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1.
Primary paranasal sinusitis complicated by inspissated exudate within the ventral conchal sinus was diagnosed in five horses. Clinical signs included a unilateral, foul-smelling, mucopurulent nasal exudate of 2 to 7 months' duration. Two of the horses had partial nasal obstruction from distortion of the ventral concha. Radiographs of the skull showed a mass of soft tissue density dorsal to the roots of the superior third and fourth or fourth and fifth cheek teeth. Treatment included bone flap maxillary sinusotomy with exposure of the ventral nasal concha and removal of inspissated exudate. Resolution of the sinusitis occurred in all five horses.  相似文献   

2.
Microwave thermographs were recorded from 77 normal horses. In 51% the lowest temperature was recorded in the mid-metacarpal region, and in 41% it was in the distal metacarpal region. The mean temperature of the normal limbs ranged from 25.04 to 37.4 degrees C. Maximum temperature differences between symmetrical points in both forelimbs ranged from 0 to 5.33 degrees C and differences in mean limb temperatures between both forelimbs ranged from 0 to 2.91 degrees C. In 48 horses with acute (less than 4 weeks' duration) injury of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) (36 unilateral, 12 bilateral) and 12 horses with acute injury of the soft tissues of the palmar metacarpal region other than the SDFT (all unilateral) 66% of forelimbs had acute SDFT injury, and 50% of those with other soft tissue injuries, had elevations of the temperature in the mid- or distal metacarpal region. Abnormal values for mean limb temperature, difference in mean limb temperature and maximum temperature difference between locations in opposite forelimbs were detected in 75% of the horses with SDFT injury and in only 16% of the horses with other soft tissue injury. The sensitivity of microwave thermography for the detection of SDFT injury was 81% and the specificity 74%. When 30 horses in National Hunt training were examined weekly for 5 weeks, 2 horses sustained SDFT injury during that period. The microwave thermographs recorded from these 2 horses, at 1 and 2 weeks before the onset of clinical signs, were abnormal. However, 16 horses which did not develop tendon injury also displayed thermographic abnormalities.  相似文献   

3.
The objective of this clinical study was to report the prevalence of ocular disorders in a large population of horses from the Indian army. Both eyes of 500 horses were examined using a direct ophthalmoscope and by a transillumination procedure. Intraocular pressures were measured in several study horses. Fluorescein dye, Schirmer tear test, and menace testing were performed when indicated. Corneal culture swabs were collected from horses affected with corneal ulcers found on ophthalmoscopic examination. A total of 100 horses were found to be affected with some form of ocular disorder. The eye problems recorded were congenital eye lid disorders (2%) and included a subcutaneous cyst in the lower eye lid and slit in upper eye lid; conjunctivitis (12%); chronic interstitial keratitis (30%); a parasite in the anterior chamber (1%), which was however not removed for genus and species identification; phthisis bulbi (1%); uveitis (24%); glaucoma (13%); cataracts (3%); unilateral retinal hemorrhage (1%); luxation of cataractous lens (3%); posterior synechia (2%); and corneal ulceration (8%). Pseudomonas spp was the most common bacteria identified in horses affected with corneal ulceration. Vision-threatening ocular disorders are high in Indian army horses; this is a cause of major concern for the rider and the horse and, therefore, it is important to include ocular examination in horses as part of a routine and complete physical examination.  相似文献   

4.
A retrospective study was made of 58 horses with open joint injuries admitted to the veterinary teaching hospital. Twenty-five (43%) were admitted within 24 hours of injury, 15 (26%) were examined 2 to 7 days after injury, and 18 (31%) were evaluated a week or more after the initial injury. The joints of the lower portions of the limbs most commonly were affected, with injuries that varied from puncture wounds to severe lacerations with soft tissue deficits. Diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical signs and results of synovial fluid analysis and radiography. Radiography was found to be an important diagnostic tool, indicating joint involvement in 80% of horses on which it was done. Sixteen horses were euthanatized on the day of admission; of the horses treated, 53% that were examined within the first 24 hours developed septic arthritis, and the overall survival was 65%. Ninety-two percent of horses examined within 2 to 7 days of injury developed septic arthritis, with 38.5% surviving; all horses evaluated a week or more after joint injury had septic arthritis, and 50% survived. The prognosis for return to function was best in horses that were examined within the first 24 hours. Horses examined more than 24 hours after injury had a significantly (P less than 0.05) higher chance of developing septic arthritis, and thus, were significantly (P less than 0.0014) less likely to survive the injury.  相似文献   

5.
Craniofacial sutures are fibrous connections between the flat bones in the skull, allowing a small amount of movement to absorb strain and load as long as they are patent. In the present study, we examined the histological appearance of facial suture lines in horses of different ages. The internasal, nasofrontal and maxillolacrimal sutures were macroscopically identified and extracted from the skulls of six horses aged 1 day (two horses), 5 days, 2, 6 and 9 years and prepared into histological samples. The suture lines were then examined for width, form, cell density and morphology, vascularisation and morphology of the surrounding tissue and compared based on the age of the horse. Although macroscopically the sutures became difficult to identify in the 6- and 9-year-old horses, histologically they were clearly visible in all samples, indicating that the sutures were patent and consisted of connective tissue in all analysed horses. The sutures became subjectively narrower with lower cell density in older horses as compared to young horses, and there was a noticeable maturation from woven to cancellous bone surrounding the sutures. Vascular structures were present in all sutures regardless of age or location. In conclusion, this study raises awareness of the histological suture conformation in neonatal and adult horses and their persistence into adulthood. A better understanding of the histological structure of facial sutures and their continued patency into adulthood can aide in the interpretation of radiographs and computed tomography images of the head and in improving treatment methods and outcomes for horses affected with suture exostosis. In addition, if biopsies are taken, clinicians will have a basis on which to determine which cells are related to the disease process and which are normally occurring.  相似文献   

6.
BACKGROUND: Cases of hindlimb digital extensor weakness of unknown etiology have been observed in Norway since 1995. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that the observed bilateral extensor weakness was attributable to neuropathy of the distal nerves and that this was related to environmental factors, possibly dietary. ANIMALS: Seventy-five horses with digital extensor weakness occurring from 1995 to 2004 are described. METHODS: Eleven horses were examined at The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, and the medical records of 64 horses seen in ambulatory practice were reviewed. RESULTS: There was no apparent sex, age, or breed predilection, but the majority were horses kept for pleasure or breeding purposes. Clinical signs varied from intermittent knuckling of the hindlimbs to paraplegia. Some horses showed no or only slow progression of signs, whereas others developed severe signs within hours. No other neurologic deficits were detected in any of the horses. Epidemiologic data and laboratory results were not supportive of an infectious etiology. The only common factor for all affected horses seemed to be feeding big bale silage or, occasionally, hay of poor microbiologic quality. Forty of the 75 horses were euthanized. Histopathologic examination of peripheral nervous tissue was performed in 22 horses, all of which had neuronal fiber degeneration. The majority of horses with mild signs recovered after 5-6 months of rest. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Clinical signs correlated with polyneuropathy involving sciatic nerves.  相似文献   

7.
An ossicle associated with the palmar aspect of the carpus is described in five horses. The size of the ossicle varied from 3 x 4 mm to approximately 12 x 10 mm. The ossicles were located at the junction of the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones, between the palmaromedial aspect of the fourth carpal bone and the ulnar carpal bone. In 3 horses they were bilateral, in one horse unilateral, and only one limb was examined in the remaining horse. In all horses it was an incidental finding and not regarded to be a pathologic entity.  相似文献   

8.
The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the effects of unilateral and bilateral jugular vein occlusion by temporary surgical ligature on the heart rate and arterial and venous blood pressure in sedentary horses during progressive treadmill exercise. Six horses performed three exercise tests (ET). ET1, considered the control, was performed in horses without jugular occlusions. ET2 and ET3 were performed with unilateral and bilateral occlusion by temporary surgical ligature of the jugular veins, respectively. Heart rate, arterial pressure, and pressure of the occluded jugular vein were evaluated. Clinically, the horses presented apathy, head edema, congested mucous membranes, increased capillary refill time, and dysphagia. These signs were observed with the unilateral jugular vein occlusion and became more evident with the bilateral occlusion. Comparing ETs, no differences were observed in heart rate. However, jugular occlusions promoted a decrease in the mean arterial pressure and a severe increase in jugular pressure. Head edema caused by the jugular vein occlusion in the horses could interfere with the autonomic cardiovascular regulation of arterial blood pressure during exercise, likely leading to an impairment of tissue perfusion. Jugular occlusion, even unilateral, also causes severe head venous congestion, leading to venous hypertension that was aggravated by exercise, which could risk development of cerebral edema and neurological damage. The present results obtained from sedentary horses are preliminary data that lead us to suggest that sport horses presenting jugular occlusive thrombophlebitis, even unilateral, may be prevented from performing athletic activities.  相似文献   

9.
Ventral Abdominal Approach for Laparoscopic Cryptorchidectomy in Horses   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Objective —To report a ventral abdominal approach and a ligating loop technique for laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in horses.
Study Design —Prospective.
Sample Population—Six horses, aged 1 to 5 years, with retained testes.
Methods —One laparoscopic portal and three to four instrument portals were used for ventral abdominal laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy. Laparoscopic instruments were used to maneuver and secure the testis through a ligating loop (modified Roeder knot) that was secured from outside the abdominal cavity. Only minimal enlargement of one instrument portal was used to remove the testicle.
Results —Three horses were bilateral cryptorchids, and three were unilateral (left side, two; right side, one) cryptorchids. Operative time, defined as the time from laparoscope insertion to removal, ranged from 20 to 25 minutes for unilateral cryptorchids and from 40 to 50 minutes for bilateral cryptorchids.
Conclusions —The reported technique allowed decreased tension on the tissues during ligation and removal of the testis from the peritoneal cavity. Improved observation of the abdominal cavity, ligation security, shortened patient confinement time, and minimally invasive technique are all considered to be benefits of laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy.
Clinical Relevance —Direct observation of retained testes and intraabdominal castration are distinct advantages of the use of laparoscopy in horses that have had previous unsuccessful surgical attempts, horses with unknown histories that have retained testicular tissue, or bilateral abdominal cryptorchids.  相似文献   

10.
Evaluation of foot pain in the standing horse by magnetic resonance imaging   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The records of 41 horses with previously undiagnosed foot pain that had been examined by standing magnetic resonance imaging were reviewed and follow-up information was obtained from their owners two years after the examination. A range of soft tissue and osseous abnormalities were identified, with multiple lesions frequently occurring. Deep digital flexor tendonitis was recorded in 12 of the horses, and distension of the distal interphalangeal joint was identified in 15, but it was not always associated with lameness; in contrast, distension of the navicular bursa was always associated with lameness in the seven affected horses. Navicular bone lesions were identified in 13 of the horses, often in the absence of radiographic changes. Follow-up information was obtained for 35 of the horses, 27 of which were alive; of these, 16 had returned to their previous level of performance. Of the five horses with navicular bursal changes, four had been euthanased owing to lameness and the other had returned to work at a reduced level.  相似文献   

11.
Background: Facial and vestibulocochlear nerve dysfunction occurs commonly in horses with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO); however, auditory dysfunction has not been thoroughly assessed.
Objective: To determine if auditory abnormalities occur in horses with THO.
Animals: Eleven diseased and 8 control horses.
Methods: This is a prospective study in which brainstem auditory-evoked responses (BAER) were recorded in 11 horses diagnosed with THO through neurologic, endoscopic, radiographic, or computed tomographic examinations. BAER findings were compared with those recorded from 8 adult control horses.
Results: All horses with THO were found to have BAER abnormalities that included complete unilateral BAER loss (82%, n = 9/11), partial unilateral BAER loss (18%, n = 2/11) on the most affected side, and contralateral partial BAER loss (46%, n = 5/11). Nine horses had bilateral THO based on diagnostic imaging findings; of these, 5 (56%) horses also had bilateral BAER abnormalities. The complete absence of BAER in affected horses was most consistent with peripheral sensorineural hearing loss. There was a significant association between complete BAER loss and neurologic and diagnostic abnormalities.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Auditory abnormalities such as complete or partial BAER loss are common in horses with THO. The BAER test is an objective diagnostic tool that can aid along with other diagnostic modalities in the assessment, management, and follow-up of horses with THO. Furthermore, BAER studies may help to elucidate the pathophysiology of THO in horses.  相似文献   

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13.
During the dissection and skeletal examination of 151 horses, a congenital malformation (CM) of the first sternal rib that influenced the aperture of the Thoracic inlet was noted in six horses. The presentation of this CM was variable between horses in gross anatomic appearance; notably, an absent first sternal rib, bifid tuberculum costae, bifid sternochondral articulation onto the sternum, flared shaft, normal first sternal rib inserting onto the cranial branch of a bifid sternochondral articulating second sternal rib, straight costal shaft, and an articulating rudimentary tuberculum costae with a ligamentous extension replacing the bony shaft and attaching to a rudimentary sternochondral articulation onto the sternum. Of the 151 horses examined, the CM of the first sternal rib was restricted to 6/60 Thoroughbred horses, and only in those that were affected by either the unilateral or bilateral transposition of the caudal ventral tubercle from C6 onto the ventral surface of C7. The normal anatomic presentation of the thoracic inlet was altered, along with associative musculature including neurological pathways. These CMs are likely to produce clinical and functional ramifications of the thoracic inlet, thoracic limb, and thoracic viscera, with the probability of altering postural and locomotive function as noted in four horses demonstrating the CM.  相似文献   

14.
The Pharmacokinetics (PK) and distribution into tissue chamber fluid (TCF) of intramuscularly (i.m.) administered ampicillin sodium were examined in horses in order to design adequate dosing strategies. Concentration-time curves of ampicillin in plasma and TCF were determined in six horses following administration of 15 mg/kg ampicillin sodium, before and after the induction of local inflammation with 0.5% carrageenan. The calculated parameters were used to simulate various dosage-dosing interval combinations. Ampicillin was absorbed very rapidly following i.m. administration. Plasma concentrations were maximual between 18 and 21 min after administration. None of the plasma PK parameters were affected significantly by local (TC) inflammation. Penetration of ampicillin into and elimination from the TCF were affected significantly by inflammation and the half-life of elimination from the tissue fluid t1/2(d) was significantly shorter in inflammation. In the simulated dosage-dosing interval scenarios, only a dosage of 15 mg ampicillin/kg four times daily would successfully treat all ampicillin-susceptible bacterial isolates in well vascularized tissues. However a dosage as low as 10 mg/kg twice daily, would, in theory, treat all ampicillin-susceptible isolates in the inflamed poorly vascularized tissues. Decreasing the dosage results in loss of efficacy that cannot be completely compensated for by increasing the frequency of dosing.  相似文献   

15.
A clinical, viral, hematologic , and genetic study was conducted over a 4-year period on a family of Appaloosas with high incidence of clinical ataxia and pathologic features of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy. Marginal to deficient serum vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) and blood selenium values were the only other consistent antemortem abnormalities in the affected horses. Members of this family were all descendants of a clinically normal mare and were raised in 3 separate environments with variable quality of feed. All horses had access to pasture grasses. Normal chromosomal karyotypes were found in 11 affected and/or related horses examined. Equine herpesvirus type 2 was isolated from 4 of the horses, but evidence for a role of this virus in the pathogenesis of the disease was not found. The role of antioxidant deficiency in the pathogenesis of neurologic dysfunction in this equine family and in others reported to be affected with equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy remains speculative.  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVE: To immunohistochemically determine the expression of endothelin (ET) receptors in bronchial smooth muscle and epithelium of healthy horses and horses affected by summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD). SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissue specimens obtained from 8 healthy and 8 SPAOPD-affected horses. PROCEDURE: Horses were examined and assigned to healthy and SPAOPD groups. Horses were then euthanatized, and tissue specimens containing bronchi of approximately 4 to 8 mm in diameter were immediately collected from all lung lobes, fixed in zinc-formalin solution for 12 hours, and embedded in paraffin. Polyclonal primary antibodies against ET-A or ET-B receptors at a dilution of 1:200 and biotinylated IgG secondary antibodies were applied to tissue sections, followed by the addition of an avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase complex. Photographs of the stained slides were digitally recorded and analyzed by use of image analysis software to determine the intensity of staining. Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The left diaphragmatic lung lobe of SPAOPD-affected horses had a significantly greater area of bronchial smooth muscle that immunostained for ET-A, compared with that for healthy horses. All lung lobes of SPAOPD-affected horses, except for the right diaphragmatic lobe, had significantly greater staining for ET-B receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, compared with results for healthy horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study revealed overexpression of ET-A and, in particular, ETB receptors in the bronchial smooth muscle of SPAOPD-affected horses, which suggested upregulation of these receptors. These findings improve our understanding of the role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of SPAOPD.  相似文献   

17.
A technique of mandibular condylectomy and menisectomy is described. Unilateral condylectomy and menisectomy were performed in two horses, and two horses were treated by bilateral condylectomy and unilateral meniscectomy. Minor temporary alterations in mastication occurred following unilateral condylectomy; more severe and longer lasting abnormalities of prehension and mastication occurred following bilateral condylectomy. Malocclusion occurred in all horses following surgery but was only clinically significant in one horse that developed occlusion of the lower incisor teeth 3 mm caudal to the upper incisor teeth following bilateral condylectomy. Maximal mouth opening was normal following unilateral condylectomy and increased following bilateral condylectomy, both immediately following surgery and after 16 weeks. Maximal lateral deviation of the mandible was increased immediately following unilateral and bilateral condylectomy; 16 weeks following surgery one joint had increased, and two had normal and three had decreased maximal lateral deviations. On radiographic, gross, and histological evaluation, the condylectomy sites underwent remodelling and bony proliferation to produce "pseudo" condyles. At necropsy, 16 weeks following surgery, five of the six operated temporomandibular joints contained fibrous tissue with single or multiple cavities lined by synoviocytes. The nonoperated temporomandibular joints were normal. Functional use of the mandible was good in three horses; the fourth horse developed significant malocclusion and had satisfactory function following bilateral condylectomy.  相似文献   

18.
Osteochondral defects of the lateral trochlear ridge of the distal femur were identified in 15 joints of 10 horses. Lesions were bilateral in five horses and unilateral in five horses. Thirteen of these 15 defects were treated by curettage through a craniolateral femoropatellar arthrotomy. Subcutaneous seroma formation and partial skin dehiscence occurred in nine stifles. Lameness attributable to the stifle joint was no longer apparent at 6 and 12 months after surgery. The normal subchondral bony contour of the lateral trochlear ridge was altered in all joints after surgery. The subchondral bone was uniformly increased in density in all joints, and six lateral trochlear ridges had small focal radiolucent regions within the subchondral bone, which suggested that complete removal of the original lesion had not been achieved. Healing of the surgical site between 2 weeks and 14 months was evaluated in four joints. Granulation tissue from mesenchymal elements in subchondral marrow spaces gradually filled the defects with fibrocartilage.  相似文献   

19.
Transnasal endoscopic sinus treatment was used in four horses diagnosed with primary sinusitis and 10 horses with dental sinusitis. Pre-existing (n = 5) or surgically created (n = 9) sinonasal fistulae were used as portals for transnasal endoscopic exploration, debridement and lavage of the inflamed sinus cavities. Endoscopic sinonasal fistulation was performed using either trans-endoscopic diode laser fibre (four cases) or an electrocautery instrument under endoscopic control (five cases). All procedures were performed on standing sedated horses with the use of local anaesthesia. In six cases, the ventral concha was fenestrated in order to gain a portal into the ventral conchal and rostral maxillary sinus. In two cases the dorsal concha was fenestrated to access the caudal group of the paranasal sinuses. One case required fenestration of the ventral conchal bulla due to its empyema. Post-operative bleeding was controlled with a nasal cavity tamponade for 24 h. Endoscopic lavage and debridement of the inflamed sinuses were performed every 2–3 days. Medical treatment consisted of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs. In the cases of dental sinusitis, the underlying dental pathology was addressed. Median hospitalisation time was 10 days (range 5–25 days) and the median number of endoscopic procedures (including the initial procedure) was 4 (range 3–7). Cases were followed-up by telephone consultations with their owners. Intervals between discharge and last follow-up ranged from 4 to 22 months (median 9.5 months). Complete recovery was reported in 10 cases, clinical improvement (occasional nonpurulent discharge) in two cases. Two cases were readmitted due to recurrence of the purulent nasal discharge; both subsequently underwent trephination of the affected sinuses and made a full recovery after removal of the remaining pathological sinus content.  相似文献   

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