelerate research in this field, especially in developing countries. 相似文献
16.
维生素E和维生素C的协同抗氧化作用及对水产动物的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
蛋白质氧化、脂质过氧化以及各种应激反应会损害水产动物的健康,影响水产养殖业的发展。维生素C(vitamin C,VC)和维生素E(vitamin E,VE)不仅是人和动物包括水产动物的必需微量营养素,而且能协同抗氧化作用,防止或减少蛋白质氧化、脂质过氧化及各种应激反应,发挥保护作用。文章重点综述VE和VC协同抗氧化作用、机理、对水产动物生长、繁殖、免疫、酶活性等方面的影响,旨在更好地了解、研究、有效利用和调控VE和VC在水产动物上的协同抗氧化作用,提高健康水平,促进生长发育,发展水产养殖业。 相似文献
17.
Numerous diseases have emerged as serious economic or ecological problems in aquaculture species. The combination of factors behind the emergence of each disease is unique, but various common factors are apparent. We combine risk-analysis methods and virulence theory with historical examples (mainly from salmonid production) to identify key disease-emergence risk factors. Diseases have emerged through pathogen exchange with wild populations, evolution from non-pathogenic micro-organisms and anthropogenic transfer of stocks. Aquacultural practices frequently result in high population densities and other stresses (such as intercurrent disease) which increase the risk of infection establishment and spread. As aquaculture expands and new species are farmed, diseases will continue to emerge and affect both wild and farmed fish adversely. The rate and extent of emergence can be reduced by the application of biosecurity programmes designed to mitigate the risk factors for disease emergence. 相似文献
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β-葡聚糖来源广泛，主要存在于植物和微生物细胞壁中，由葡聚糖单体构成，具有多种结构，因其侧链残基种类和数量的不同而具有多种生物学功能，如通过降低炎症相关基因表达及提高免疫因子的表达发挥调节免疫的作用；通过减少脂质的产生和吸收发挥调节脂质代谢的作用；通过提高抗氧化酶、自由基、超氧阴离子的清除活性及激活Nrf2信号通路、上调抗氧化基因的表达来增强机体的抗氧化能力，发挥抗氧化作用；通过增强缺氧耐受性及提高抗氨氮应激能力、能量代谢和抗氧化酶基因的表达等发挥抗应激作用。自抗生素禁用以来，β-葡聚糖在水产动物中的研究和应用逐渐深入，β-葡聚糖在预防水产动物疾病和减少抗生素使用等方面发挥着重要作用。在水产养殖中，β-葡聚糖可通过提高消化酶活性、改善肠道结构、优化肠道菌群及增强非特异性免疫力来提高水产动物生长性能，β-葡聚糖的联合使用比添加单一种类的免疫刺激剂具有更好的免疫效果。作者就β-葡聚糖的结构特征、生物学活性、作用机制及在水产动物中的应用进行了综述，并对β-葡聚糖今后的发展方向进行了展望，为实现水产动物生态健康养殖提供材料。 相似文献
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氧化应激（oxidative stress）是指由于外界环境的刺激使机体内活性氧（ROS）增加,导致氧化/抗氧化动态平衡遭到破坏的一种应激反应。在正常情况下,动物机体内参与活性氧产生和清除的系统处于动态平衡。由于外界环境刺激或机体自身变化等原因,使ROS产生增多或其清除能力下降时,机体就会出现氧化应激（氧化胁迫）。长期或过强的氧化应激会引起水生生物生长发育缓慢、免疫机能下降、疾病发生等危害,导致水产品质量下降、营养价值降低,给水产养殖业造成严重经济损失。Nrf2-Keap1/Are信号通路在抵抗外源性或内源性氧化应激的过程中起着至关重要的作用,该信号通路在哺乳动物中得到了广泛研究,但在水生生物中的研究尚未见系统综述。作者在综合了大量文献的基础上,针对鱼类及虾蟹类等水生生物,介绍了氧化应激产生的机理、Nrf2和Keap1的分子基础、Nrf2-Keap1/Are信号通路作用方式,以及该信号通路在水生生物方面的相关研究进展等,为水生生物抗氧化应激机制的深入研究提供理论参数和相关数据支持。 相似文献