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1.
添加秸秆及其生物质炭对淹水条件下砖红壤N2O和CH4排放的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为探讨添加秸秆及其生物质炭对淹水条件下砖红壤N2O和CH4排放的影响,以海南砖红壤为供试土壤,设置了玉米秸秆（Straw）、生物质炭（Biochar）、秸秆 + 生物质炭（Mix）和对照（CK）4个处理,探讨了等秸秆用量条件下添加不同秸秆形态对土壤氧化亚氮（N2O）和甲烷（CH4）排放的影响及形成强还原环境的可行性。结果表明:与CK处理相比,三个处理均可显著降低土壤N2O累计排放量,但仅Straw处理可显著促进土壤CH4排放、其它两个处理对土壤CH4排放影响不显著,致使straw处理综合温室效应增加明显。与CK处理相比,与Mix处理5天内土壤氧化还原电位（Eh）显著下降,而Biochar处理土壤Eh变化不显著;三个处理均使土壤pH上升、但Straw与Biochar处理之间差异不显著,Mix处理土壤有机碳、全氮及速效钾含量显著增加。因此,玉米秸秆及其生物质炭的配合施用,既可有效降低淹水条件下海南砖红壤排放CH4和N2O的综合温室效应,还能改善土壤养分状况但易于形成强还原条件。 相似文献
2.
为了评估麦季多年连续秸秆还田和生物质炭施用对稻麦轮作系统下稻田N2O排放的影响，于2010年麦季开始开展了为期11 a的麦季秸秆还田和生物质炭施用定位试验。试验共包括5个处理：无玉米秸秆还田和生物质炭施用(CK);6 t/(hm2·a)玉米秸秆还田(CS);2.4 t/(hm2·a)生物质炭施用(BC1);6 t/(hm2·a)生物质炭施用(BC2)和12 t/(hm2·a)生物质炭施用(BC3)。结果表明，BC2和BC3处理较CK均显著提高了土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、易氧化碳、可溶性有机氮和土壤微生物生物量氮含量。CS、BC1和BC2处理水稻生长季N2O总排放量与CK没有显著差异，但是BC3处理的N2O总排放量比CK提高了245.31%，并显著高于其他处理。BC3处理的N2O总排放量和施氮肥后N2O排放高峰期的累积排放量分别比CK提高了3.84 kg/hm2和3.3... 相似文献
3.
长期定位双季稻田施用生物炭的温室气体减排生命周期评估 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
该文评估了双季稻田施用生物炭的温室气体排放和固碳及经济效益。采用生命周期（life cycle assessment,LCA）方法核算了生物炭原料收集与运输、生物炭生产、运输和撒播以及避免秸秆燃烧等过程中的温室气体排放和土壤碳储量;采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测了不同生物炭施入量在4 a 8个生育期的稻田CH4和N2O排放量;计算了不同生物炭施入量处理的净温室气体排放量和减排百分比。水稻生长季温室气体排放结果显示,CK处理（不添加生物炭）、BC1处理（5 t/hm2）、BC2处理（10 t/hm2）、BC3处理（20 t/hm2）的4 a田间温室气体排放总量分别为19.5、15.6、16.1、12.4 t/hm2,BC1、BC2和BC3处理相对CK处理的总减排百分比分别为19.70%、17.46%和36.40%。综合生物炭全生命周期各阶段温室气体排放,CK、BC1、BC2和BC3处理的4 a总净排放量分别为19.5、20.3、10.9、4.2 t/hm2,BC1处理的4a净排放相对CK处理增加4.3%,BC2和BC3处理的4 a净排放相对CK处理分别减少了44.0%、78.6%。3个生物炭用量中,生物炭施用量越低,经济效益越好。稻田施用生物炭能够降低其温室气体排放;全生命周期评估结果表明中量和高量生物炭能够起到减排效果,高量生物炭减排效果最好;经济效益分析结果表明随着生物炭施用量增加,经济效益降低。 相似文献
4.
生物质炭对土壤结构改良、土壤肥力提升和农田温室气体排放具有重要意义。本研究以吉林省梨树县典型黑土为研究对象，通过培育实验，研究不同土壤水分含量（40%WHC和100%WHC）下，生物质炭种类（玉米秸秆生物质炭和稻壳生物质炭）和施加量（0%、1%和4%（w/w））对黑土N2O排放及硝化反硝化功能基因丰度的影响。结果表明，随着秸秆生物质炭施加量的增加，土壤N2O排放呈下降趋势，4%高量秸秆生物质炭添加下，土壤N2O排放量仅为1%低量秸秆生物质炭添加下的33.9%。同时土壤NO- 3-N也表现出一致性规律，4%高量生物质炭添加下土壤NO- 3-N含量显著低于1%低量生物质炭。在100%WHC土壤水分状况下，玉米秸秆生物质炭显著增加了土壤N2O排放，而稻壳生物质炭则显著降低了土壤N2O排放。高土壤水分显著促进了土壤N2O排放，进一步为实时荧光定量PCR结果所证实，高土壤水分通过增加nirS基因丰度进而促进了土壤反硝化作用过程，而4%高量稻壳生物质炭添加下nosZ基因丰度显著高于玉米秸秆生物质炭添加，表现出更强的N2O还原潜力。尽管amoA-AOA基因丰度在不同生物质炭添加量下并未发生显著变化，但amoA-AOB基因丰度在高量玉米秸秆生物质炭添加下显著下降。结果说明，土壤水分和生物质炭通过影响土壤硝化反硝化微生物的营养底物和代谢过程，进而影响土壤N2O排放特征。 相似文献
5.
【目的】为了探讨生物有机肥长期施用对宁夏引黄灌区盐碱土壤化学和微生物特性的影响，明确生物有机肥的最佳施用量及施肥模式。【方法】以田间连续4年定位试验为依托，研究生物有机肥施用量0 t/hm2（CK）、4.5 t/hm2（T1）、9 t/hm2（T2）、13.5 t/hm2（T3）及生物有机肥9 t/hm2配施无机化肥360 kg/hm2（N）（T4）对玉米根系土壤养分含量、酶活性、微生物生物量和微生物群落多样性及玉米产量的影响。【结果】：（1）连续四年施用生物有机肥可明显降低土壤pH和全盐含量。土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性随着生物有机肥施用量增加呈递增趋势，且生物有机肥施用9 t/hm2时，增施无机化肥可显著增加土壤速效钾含量14.73%；（2）土壤微生物群落代谢AWCD值和土壤微生物种群代谢多样性指均随着生物有机肥施用量的增加而增加，单施生物有机肥13.5 t/hm2处理下土壤培养192 h时AWCD值为0.84，经Tukey检验分析，Shannon（H）和Mcintosh（U）指数较CK分别增加10.11%和62.67%。（3）随着生物有机肥施用量增加，土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷含量呈递增趋势，各处理分别比CK增加66.78%、59.19%和51.84%；（4）施用生物有机肥可明显增加玉米产量，提高玉米产值，其中以生物有机肥施用9 t/hm2配施无机化肥360 kg/hm2（N）时，玉米产量和净收入最佳，分别为11499 kg/hm2和8709元/hm2。【结论】长期施用生物有机肥可改善宁夏盐碱土壤质地，提高土壤质量，增加土壤生物活性及玉米产量，其中以生物有机肥施用9 t/hm2配施无机化肥360 kg/hm2（N）时综合效果最佳。 相似文献
6.
施用生物质炭对黄淮海地区玉米生长和土壤性质的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
本文通过大田试验研究了施用生物质炭对玉米的生长性状、产量以及土壤性质的影响。生物质炭是小麦秸秆在350℃~450℃下限氧热裂解制成。田间设置了20 t/hm2和40 t/hm2两个生物质炭施用水平。结果表明:①施用生物质炭在玉米拔节期抑制了植株生长,其株高、地上部生物量和叶片叶绿素含量均显著低于对照;在生育后期施用生物质炭20 t/hm2处理的玉米生物量、叶面积指数和叶绿素含量显著高于对照,40 t/hm2处理则没有显著性差异。②施用生物质炭显著影响土壤特性,在施用量为20 t/hm2和40 t/hm2时,土壤有机碳含量较对照分别提高34.79%和44.93%,土壤全氮含量在40 t/hm2水平下显著增加12.2%,同时还显著提高了土壤的pH和土壤含水量,显著降低土壤体积质量;③施用生物质炭玉米产量的提高范围为2.2%~4.8%,但不同施用量间差异不显著。本研究结果为生物质炭改良和培肥土壤、提高作物生产效率、促进土壤可持续利用及作物增产提供了一定的理论依据。 相似文献
7.
秸秆与生物质炭施用对土壤温室气体排放的影响差异 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
采用室内培养试验,向土壤中添加小麦秸秆和不同量生物质炭,同时比较探究秸秆与生物质炭施用对土壤温室气体排放及微生物活性的影响差异。试验共设5个处理:土壤(S)、土壤+1%小麦秸秆(WT)、土壤+1%生物质炭(BC1)、土壤+2%生物质炭(BC2)和土壤+4%生物质炭(BC4)。在培养期内,施秸秆处理土壤CO2排放量比对照处理S显著增加约12.60%~2005.63%,而施生物质炭处理降低约51.49%~97.93%。施秸秆处理的温室气体增温潜势(GWP)是对照处理S的1.12~19.24倍,而施生物质炭处理,即处理BC1、BC2和BC4的GWP分别降低了0.27%~64.06%,15.78%~94.01%和29.43%~92.28%。小麦秸秆施用会明显增加土壤温室气体排放,增加温室效应;而添加生物质炭对土壤CO2、N2O排放表现出一定的抑制作用,并明显减弱温室气体增温潜势,即生物质炭能明显减弱温室效应。添加小麦秸秆促进土壤微生物生物量碳的增加,提高FDA水解酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶活性;生物质炭施用一段时间后对土壤过氧化氢酶活性表现为显著激活作用。 相似文献
8.
生物质炭添加对华南双季稻田碳排放强度的影响 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：8
中国农田有机物料资源化利用是一项巨大挑战。为研究生物质炭农田施用的生态效应,探讨华南双季稻田碳排放强度(greenhouse gas intensity,GHGI)对生物质炭添加的响应,开展了基于静态箱-气相色谱法的连续两年野外观测。田间试验共设6个处理,即当地农民习惯(CK,化肥,无稻草还田),3个不同用量生物质炭添加处理,即BC1(5 t/hm2)、BC2(10 t/hm2)和BC3(20 t/hm2),和2个稻草还田处理(直接还田和稻草+腐熟剂还田)。结果表明,相比当地农民习惯和稻草还田处理生物质炭添加有效抑制了双季稻田温室气体排放(平均降低温室气体排放当量49.87%),显著降低了土壤容重,增强作物的碳氮养分吸收能力,稳定了水稻产量(平均增产3.54%),降低了稻田碳排放强度(平均降低52.13%)。4个生长季平均而言,相比CK、RS和RI,生物质炭3个处理分别降低稻田100a尺度上温室气体排放当量27.53%,58.65%和63.43%(P0.05),分别增产3.21%,5.11%和2.29%(P0.05),进而分别降低100a尺度上GHGI 30.57%,61.00%和64.82%(P0.05),综合而言,BC3具有较好的减排增产潜力。相关矩阵和主成分分析可视化表达了在生物炭添加影响下,稻田碳排放强度与水稻生长参数及土壤理化特性的关系。生物质炭添加影响着水稻产量、收获指数、土壤有机质、总碳和植株吸氮量等环境变量的分布。通过多元决策回归树分析,发现可通过水稻收获指数(0.5)定量判别其碳排放强度。该研究结果表明,通过优化田间管理,适量生物质炭回田(20 t/hm2)利用是增强土壤固碳、稳定水稻产量、降低稻田碳排放强度和应对气候变化不利影响的可行途径。该研究可为中国秸秆资源科学利用提供基础研究案例。 相似文献
9.
为探讨玉米秸秆生物质炭不同施用量对土壤节肢动物群落结构的影响，于2019年5—10月分别对0、5、10、20和50 t/hm2生物质炭处理下的贵州石灰性旱地农田土壤小型土壤节肢动物群落进行调查，并探讨土壤节肢动物群落与土壤温度、湿度、pH、电导率和有机碳等环境因子的关系。本研究共捕获土壤节肢动物14 133头，隶属于6纲21类群。研究表明：适量生物质炭添加（10 t/hm2）有助于提高土壤节肢动物个体数和类群数，高量施用（50 t/hm2）则不利于土壤节肢动物生存；典范对应分析结果显示，生物质炭施用导致环境因子的变化显著影响了土壤节肢动物群落结构（共解释了24.81%的物种变异，P<0.01），其中温度的影响最大，单独解释了物种变异的16.1%。总体上，施用生物质炭影响土壤微环境，进而影响土壤节肢动物群落组成和多样性，施用适量生物质炭（10 t/hm2）有益于农田土壤节肢动物的生存，但这一结论还需要在其他土壤类型和生物质炭中进行验证。 相似文献
10.
秸秆和生物炭添加对关中地区玉米-小麦轮作农田温室气体排放的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为探讨玉米—小麦轮作农田秸秆和生物炭添加的固碳减排效应,以关中地区典型玉米—小麦轮作农田为研究区域,采用静态暗箱—气相色谱法监测了秸秆和生物炭添加后土壤CO2,CH4和N2O排放的动态变化。设常规施肥(N)、施基肥和添加4t/hm~2秸秆还田(NS)、施基肥和添加4t/hm~2生物炭(NB_(Clow))、施基肥和添加8t/hm~2生物炭(NB_(Chigh))和对照(CK)既不施肥也不施有机物料5个处理。结果表明:(1)与N处理相比,NS处理的农田土壤N2O排放总量没有显著变化,添加生物炭降低了土壤N2O年排放总量,NB_(Clow)和NB_(Chigh)处理分别降低了13.21%和23.75%。(2)与N处理相比,NS处理的农田土壤CO2年排放总量增加了44.07%,添加8t/hm~2生物炭降低了CO2年排放总量,NB_(Chigh)处理降低了9.94%。(3)与N处理相比,NS处理的CH4年排放总量增加了42.32%。NB_(_(Clow))和NB_(Chigh)处理CH4年排放总量分别增加了76.38%和73.23%。(4)秸秆还田和生物炭添加均提高了作物产量,与N处理相比,NS,NB_(Clow)和NB_(Chigh)处理的年产量分别提高了13.73%,20.37%和7.56%;NB_(Chigh)处理比NB_(Clow)处理年产量降低了10.64%;与N处理相比,NS,NB_(Clow)和NB_(Chigh)处理的小麦产量分别提高了22.36%,25.41%和14.06%;NS,NB_(Chigh)处理的玉米产量分别提高了5.40%和15.50%。(5)添加生物炭降低了净增温潜势,与N处理相比,NB_(Clow)和NB_(Chigh)处理分别降低了33.59,48.33t/hm~2,单位产量的净增温潜势分别降低了2.53,4.21t/t。综上所述,添加4t/hm~2生物炭更有利于玉米—小麦轮作农田系统的固碳减排和产量的提高。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
18.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
19.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献