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1.
回交导入后代水稻种质有利基因的鉴定与筛选研究 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
种质资源蕴藏着品种遗传改良的各种有利基因,高效发掘种质资源的有利基因是实现育种突破的前提。本研究选择IR64、特青和新株型（NPT）为轮回亲本与13个供体的不同回交世代（BC2F2-BC4F2）群体为材料,进行耐盐、耐淹和褐稻虱抗性鉴定与筛选。结果表明,尽管多数亲本本身对这些逆境不具备很好抗性或耐性,但在绝大多数回交后代中均出现耐盐、耐淹和抗褐稻虱的超亲分离,表明这些供体均带有对这些性状的有利基因。这种潜在“隐蔽”有利基因的表达受遗传背景影响较大。从总体上看,3个性状的选择效率以IR64背景最高,特青背景高于NPT背景。BC2对耐盐性的选择效率明显高于BC3和BC4代,BC3和BC4的选择效率因不同组合而异。研究表明通过大规模回交导入和回交后代性状的严格鉴定是发掘种质资源有利基因的有效途径。 相似文献
2.
利用高代回交导入群体进行水稻耐盐碱鉴定与筛选 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以粳稻吉粳88为轮回亲本与11个来自不同国家的供体品种杂交和回交培育的BC2F4群体,在吉林省白城市盐碱地进行全生育期耐盐碱筛选,对入选的耐盐碱单株后代分别进行苗期耐盐和耐碱鉴定。结果表明,在大田盐碱胁迫条件下绝大多数回交后代均出现耐盐碱的超亲分离,表明这些供体均带有控制这些性状的有利基因。各个组合间的耐盐碱筛选效率存在较大差异,表明回交后代的耐盐碱表现不仅取决于供体本身,还取决于受体品种与供体品种的不同组合。对筛选出的耐盐碱株系进行苗期耐盐和耐碱鉴定,结果显示全生育期耐盐碱的株系在苗期的耐盐和耐碱性表现不一,一部分株系表现不耐盐碱,一部分株系具有较强的耐盐或耐碱性,还有少数株系表现既耐盐又耐碱,表明水稻不同生育期的耐盐碱性存在差异,而且耐盐与耐碱可能存在不同的遗传机制。筛选出的耐盐碱导入系将成为耐盐碱有利基因发掘以及通过有利基因高效聚合定向改良水稻耐盐碱性的材料平台。 相似文献
3.
利用籼稻资源中的“隐蔽有利基因”提高粳稻苗期耐冷性 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
苗期低温是制约东北水稻生产的一个重要逆境因子,培育苗期耐低温的水稻品种是解决这一问题最有效的途径之一。以粳型恢复系C418为轮回亲本与7个来自不同地域的供体杂交和回交培育BC2F2群体，利用沈阳春季田间自然低温进行耐冷筛选，并对入选的177个苗期耐冷导入系后代在自然和人工气候室两种不同强度的低温胁迫条件下的苗期表现进行评价。结果表明，虽然供体亲本均为苗期耐冷性弱的品种，但在全部回交后代中均出现耐冷的超亲分离，表明这些供体亲本均携带对耐冷性有利的“隐蔽基因”, 不过组合间的耐冷性选择效率存在较大差异。以人工气候室低温胁迫后的存活率为耐冷性鉴定指标，导入系之间出现广泛分离，田间筛选入选比例高的BG300和中413导入系群体中出现存活率高的导入系后代比例较其它群体高，说明在同一轮回亲本遗传背景下回交后代的耐冷水平取决于供体。在室内严格低温条件下表现为强耐冷性的导入系在相对温和的自然低温胁迫下表现为苗高、苗干重较非胁迫条件生长抑制不明显，且能够促进根系生长。结果表明，大量的耐冷有利基因以“隐蔽”的形式存于水稻种质资源中。通过利用来源广泛的种质资源作为供体进行回交育种，对回交后代进行严格耐冷筛选，可有效选育高产耐冷水稻品种和有价值的育种材料。 相似文献
4.
以中品95-5383为供体材料,绥农14号大豆品种为受体回交,建立一个回交导入系。多次回交获得高世代回交品系,对后代材料 BC1F4进行接种鉴定,选择稳定抗 SMV 株系,利用绥农20×绥农14分离群体中的高油株系,分别与绥农14×中品95-5383中抗 SMV 的株系杂交,聚合高油、SMV 抗性基因到同一材料,筛选出抗 SMV 的高油大豆品系。通过轮回选择、种质资源中有利基因的深层发掘、严格和准确的目标性状选择,达到高效率培育能在产量、品质、抗病性上都有显著提高的优良大豆新材料。 相似文献
5.
以优良粳稻恢复系K1863为主体亲本，以国际水稻分子育种品种资源为供体亲本通过杂交并回交，获得了100多个K1863回交改造后代群体。对其中部分K1863回交改造后代进行了表型性状鉴定，初步表明被鉴定的多数K1863回交后代获得了主体亲本K1863对粳稻不育系的恢复能力，在回交后代中产生了稻瘟病抗性、耐盐性优于主体亲本K1863的材料，而且部分K1863回交改造后代的综合经济性状也优于主体亲本K1863。从而说明，利用国际水稻分子育种品种资源，通过大量回交，不仅可以在保留主体亲本的重要性状、保持与主体亲本性状相似性的同时，获得一些主体亲本本身不具有的有利性状，并选育出综合经济性状优于主体亲本的回交后代，因此通过本方法获得的回交后代材料具有重要的育种利用价值。本文还探讨了对这些K1863回交改造后代进行进一步利用改造的途径。 相似文献
6.
AB-QTL分析法及在水稻优异基因资源发掘和利用中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
野生稻是水稻育种的重要种质资源,在其漫长的进化过程中形成了极其丰富的遗传多样性,具有栽培稻所不具有或己消失了的优良基因。利用分子标记技术从野生稻中发掘有利基因是目前稻种资源研究利用中的重点。由于野生稻总的农艺性状表现劣于栽培稻,在实际研究中受到了许多不利因素（不良农艺性状和不利连锁基因的存在、平衡群体中野生稻种较高的不利基因频率、遗传累赘等）的影响,这对野生稻种资源中优异基因的发掘和利用带来了困难。高代回交QTL分析法（advancedbackcrossQTLanalysis,简称AB-QTL）为实现野生种中有利基因的发掘提供了一个新途径,许多研究表明AB-QTL分析法对野生资源中有利基因的发掘是可行的。本文对AB-QTL分析法的理论基础、特性、渗入系构建及其在野生稻遗传分化和产量基因发掘中的应用进行综述,并就今后的研究重点进行了探讨。 相似文献
7.
粳稻超优1号背景回交导入系的耐热性筛选与评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
全球气候变暖不可避免地影响水稻的生产。本研究以粳稻品种超优1号为轮回亲本与9个来自不同国家的供体品种杂交培育的BC2F4回交导入群体为材料, 通过开花期高温胁迫, 共初筛到124个耐高温单株; 以粳稻为供体的回交导入群体出现耐热个体的频率高于籼稻供体的导入群体, 表明粳稻资源中同样存在耐热有利基因。经对初筛后代的耐热性重复鉴定和在正常条件下的性状评价, 发现有80个株系的结实率显著高于轮回亲本, 耐热性选择效率为64.5%, 这些耐热导入系的产量及其相关性状在高温胁迫和正常条件下均出现广幅分离, 从中鉴定出耐热性和产量性状均显著好于轮回亲本的8个优良导入系。在3个耐热导入系的聚合F2群体中, 筛选出耐热个体的平均结实率在80%以上, 极显著高于轮回亲本和最高聚合亲本, 从中获得106株耐热性极显著好于聚合亲本的单株, 显示出较理想的耐热性聚合效果。通过对耐热导入系和轮回亲本在正常和高温胁迫条件下的产量以及相关性状的表型比较分析, 有助于提高对水稻耐热性状筛选中的供体选择、选择效率和筛选方法等一些重要问题的认识。本研究获得的高产耐热聚合系, 将为水稻耐热有利基因发掘和耐热性标记辅助选择聚合育种提供宝贵材料。 相似文献
8.
我国玉米杂交育种现状的评析 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
分析我国生产上主要玉米杂交种的遗传组成,不难看出掖单系列品种的崛起．打破了我国杂交玉米生产长期由Mo17、黄早四、自330和E28主宰的局面,形成六个主要自交系（加上掖478与丹340）共同主宰．但遗传基础狭窄仍然是我国玉米育种的主要障碍,今后应加强种质资源的征集、整理和利用,尤其要重视地方种质资源和外来种质资源的开发利用,以及一些优良种质资源的重复再利用．随着我国玉米育种水平和生产水平的提高,应逐渐改变过去那种高产大穗型的育种目标,注重耐密植、耐肥水、抗倒、抗病品种的选育．同时,对我国玉米育种科研体制的改革提出了看法． 相似文献
9.
以宁R7为恢复基因源,利用连续回交法构建以T78、T84和ZS9三个优异种质为遗传背景供体的近等基因系候选株系。于成熟期考察并比较候选株系农艺性状,同时采用SSR标记对候选株系进行PCR扩增估算遗传相似系数并进行聚类分析。农艺性状分析(t测验)表明,不同候选株系与其供体的农艺性状具有不同程度的相似性,株高和分支点高度的差异程度较其他性状高。采用75对SSR引物对21个候选株系PCR扩增共得到157个目的片段,发现三个遗传背景候选株系的平均遗传相似系数分别为0.86、0.92和0.98。农艺性状与SSR标记综合分析后,认为wh13、wh59和wh118分别为三个种质的最优近等基因系。综上表明,采用农艺性状比较与分子标记相结合分析近等性是一种有效的近等基因系的检测方法。中选近等基因系可用于恢复基因的定位及克隆。 相似文献
10.
不同供体及不同回交次数对玉米自交系R08的改良效应 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
以R08为轮回亲本,18个优良自交系为供体亲本,不同回交和自交次数,选育出遗传背景与R08相近、但相互之间又存在一定差异的BC1F3和BC2F2各18个R08改良系。通过抗病性鉴定、配合力及SSR分子标记分析,探讨不同供体及不同回交次数对R08的改良效果。结果表明,36个改良系中,29个抗或高抗大斑病,大部分改良系的多数产量性状一般配合力(GCA)与R08相比并无下降或有所提高;相同供体不同回交次数选系的比较显示,对大斑病抗性的改良,回交1次自交2次(BC1F3)优于回交2次自交1次(BC2F2),且改良后代选系多数产量性状GCA大体相当;相同回交次数不同供体选系的比较表明,供体对回交后代的影响较大,供体不同回交后代选系大斑病抗性及多数产量性状GCA存在较大的差异;SSR分子标记研究结果在一定程度上揭示相同供体不同回交次数所创造的遗传变异无明显差异,相同回交次数不同供体选系在分子水平上存在较大差异;供体昌7-2和川321对改良R08的大斑病抗性和产量性状GCA作用较大,属优良供体亲本;w4-1和w10-1属回交改良优良选系。因此,利用回交法改良玉米自交系,在选准供体亲本的基础上,回交1次后,在自交过程中加强目标性状的鉴定选择及配合力测定,可提高回交改良的育种效率。 相似文献
11.
Jens Jensen 《Euphytica》1979,28(1):47-56
Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans. 相似文献
12.
Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed. 相似文献
13.
Hongyan WEI Jian ZHOU Jinguang LU Jingzheng SONG Qiongxi YU Zhihong JIANG 《Medicinal Plant》2019,(6):27-29
[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol... 相似文献
14.
C. J. Spurr D. A. Fulton P. H. Brown R. J. Clark 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2002,188(4):275-280
Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality. 相似文献
15.
Chunli TANG Fengxian ZHAO Hongxia CHEN Jiabao MA Jiangcun WEI Meiyan QIU Zhen XIE 《Medicinal Plant》2019,(6):60-65
[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination... 相似文献
16.
D. A. Bond G. J. Jellis G. G. Rowland J. Le Guen L. D. Robertson S. A. Khalil L. Li-Juan 《Euphytica》1993,73(1-2):151-166
Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses. 相似文献
17.
Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed. 相似文献
18.
[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho... 相似文献
19.
E. Keep 《Euphytica》1986,35(3):843-855
Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F1 hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf
1) and recessive for the other (Rf
2).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph
3(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf
1(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf
1and Rf
2were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf
1, and 0.15 for Lf
1-Sph
3were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph
3.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf
1-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph
3. Poor performance of lf
1- (and possibly lf
2-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off). 相似文献
20.
Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques. 相似文献