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棉花黄萎病是由大丽轮枝菌引起的土传真菌病害,不同棉花品种对黄萎病的抗性不同。为了比较不同棉花品种对黄萎病菌的免疫反应程度与抗黄萎病水平间的关系,利用4×106CFU·m L~(-1)的大丽轮枝菌孢子悬浮液处理6个不同棉花品种的根系,进行抗病性评价。结果表明,接种大丽轮枝菌后,棉花植株的根、下胚轴、叶等器官中大丽轮枝菌的生物量随品种抗病性的增强而减少,根部木质素、叶片胼胝质含量随抗病性的增强而增多,L-苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的升高幅度随抗病性的增强而增大。由此可见,大丽轮枝菌侵染棉花后,植株的免疫反应程度越强其抗病性越强。本研究结果为棉花与黄萎病菌互作机制的进一步研究提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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由大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)引起的棉花黄萎病是制约我国棉花生产的首要病害,严重影响棉花的产量与品质。为研究棉花与黄萎病菌互作的分子机制,本研究以国审棉百棉1号为材料,提取被大丽轮枝菌侵染的棉花根部总RNA,检测质量并用DNase Ⅰ处理后,用RNA 5'末端的模板转换方法,即SMART技术合成双链cDNA,再经酶切、过柱纯化去除短片段后,连接至pGADT7载体上构建棉花cDNA文库。VdSCP7是定位于寄主细胞核的大丽轮枝菌效应因子,能激发棉花的免疫反应,增强棉花抗病性。以大丽轮枝菌cDNA为模板扩增VdSCP7,产物纯化后重组到载体pGBKT7上构建诱饵载体pGBKT7-SCP7。诱饵载体经酶切及测序鉴定后,转化到酵母AH109中,鉴定诱饵蛋白毒性并检测诱饵载体是否存在自激活活性。结果表明,获得了库容量为2×106 CFU的棉花cDNA文库,文库片段多样性良好,文库重组率约94%,质粒文库滴度约2.0×109 CFU·mL-1,满足酵母双杂交cDNA文库构建要求。酶切及测序结果表明,诱饵载体pGBKT7-SCP7构建成功且经过鉴定后无毒性、无自激活活性。本研究结果为棉花抗黄萎病基因的筛选及VdSCP7和棉花互作机制的解析奠定了基础。 相似文献
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土传病害是限制我国作物产量和品质的重要因素,同时土传病害的田间蔓延也使得作物产量对农药依赖程度越来越大,造成环境污染问题。为了了解土传病害国内外的研究状况,本文利用CiteSpace知识图谱分析工具、VOSviewer可视化分析软件与HistCite引文图谱分析工具,对Web of Science核心合集数据库中土传病害研究领域的发文数量与学科分布、发文的主要国家(地区)与机构、发文的主要学术期刊、主要研究学者、主要研究热点及其变化趋势等进行计量分析。结果表明:(1)土传病害相关研究受到的重视程度越来越高,进一步支持土壤科学工作者对土传病害的研究将有重要意义。(2)美国、中国、澳大利亚、法国等国家在该领域发文较多,且国家之间合作密切。(3)土传病害研究领域的本地引用次数列前二的期刊为Phytopathology和Plant Disease,其中5年影响因子较高的主要发文期刊有:Soil BiologyBiochemistry、Plant Disease、Plant and Soil以及Applied Soil Ecology等。(4)土传病害领域高产学者有Shen Qirong(沈其荣)、Gilligan Christopher A、Mazzola Mark、Weller David M、Cao Aocheng(曹坳程)和Cai Zucong(蔡祖聪)等。(5)生物防控是土传病害的一个研究热点,典型的病原微生物有立枯丝核菌、大丽轮枝菌、尖孢镰刀菌、青枯雷尔氏菌等。(6)土传病害未来研究趋势主要集中于土壤微生物多样性与土传病害间的关系、寄主植物与病原微生物间的关系及土传病害防控机制与技术等方面。 相似文献
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为更好地防治棉花黄萎病,在冀棉11根系中分离得到一株对大丽轮枝菌抗性明显的内生细菌,经分子鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌489-2-2.本试验以489-2-2为材料,研究该菌株对棉花黄萎病的防效和机理.结果表明,解淀粉芽孢杆菌489-2-2能够抑制黄萎病菌Vd080的生长,可导致Vd080菌丝形态异常.用该菌株发酵液浸泡棉花种子... 相似文献
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以大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)为指示菌,对从棉田土壤中已经分离筛选到的细菌HMB-1005进行形态、19项生理生化特征及16S rDNA试验,结果表明,HMB-1005为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens);通过灭菌土和非灭菌土进行盆栽试验,拮抗菌HMB-1005芽孢液浸种、土壤全部混菌和部分混菌3种处理,经过5个月的盆栽试验表明,拮抗细菌HMB-1005能够在灭菌土和非灭菌土中定殖,且定殖数量达106cfu/g土左右,并仍能保持较高的抑菌活性。通过对棉苗根内细菌的分离,证实拮抗细菌HMB-1005能在棉花根内定殖,数量达到103cfu/g。实验结果显示,灭菌土的拮抗菌数高于非灭菌土,并且3种处理方式差异不明显,在实际生产应用中,建议使用浸种方法。 相似文献
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拮抗菌和生物有机肥防治棉花黄萎病及其对土壤酶活性的影响 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
棉花黄萎病是世界上毁灭性病害之一,它由土传真菌病原菌大丽轮枝菌引起并可以通过特制的生物有机肥进行防治。将生物有机肥、有机肥和三种拮抗细菌S37、S44、S228分别施入土壤,研究其对棉花黄萎病的防治效果及对几种主要土壤酶活性的影响。试验结果显示:防病效果达到5.9%~38.3%,由高到低依次为S37>生物有机肥>S44>S228>灭菌的生物有机肥。两种肥料处理显著提高了土壤蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶、碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和脲酶的活性。3种拮抗菌处理提高了多酚氧化酶、碱性磷酸酶和蛋白酶的活性。除过氧化氢酶之外,其他酶的活性两两之间均呈现极显著正相关,但是病情指数与各种酶活性相关性均不显著。 相似文献
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大丽轮枝菌RAPD反应组分的优化与应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据正交实验理论，设计一种优化RAPD各个反应组分以获得理想图谱的最佳反应浓度方法，能够显著减少反应组分优化次数，大丽轮枝菌（Verticillium dahliae)RAPD扩增最优反应组分浓度为：MgCl2 3.5mmol/ ,dNTP0.25mmol/L ,引物15pmol/L,Taq酶1.5U,DNA5n，实验表明，MgCl2与dNTP浓度之比是影响RAPD的增效果的最主要因素。根据优化的反应组分，用9个随机引物对来自江苏南通，射阳，泗阳，盐都4个群体53个大丽轮枝菌菌株进行RAPD扩增，对各个群体的遗传结构分析表明，各地群体遗传相似性较高。 相似文献
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诱导模式对真菌激发子的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
选择抗（耐）黄萎病的豫8号和感黄萎病的豫棉6两个棉花（Gossypium hirsutum L.)品种作为细胞系，选择高毒的V44和低毒的V64两种大丽轮枝菌9Verticillium dahlium Kle.b)为黄萎病原菌。设计不同毒力的病原菌分别直接诱导不同抗性的棉花细胞，不同毒力的病原菌和不同抗性的棉花细胞互相诱导的几种互作模式。发现棉花过氧化物酶（POD），超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）的比活经病原菌激发子直接诱导后有不同程度的提高；经交互诱导3种酶比活有进一步的变化，豫棉6号细胞交互诱导后3种酶的比活有了进一步的升高，而豫棉8号细胞交互诱导后3种酶的比活基本保持不变，并探讨了这些变化与棉花抗病性之间的关系。 相似文献
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低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
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I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
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Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
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Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
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Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
20.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献