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羊草草地土壤生态系统磷素转化及循环规律的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文基于对东北羊草草地的调查，研究了退化放牧地和保护区割草地生境土壤系统内几种形态磷素的分配、动态、土壤生态系统各形态磷素与土壤生态因子的关系以及速效磷和不同形态磷素之间的关系。分析了土壤生态系统中磷素转化及流通规律，得出规律如下：①放牧地和割草地生境内土壤系统的输出量分别是3．14kg／ha·y和734kg／ha·y；输入量分别是2．75kg／ha·y和2．00kg／ha·y。②从磷素在土壤系统内循林规律看，轻度退化草地主要是土壤环境因子恶化阻碍磷素的流通引起的。③土壤系统磷素在各库的贮量不能说明其活跃程度，而磷素在各库的流通量和流通速率可以表示出循环的活跃程度。 相似文献
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鸭茅╋白三叶型混播放牧草地肉牛生产系统优化研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在鸭茅（Dactylis glomerata）+白三叶（Triflium repens）草地型肉牛放牧系统内,实施全日制划区轮牧、载畜量季节性调控、维持肥施用、草地除杂、枯草期补饲等优化措施,对草地的土壤养分、牧草生长强度、现存量、组分、养分及肉牛体质量、日增体质量等指标进行了监测。结果表明,采用全日制放牧,在草地年平均载畜量1.4牛单位/hm2下,牧草的生长量超过8 077 kg/hm2,肉牛体况得到明显的改善,单位草地面积经济效益可达1 135元/hm2,草地实现可持续利用。同时,针对草地肉牛放牧系统中存在的问题,提出了有效改进的合理化建议。 相似文献
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林祥金 《河南畜牧兽医(综合版)》2009,(6):10-13
肉牛产业（Beef Industry）是以牛属动物的肉作为原料，经过加工以满足人类需求的产业。西方国家由于草地或粮食资源较丰富，他们在将牛属动物作乳用和役用之外，还发展了以肉用为目的的养牛业。我国由于人多地少，牛属动物主要用作役用和乳用。正如一位外国学者说：“80年代之前，中国没有真正的肉牛业”。这位学者在解释什么是肉牛业时说：所谓肉牛业是指牛属动物， 相似文献
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南方人工草地放牧系统元素循环与培肥技术研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过对土壤氮素、磷素、钾素在人工草地放牧系统中循环特征的分析 ,探讨了南方人工放牧草地氮素、磷素、钾素及硼、锌、钼、硫等营养元素的需求状况、肥料种类及用量、具体施肥时间与方法 ,并提出了南方人工草地放牧系统草地培肥的生物措施与综合措施 相似文献
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内蒙古锡林郭勒盟发展肉牛产业化具有草地资源优势和肉牛育肥的资源优势。发展优质的肉牛产业化，就要利用现代育种与繁育新技术培育出适应放牧及舍饲的草地肉牛优良品种。笔者根据当地实际情况提出，肉牛的生产是一个系统工程，必须从饲草、饲料、肉牛品种等方面入手，并介绍了各阶段的肉牛育肥方法。 相似文献
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本文以羊、肉牛为主，从品种、繁殖、饲养及生产管理等方面综合论述人工草地家畜系统中家畜生产管理优化技术。 相似文献
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云贵高原红壤退化人工草地土壤肥力变化与有效施肥技术研究 总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7
采用N、P、K三因素肥料试验研究顾氮磷钾肥配施对退化人工草地的增产效应以及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明，NPO处理与单施N肥处理比较，1998年黑麦草增产99．0％，鸭茅增产2．5％，白三叶增产162．％；2000年则为219．1％、14．6％和78．3％。在施用氮肥基础上，施用磷肥增产效果更为突出。在南方红壤退化人工草地中，由于土壤长期侵蚀的影响，土壤磷素已经退化到“谷底”水平，而投入系统中的磷素一部分被铁铝氧化物所固定，另一部分通过刈割或采食被带出系统，磷素损失量高。因此，在退化人工草地中首要的养分限制因子是磷，其次为钾。提高土壤，pH，降低红壤固磷能力，提高磷肥肥效是改良退化红壤人工草地的重要施肥技术措施。 相似文献
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西北地区农牧业发展方向的探讨 总被引：33，自引：11，他引：22
西北地区主要在干旱、半干旱地域内，适于建立草地农业系统，取代以粮为纲的传统农业系统。草地农业系统是以草地为主体的大农业生态系统，对其建设主要体现在农牧结合，以牧为主，因地制宜地适度发展特色农业以及抢救生态资产向生态产业转型等。其具体措施为：在牧区建立人工草地，在农区施行草田轮作，对农区和牧区施行系统间的耦合发展。讨论了建立草地农业系统的依据，农牧业发展战略、策略与技术导向以及西北地区农牧业分区发展方向等。 相似文献
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放牧强度对羊草草原的影响 总被引：41，自引：5，他引：36
研究放牧强度对羊草草原植物群落组成、数量特征、生物量及土壤特性等的影响.结果表明,随着放牧强度的增加,羊草草原的植被盖度和生物量随之降低,优势羊草群落将逐渐被盐生植物所替代,群落结构趋于简化,物种向旱生化和盐生化演替.同时土壤容重、含水量、有机质和氮、磷、钾、钙、镁等营养元素含量亦随着放牧强度的增加而逐渐降低.春季过度放牧对土壤表层的水分、有机质和钙、镁等元素造成的损失最为严重.因此,制定科学的草原管理措施,特别是春季限制放牧等措施对于维持草原的可持续发展具有重要意义. 相似文献
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Huajie Liu Xingguo Han Linghao Li Jianhui Huang Hongsheng Liu Xin Li 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2009,62(4):321-327
Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are important in many arid and semiarid ecosystems for their abilities to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N) and stabilize surface soil. Grazing disturbance has a profound influence on abundance, species composition, and ecological functioning of BSCs. To elucidate the effects of grazing on BSCs in Inner Mongolia grasslands, an investigation was conducted in a typical steppe that had previously been subjected to long-term grazing with six grazing densities (control: 0 sheep · ha?1, very light: 4 sheep ·ha?1, light: 8 sheep · ha?1, medium: 12 sheep · ha?1, heavy: 16 sheep · ha?1, and very heavy: 20 sheep · ha?1). Cover, species composition, potential N-fixing activity, and potential N input of BSC indicate that long-term grazing significantly reduced the importance of BSC in N input and soil stabilization. Such reductions were highly related to grazing density. Very light grazing had no significant effect on the role of BSC in soil stabilization, but resulted in a 13.3% reduction in BSC N input potential. Heavy and very heavy grazing led to a decrease of potential N input by one order of magnitude, and a decline of BSC function via a shift from high coverage of an attached group–dominated BSC community to a low coverage of a vagrant group–dominated community. Constraining grazing level to a very light density—and to a lesser extent, a light grazing density—is likely a preferred practice for conserving BSC and the ecological services it provides in N fixation and soil stabilization. 相似文献
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黄土丘陵典型草原土壤理化性质对生态恢复措施的响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究土壤理化性状及土壤质量变化对草地生态建设具有重要意义。在宁夏黄土丘陵区典型草原,以放牧草地为对照,对封育、水平沟和鱼鳞坑生态恢复措施实施15年草地的0～40 cm土壤粒径、容重、持水性、孔隙度、有机质、氮磷钾等理化性状进行了比较,通过主成分分析和土壤质量综合指数(SQI),评价了不同措施下土壤质量恢复状况。结果表明:1)土层黏粒含量以水平沟措施最高,粉粒以放牧草地最高、砂粒以鱼鳞坑最高;土壤颗粒体积分形维数值(D)从大到小依次为水平沟、封育、鱼鳞坑和放牧草地,土壤粒径垂直变化差异不明显;2)放牧草地土壤容重最高,为1.14 g·cm-3,封育、水平沟和鱼鳞坑均可显著减小土壤容重,增加土壤持水性和总孔隙度,但对土壤毛管孔隙和非毛管孔隙的改善效果不大;各处理土壤物理性状垂直变化不显著;3)土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量呈封育>放牧>鱼鳞坑>水平沟,全磷含量以放牧和封育草地较高,水平沟最低;速效钾含量以放牧草地最高,封育草地次之,鱼鳞坑最低,土壤养分含量呈表聚性;4)土壤质量综合指数在放牧、封育、水平沟和鱼鳞坑措施下分别为0.337、0.719、0.348和0.281,呈封育>水平沟>放牧草地>鱼鳞坑。基于土壤理化性状,认为草地封育对土壤质量改善最为明显,是研究区最适宜的草地生态恢复措施。 相似文献
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David J. Van Horn Carleton S. White Edward A. Martinez Christina Hernandez Joshua P. Merrill Robert R. Parmenter Clifford N. Dahm 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2012,65(5):475-485
Catchment characteristics and disturbances control the conditions and processes found in stream ecosystems. We examined nutrient cycling linkages between riparian soils and adjacent streams and the impacts of the removal of ungulate grazing on these ecosystems and processes at six grazing exclosure sites in the Valles Caldera National Preserve, NM, USA. The exclusion of native and domestic ungulate grazers for 3 yr significantly increased the riparian aboveground biomass of standing vegetation (273 ± 155 in grazed vs. 400 ± 178 g . m-2 in exclosures) and litter (58 ± 75 in grazed vs. 110 ± 76 g . m-2 in exclosures) (P = 0.003 and 0.006, respectively). Except for an increase in total soil phosphorous (P) at three of the six sites, soil nutrient values were minimally affected by grazing after five growing seasons. Within the six sites studied, no connection was found between 0–15-cm depth soils, which were P-limited based on stoichiometric ratios, and stream nutrient availability or limitation, which were nitrogen limited. Stream geomorphology was not significantly altered by 5 yr of grazing exclusion. The elimination of grazing suppressed instream nutrient processing with significantly longer NH4 uptake lengths (P = 0.003). These results suggest the exclusion of ungulate grazing impacts terrestrial characteristics (increased standing vegetative biomass) that are linked to ecosystem services provided by adjacent aquatic ecosystems (reduced N-uptake). Management plans should carefully balance the positive effect of grazing on stream nutrient processing and retention reported here with the well-documented grazing-related loss of other ecosystem services such as decreased fish and aquatic invertebrate habitat and effects on water-quality parameters such as turbidity and water temperature. 相似文献
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Collective action, on communal grazing land, has evolved in the highlands of northwestern Ethiopia to mitigate the problems of feed shortage and land degradation due to overgrazing. The exercise is liked by farmers for improving the availability of natural pasture during the long dry season when other feed sources get depleted. However, large portions of the communal grazing lands are still managed under free grazing throughout the year. This study was undertaken in Maynet village in the upper Blue Nile basin, northwestern Ethiopia, to assess the impacts of three different types of grazing land management (GLM) and two slope gradients (<10%; 15–25%) on aboveground herbaceous biomass yield, ground cover, species richness, runoff, soil loss and soil bulk density of grazing lands. The GLMs include (a) freely open communal GLM, (b) restricted communal GLM – collective management of communal grazing land locally named as ‘yebere sar’ and (c) private holding GLM. Stocking density was more than carrying capacity of grazing lands across all GLMs. However, the extent of overstocking problem was exceptionally severe in freely open communal GLM. The interaction between GLM and slope was significant (P<0.05) for runoff, soil loss and runoff coefficient. The average runoff coefficient was close to 50% in freely open communal GLM on steeper slopes (15–25%). Freely open communal GLM on steeper slopes resulted in consistently highest cumulative runoff and soil loss amounting to 491 mm and 32 t/ha per year, respectively. Polynomial regression analysis showed that quadratic relationship (r2=0.87) existed between soil loss and runoff. But, soil loss was close to nil when runoff did not exceed 2 mm per rainfall event. As expected, restricted communal GLM appeared to reduce surface runoff by more than 40% and curb the rate of soil erosion by more than 50% compared to freely open communal GLM. Its vegetation cover persisted above 70% throughout the year, meeting the threshold level recommended to keep surface runoff and soil loss to minimum. Reducing the problem of overstocking and pasture resting in August–November are important components to improve ground cover and aboveground herbaceous biomass yield, which in turn reduce land degradation on grazing lands. 相似文献
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《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2007,60(1):88-98
Human communities in the Intermountain West depend heavily on subalpine rangelands because of their importance in providing water for irrigation and forage for wildlife and livestock. In addition, many constituencies are looking to managed ecosystems to sequester carbon in plant biomass and soil C to reduce the impact of anthropogenic CO2 on climate. This work builds on a 90-year-old grazing experiment in mountain meadows on the Wasatch Plateau in central Utah. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of 90 years of protection from grazing on processes controlling the input, output, and storage of C in subalpine rangelands. Long-term grazing significantly reduced maximum biomass in all years compared with plots within grazing exclosures. For grazed plots, interannual variability in aboveground biomass was correlated with July precipitation and temperature (R2 = 0.51), while there was a weak correlation between July precipitation and biomass in ungrazed plots (R2 = 0.24). Livestock grazing had no statistically significant impacts on total soil C or particulate organic matter (POM), although grazing did increase active soil C and decrease soil moisture. Grazing significantly increased the proportion of total soil C pools that were potentially mineralizable in the laboratory, with soils from grazed plots evolving 4.6% of total soil C in 1 year while ungrazed plots lost 3.3% of total soil C. Volumetric soil moisture was consistently higher in ungrazed plots than grazed plots. The changes in soil C chemistry may have implications for how these ecosystems will respond to forecast climate change. Because grazing has resulted in an accumulation of easily decomposable organic material, if temperatures warm and summer precipitation increases as is anticipated, these soils may become net sources of CO2 to the atmosphere creating a positive feedback between climate change and atmospheric CO2. 相似文献
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以内蒙古短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原为研究对象,基于围封19年的长期放牧试验平台,设置4个载畜率水平,分别为对照(CK)0、轻度放牧(LG)0.91、中度放牧(MG)1.82、重度放牧(HG)2.71羊单位·(hm2·0.5a)-1,测定并分析2021年8月植物生长高峰期优势植物及土壤的碳、氮养分含量。结果表明：与对照相比,载畜率的增加降低植物香农维纳指数、辛普森指数;轻度、中度和重度载畜率显著降低植物碳库氮库。随着载畜率增大,土壤铵态氮含量在中度载畜率时含量最高;与对照相比,重度载畜率显著增加土壤硝态氮含量,显著降低土壤全碳、全氮和土壤有机碳含量;中度和重度载畜率显著增加了土壤的pH值。表明在荒漠草原,高载畜率会降低植物多样性水平和碳、氮养分归还能力,增加土壤碳、氮含量的流失,进而造成了土壤全碳、全氮含量的降低,有机碳的累积转化受阻。 相似文献