首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Surveys of 94 artichoke fields throughout the artichoke production areas of Comunidad Valenciana (eastern Spain) were conducted from 1999 to 2002 to determine the incidence and distribution of Verticillium wilt.Verticillium dahliae was isolated from 80.9% of the sampled fields, and detected in all artichoke-growing areas, with a mean disease incidence of 53.8% infected plants. The disease was found to cause severe damage to cv. ‘Blanca de Tudela’, which is the most important artichoke cultivar grown in Spain, and was also observed on the seed-propagated cv. ‘Imperial Star’. In field trials to study the role of infected planting material and soil inoculum on infection of artichoke plants during the cropping season,V. dahliae was transmitted from infected stumps to the plants, confirming that the use of infected stumps could have greatly contributed to the dissemination of the pathogen. Inoculum density ofV. dahliae in soil had an effect on crop infection, in that a higher number of microsclerotia per gram of soil resulted in a higher percentage of infected plants. In addition, yield of cv. Blanca de Tudela was significantly affected byV. dahliae infection, showing that a higher percentage of infection corresponded with lower yield. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 21, 2005.  相似文献   

2.
The application of disinfectants through drip irrigation could be a feasible practice against verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae) of olive. OX-VIRIN (activated peroxide) and OX-AGUA AL25 (quaternary ammonium compounds) are two disinfectants that have shown efficacy against V. dahliae in irrigation water and potential for reducing the disease in young olive plants. In this work, various post-planting application strategies incorporating OX-VIRIN (once a month, or twice a month on alternate or successive weeks) or OX-AGUA AL25 (once a month, or twice a month on alternate weeks) were assessed for their effect on V. dahliae in soil, disease in olive trees, and olive yield, in a 2-year pot-experiment under natural environmental conditions. The disinfectants were injected via metering pumps into a drip irrigation system that irrigated olive trees planted in V. dahliae-inoculated soil. All the application strategies significantly reduced the total inoculum density in soil compared to controls with no disinfectants and noninoculated soil. The microsclerotia density was also significantly reduced in disinfested soils by 73.6–86.8%, depending on the strategy. The symptoms and infection incidence were always lower in treatments subjected to disinfestation. The treatment with OX-AGUA AL25 applied twice a month on alternate weeks most reduced the symptoms (by 53.0%) and colonization index (by 70.8%) with respect to untreated water control. This soil disinfestation also significantly strengthened the symptom remission. Tree growth and production were negatively affected by soil inoculation (reduced by 45.6% and 88.7%, respectively), but not so by disinfectants, which even relieved the reduction in inoculated soils, especially when OX-AGUA AL25 was applied.  相似文献   

3.
E. C. TJAMOS 《EPPO Bulletin》1993,23(3):505-512
Control of verticillium wilt of olive currently depends on preventive measures. Since systemic fungicides are unable to prevent or control the disease, its control should primarily be based on cultural methods, including irrigation systems which restrict dissemination of Verticillium dahliae propagules by irrigation water and avoidance of intercropping with hosts susceptible to V. dahliae. Since leaves from affected olive trees contribute, through formation of microsclerotia, to the inoculum in the soil, pruning should be practised prior to branch defoliation. As for resistant olive rootstocks or cultivars, promising verticillium-wilt resistance has been found in two rootstocks selected in California (US). However, these have to be tested under local conditions before they can be released to Mediterranean growers, while further search for other resistant rootstocks is needed. Soil solarization applied to individual diseased trees in established olive groves could substantially contribute to recovery or long-lasting symptom remission in the treated trees. This effect is mainly attributed to the decrease or eradication of V. dahliae microsclerotia in the treated soil but also to heat-tolerant fungal antagonists of the pathogen. Using herbicides to control weeds, and limiting soil rotovation, can restrict symptom development. Biological control can also be considered as a promising trend in controlling the disease by searching, testing and exploiting potential fungal or bacterial antagonists.  相似文献   

4.
Control of olive tree wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, is not easy. A simple solar-chamber technique has been developed to achieve effective control. The treated tree is irrigated, the soil is covered by a plastic sheet, and a chamber made of a metal framework covered with plastic sheets is placed over the tree. Trees were exposed for 10, 15 and 20 days. Using this approach the temperature in the chamber reached 55°, and soil temperatures at 5 and 15 cm depth reached 55 and 45°, respectively. It was no longer possible to isolate V. dahliae from infected trees after 15–20 days. Growth of treated trees was improved as compared with the untreated ones. Laboratory studies on the efficacy of dry heat on the survival of V. dahliae in diseased branches showed that 50–55°C was lethal after 1 h. On PDA medium, the fungus was killed in 1 h at 50°C and in 45 min at 55°C.  相似文献   

5.
An innovative inoculation process, involving the drilling of a trunk hole in 3 year-old olive trees and injecting a dense conidial suspension of Verticillium dahliae, was developed to study differentiation in foliar symptom expression between olive cultivars tolerant or susceptible to the pathogen. It was demonstrated that V. dahliae conidia could be translocated and colonize the xylem at the same distance above and below the point of trunk injection in both cultivars. However, the pathogen could be subsequently isolated at statistically significant percentages in susceptible cv. Amphissis compared to the tolerant cv. Kalamon, indicating operation of resistance mechanisms in the vascular phase of the disease. Consequently symptom development in the susceptible cultivar was at least sixfold more intensive compared to the tolerant cultivar, 6–11 months after trunk inoculation. Perennial olive orchard experiments, aimed at selecting Verticillium-resistant root-stocks, were conducted by applying the novel method in 2–3 year-old root-stock suckers of Amphissis olive trees and in the tolerant cvs Lianolia of Corfu and Koroneiki. It was indicated that potentially resistant root-stocks could be obtained following the trunk drilling technique. Resistance differentiation between cvs Amphissis and Kalamon was further verified through root inoculation by various V. dahliae microsclerotial concentrations and demonstrated that the trunk drilling inoculation procedure is equally efficient in resistance evaluation of olives to Verticillium wilt. The trunk inoculation procedure could be useful in selecting and screening root-stocks for resistance to V. dahliae and other vascular pathogens and could elucidate resistance mechanisms in woody plants against vascular wilt diseases.  相似文献   

6.
Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae is one of the most threatening diseases of olive worldwide. For pre‐planting and post‐planting control of verticillium wilt in olive trees, availability of a rapid, reliable and non‐destructive method for detection of V. dahliae is essential. For such a method, suitable and easily performed sampling and efficient processing of samples for extraction of DNA are necessary. In this study, the suitability of young twig and leaf samples of olive trees, which are easy to collect and extract DNA from, were assessed for the detection of V. dahliae in routine procedures. The lower (about 50 cm from the tip) and top parts (about 5 cm from the tip) of twigs, as well as leaves from infected olive trees were screened for V. dahliae infection and distribution using real‐time PCR. The biomass of V. dahliae detected in individual twigs was highly variable, but there was no significant difference between mean quantities of V. dahliae DNA detected in top and lower parts of twigs. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that analysis of combined samples containing DNA extracted from five twigs of an infected tree accurately detected the presence of the pathogen. Similarly, testing combined samples of 5–10 leaves enabled reliable detection of the pathogen in an infected tree. The development of this assay enables reliable detection of V. dahliae in infected olive trees that can aid in management decisions for the implementation of integrated disease management.  相似文献   

7.
Verticillium longisporum and V. dahliae, causal agents of Verticillium wilt, are spreading through the cabbage fields of Gunma Prefecture. Using the V. longisporum-specific intron within the 18S rDNA and differences between ITS 5.8S rDNA sequences in Japanese isolates of V. longisporum and V. dahliae, we developed three quantitative nested real-time (QNRT) PCR assays. The QNRT-PCR quantification of V. longisporum or V. dahliae in cabbage field soil was consistent with the severity of Verticillium wilt disease in those fields. In field trials of resistant cultivar YR Ranpo grown for three seasons in soil infested with the pathogen, disease severity and pathogen density in the soil were significantly reduced in a field moderately contaminated by V. dahliae, but only slightly reduced in a highly contaminated field. These results suggest that continuous cultivation of a resistant cultivar is an effective way to reduce the pathogen population. QNRT-PCR assays provide a powerful analytical tool to evaluate the soil population dynamics of V. longisporum and V. dahliae for disease management.  相似文献   

8.
Spread of Verticillium wilt into newly established olive orchards in Andalucía, southern Spain, has caused concern in the olive industry in the region. This spread may result from use of Verticillium dahliae-infected planting material, which can extend distribution of the highly virulent, defoliating (D) pathotype of V. dahliae to new areas. In this study, a molecular diagnostic method for the early in planta detection of D V. dahliae was developed, aimed especially at nursery-produced olive plants. For this purpose, new primers for nested PCR were designed by sequencing a 992-bp RAPD marker of the D pathotype. The use of the specific primers and different nested-PCR protocols allowed the detection of V. dahliae pathotype D DNA in infected root and stem tissues of young olive plants. Detection of the pathogen was effective from the very earliest moments following inoculation of olive plants with a V. dahliae pathotype D conidia suspension as well as in inoculated, though symptomless, plants.  相似文献   

9.
Verticillium wilt of olive is best managed by resistant cultivars, but those currently available show incomplete resistance to the defoliating (D) Verticillium dahliae pathotype. Moreover, these cultivars do not satisfy consumers' demand for high yields and oil quality. Highly resistant rootstocks would be of paramount importance for production of agronomically adapted and commercially desirable olive cultivars in D V. dahliae‐infested soils. In this work, resistance to D V. dahliae in wild olive clones Ac‐13, Ac‐18, OutVert and StopVert was assessed by quantifying the fungal DNA along the stem using a highly sensitive real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) protocol and a stem colonization index (SCI) based on isolation of V. dahliae following artificial inoculations under conditions highly conducive for verticillium wilt. Ac‐13, Ac‐18, OutVert and StopVert showed a symptomless reaction to D V. dahliae. The mean amount of D V. dahliaeDNA quantified in stems of the four clones ranged from 3.64 to 28.89 pg/100 ng olive DNA, which was 249 to 1537 times lower than that in susceptible Picual olive. The reduction in the quantitative stem colonization of wild olive clones by D V. dahliae was also indicated by a sharp decrease in the SCI. Overall, there was a pattern of decreasing SCI in acropetal progression along the plant axis, as well as correlation between positive reisolation and quantification of pathogen DNA. The results of this research show that wild olive clones Ac‐13, Ac‐18, OutVert and StopVert have a valuable potential as rootstocks for the management of verticillium wilt in olive.  相似文献   

10.
Biological control of plant diseases using soil amendments such as animal manure and composted materials can minimize organic waste and has been proposed as an effective strategy in crop protection. In this study, 35 organic amendments (OAs) and 16 compost mixtures were evaluated against Verticillium dahliae by assessing both the antagonistic effect on the mycelial growth of two representative isolates of V. dahliae and the effect on the reduction of microsclerotia viability of the pathogen in naturally infested soil. Eleven OAs and five compost mixtures showed a consistent inhibition effect in in vitro sensitivity tests, with solid olive‐oil waste compost one of the most effective. Therefore, a bioassay with olive plants was conducted to evaluate the suppressive effect against V. dahliae of these selected OAs and compost mixtures. Significant reduction in the severity of the symptoms of V. dahliae indicates the potential use of grape marc compost (100% disease severity reduction) and solid olive‐oil waste, combined with other OAs. Microorganism mixtures and dairy waste OAs had a potential suppressive effect when they were combined with compost, showing a 73% and 63% disease severity reduction, respectively. A mixture of agro‐industrial waste with other biological control agents is a promising strategy against verticillium wilt of olive. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report on the effectiveness of compost extracts (compost teas) on the inhibition of natural microsclerotia of V. dahliae, and also on verticillium wilt suppression in olive with solid olive‐oil waste.  相似文献   

11.
Effects of crop rotation between rice paddy fields and strawberry nurseries on the control of Verticillium wilt of strawberry were studied. For detecting Verticillium dahliae, the causal agent of Verticillium wilt, in soil, eggplant was used as an indicator plant. We were thus able to detect as low as 1 microsclerotium/g dry soil. In field surveys of Chiba and Hokkaido from 2000 to 2003, V. dahliae was detected in 9 of 10 upland fields but in none of 21 paddy-upland fields. In Hokkaido during 2000–2007, strawberry mother plants were planted, and plantlets were produced in upland and paddy-upland fields to assess V. dahliae infestation. Verticillium wilt of strawberry had never occurred in 72 tested paddy-upland fields, compared to 13.2–73.9% of plantlets infected with V. dahliae in upland fields. In a pot experiment in a greenhouse, two flooding treatments or two paddy rice cultivations suppressed Verticillium wilt symptoms on eggplant. In field experiments, one paddy rice cultivation in Chiba and two in Hokkaido prevented development of Verticillium wilt symptoms on eggplant. Verticillium wilt of strawberry was controlled completely with one paddy rice cultivation in infested fields in Chiba. In these field experiments, the number of microsclerotia of V. dahliae decreased under the flooding conditions for paddy rice cultivation. Based on the reduction in microsclerotia, a crop rotation system with paddy rice for 3 years (three times), green manure for 1 year, and strawberry nursery for 1 year was designed for Hokkaido.  相似文献   

12.
Verticillium dahliae, the causal agent of Verticillium wilt of tomato, causes serious damage to crops grown in unheated greenhouses. To control this disease, growers are obliged to employ strong soil disinfestants. The possibility of controllingV. dahliae by using soil solarization during the months of June — August was examined. The soil was covered with transparent polyethylene sheets for 10 weeks. The pathogen could not be isolated from the solarized soil, whereas the inoculum level in the nonsolarized soil remained high (1379–1806 propagules/g soil). The yield from the solarized soil was increased by 112.4% in comparison with the control, and no infected plants were observed. The percentage of infected roots was very low (0.3–0.4%) in relation to the nonsolarized soil (66.7–67.1%). From these results it was concluded that solarization can effectively control Verticillium wilt of greenhouse-grown tomato under the summer conditions in Crete.  相似文献   

13.
Controlling Verticillium dahliae through irrigation systems should be an important measure within integrated management of verticillium wilt of olive in Spain. Pathogen content of water infested by V. dahliae conidia and sclerotia can be diminished following in vitro treatments with the disinfectants OX-VIRIN and OX-AGUA AL25. Three concentrations per disinfectant were assessed for their effectiveness under operational conditions of modern irrigated olive orchards. Sterilized potted soil was drip-irrigated with conidia- or sclerotia-containing water that was pumped from a storage tank and disinfected (or not, control) within the pipelines via metering pumps. The trial was carried out in autumn and spring for each type of propagule infesting the water. The inoculum dispensed through drippers and the total inoculum density accumulated in soil were estimated. Furthermore, the treated residual inoculum in soil was assessed for pathogenicity on olive plants. Conidial incorporation in soil was prevented by most disinfectant treatments in spring; while for sclerotia, prevention was observed only at the highest OX-VIRIN (51.2 mL L−1; in both seasons) and OX-AGUA AL25 (11.27 mL L−1; in autumn) concentration. The remaining disinfectant treatments reduced conidia and sclerotia accumulation in soil by over 99% and 95%, respectively. Season particularly impacted the efficacy of lower concentrations. Expression of symptoms was not observed in olive plants grown in previously treated soils. The infectivity of the residual inoculum present in some treated soils was prevented, markedly reduced or limited to the roots. These results provide a novel, interesting and feasible approach in the management of the disease.  相似文献   

14.
Verticillium wilt (VW) in olive is best managed by an integrated disease management strategy, of which use of host resistance is a key element. The widespread occurrence of a highly virulent defoliating (D) Verticillium dahliae pathotype has jeopardized the use of commercial olive cultivars lacking sufficient resistance to this pathogen. However, the combined use of resistant wild olive rootstocks and Trichoderma spp. effective in the biocontrol of VW can improve the management of VW in olive. In vivo interactions between D V. dahliae and Trichoderma harzianum were studied in olive and wild olive plants displaying different degrees of resistance against this pathogen using confocal microscopy. This multitrophic system included wild olive clones Ac‐4 and Ac‐15, olive cv. Picual, and the fungal fluorescent transformants T. harzianum GFP22 and V. dahliae V138I‐YFP, the latter being obtained in this study. In planta observations indicated that V138I‐YFP colonizes the roots and stems of the olive and wild olive genotypes, and that GFP22 grows endophytically within the roots of them all. YFP fluorescence signal quantifications showed that: (i) the degree of root and stem colonization by the pathogen varied depending upon the susceptibility of the tested wild olive genotype, being higher in Ac‐15 than in Ac‐4 plants; and (ii) treatment with T. harzianum GFP22 reduced the extent of pathogen growth in both clones. Moreover, root colonization by strain GFP22 reduced the percentage of pathogen colonies recovered from stems of olive and wild olive plants.  相似文献   

15.
Since 2006, verticillium wilt of olive induced by Verticillium dahliae has caused considerable economic losses in olive orchards in Tunisia. The genetic structure of V. dahliae isolates collected from different olive growing regions was investigated using virulence tests, vegetative compatibility grouping (VCG) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses. In total, 42 isolates of V. dahliae from diseased olive trees were tested. Cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis revealed that geographic origin was the main factor determining the genetic structure of V. dahliae populations and both methods indicated a genetic separation between the central and coastal isolates. Isolates were divided into two major groups: the AFLP‐I group included all isolates from Sidi Bouzid, Kairouan, Kasserine and Sfax (centre of the country) and the AFLP‐II group included isolates from Monastir, Zaghouane, Sousse, Mahdia (coastal region), and two isolates from Sfax. Analysis of the molecular variance (amova ) indicated a significant level of genetic differentiation among (76%) and within (23%) the two populations. Analyses of both the defoliating (D) and non‐defoliating (ND) pathotypes and VCG markers indicated that most of the isolates belong to VCG 2A and 4B/ND pathotype. The disease severity was highly variable among the isolates tested (P < 0·05) with no evidence of association between aggressiveness and geographical origin of the isolates. Overall, results of this study revealed a clear association between the genetic diversity of the isolates and their geographic origin, but not between genetic diversity and virulence patterns.  相似文献   

16.
The effect of solar heating of soil on natural and inoculated agrobacteria   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Solarization trials were carried out over 3 years and in two countries to control crown gall disease on fruit trees and eliminate Agrobacterium . In 1992, agrobacteria in naturally infested soils of two Italian nurseries were monitored before and after solarization. Agrobacteria populations decreased by 99% and 92% after the treatment; however, crown gall incidence did not decrease. In 1993 and 1994 solarization was tested in Oregon in fields artificially infested with two marked strains of A. tumefaciens . In sandy loam soil, the target bacteria were eliminated in 4 weeks, while in silty clay soil the populations were markedly reduced after 2 months of treatment. Crown gall incidence on cherry rootstocks transplanted to the field at the end of 1993 was 3.7% in the sandy loam soil control plots, while no tumours were observed on plants from solarized plots. The use of solarization in combination with reduced doses of metham-sodium was also evaluated.  相似文献   

17.
Olive groves have been established during the last decade in the coastal area of Halkidiki and in the northern part of the Kassandra peninsula (GR). Visual symptoms of verticillium wilt were observed recently all over this area, particularly in young trees of cv. Hondrolia Halkidikis but not in the occasional old trees already in the orchards. The symptoms appeared regardless of the previous crop (cotton or not), so the nurseries supplying the farmers with young trees were assumed to be the primary source of infection. A survey of olive nurseries in the area was conducted during 1991. Eleven out of the total 18 nurseries in the area were located in the Verticillium dahliae-infested zone and 9 of these were sampled. Three-year-old olive seedlings were selected and isolations were made from the xylem onto PDA acidified with 0.25% lactic acid. V. dahliae-infected seedlings were detected in 4 out of the 9 nurseries examined. The presence of infected young trees in nurseries covering 15.6% of the total nursery area provided strong evidence that nurseries may be responsible for the recent expansion of verticillium wilt in the area.  相似文献   

18.
Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, is the most serious disease in olive cultivation areas in western Turkey. Two hundred and eight isolates of V. dahliae from olive (Olea europea var. sativa) trees were taken for vegetative compatibility analysis using nitrate non-utilizing (nit) mutants. One isolate did not produce a nit mutant. Nit mutants of 207 isolates were tested against tester strains of internationally known vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) 1A, 2A, 2B, 3, 4A and 4B, and also paired in many combinations among themselves. One hundred and eighty nine of the isolates (90.9%) were strongly compatible with T9, the tester strain of VCG1A, and thus were assigned to VCG1A. Eight isolates were assigned to VCG2A and four isolates to VCG4B. One isolate was heterokaryon self-incompatible (HSI) and five isolates could not be grouped to any of the VCGs tested. Pathogenicity assays were conducted on a susceptible olive cultivar (O. europea cv. Manzanilla) and a susceptible local cotton cultivar (Gossypium hirsutum cv. Çukurova 1518). Both cotton and olive inoculated with all VCG1A isolates showed defoliating symptoms in greenhouse tests. This is the first report on VCGs in V. dahliae from olive trees in Turkey which demonstrates that VCG1A of the cotton-defoliating type is the most commonly detected form from olive plants in the western part of Turkey.  相似文献   

19.
Resistance of 23 important olive cultivars to Verticillium dahliae has been evaluated in four experiments under controlled conditions. Nine-month-old nursery olive plants were inoculated with a cotton non-defoliating (ND) (V4) or a cotton defoliating (D) (V117) isolate of V. dahliae. Resistance was evaluated by assessing symptom severity using a 0–4 rating scale and estimating the area under disease progress curves. The percentage of plants killed and of those which recovered from the disease were used as additional parameters for including a particular cultivar into a defined category. Most of the evaluated cultivars were susceptible, although at different levels, to both isolates of V. dahliae. All cultivars were more susceptible to the D pathotype than to the ND one. A group of 11 cultivars, including several important Spanish cultivars, were susceptible or extremely susceptible to both pathotypes of V. dahliae. A second group showed differences of resistance depending on the pathotype used. They were susceptible or extremely susceptible to the D pathotype but resistant or moderately susceptible to the ND one. Finally, 'Frantoio', 'Oblonga' and 'Empeltre' were moderately susceptible to the D isolate of V. dahliae and resistant to the ND one. The resistance of 'Empeltre' was evident by the plant ability to recover from infection with either isolates. 'Empeltre' is considered to be a valuable cultivar for inclusion in breeding programmes for resistance to Verticillium wilt.  相似文献   

20.
Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae is a disease highly prevalent in newly established olive orchards in Andalucía, southern Spain. Two syndromes of the disease occur in Andalucia, namely apoplexy and slow decline. Apoplexy is characterized by quick dieback of twigs and branches while slow decline consists of rapid drying out of inflorescences together with leaf chlorosis and necrosis. Systematic disease observations carried out in two experimental orchards planted with susceptible cv. Picual indicated that natural recovery of diseased trees occurred over time. Infection and vascular colonization of olive plants by V. dahliae were studied in susceptible (Picual) and resistant (Oblonga) cultivars inoculated with a mildly virulent or a highly virulent cotton-defoliating isolate of V. dahliae. Disease symptoms developed 24–32 days after inoculation in cv. Picual, but at that time plants of cv. Oblonga remained free from symptoms. However anatomical observations and isolations indicated that systemic infections by the two isolates had occurred to a large extent in both cultivars.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号