共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
一种测定土壤反硝化酶的改进方法 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
介绍了一种新的测定土壤反硝化酶的装置，使土壤反硝化酶（硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶）的测定更加简便、灵敏、准确。对3种不同质地的土壤从影响土壤反硝化酶活性的3种关键因素：培养时间、称样量和真空度方面进行了研究。结果表明，土壤反硝化酶的最佳培养时间为24－27h，称样量与真空度因酶而异。 相似文献
2.
不同土层土壤理化生性状与反硝化酶活性N2O排放通量的相关性研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
采用田间试验方法研究了半干旱半干旱地区小麦田不同土层土壤理、化、生等因素与土壤反硝化酶活性、N2O排放通量的相关性。结果表明，在冬小麦生育期内，0－5cm土层土壤硝酸还原酶活性与相应土层土壤亚硝酸还原酶活性呈显正相关，0－5cm，5－10cm土层土壤的温度与相应土层土壤硝酸还原酶活性呈显负相关，土壤硝态氮含量和pH与土壤反硝化还原酶活性的相关性因土壤的不同土层而有差异；0－5cm，5－10cm土层土壤含水量，0-5cm，10－20pH土层土壤脲酶活性，5－10cm有机碳含量，硝酸还原酶活性与土壤中N2O排放通量呈显正相关；5－10cm土层土壤温度、pH和10－20cm土层土壤磷酸酶活性、pH与之呈显负相关。土壤N2O的排放主要是土壤反硝化作用的结果。 相似文献
3.
水稻土裂缝的演变及其还原酶活性的变化研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
在温室中对3种水稻土进行土柱培养,加水使土壤含水量充分饱和,然后土壤自然干燥。在该过程中,粘粒含量高的青紫泥和黄斑田产生了裂缝,而粘粒含量低的小粉土没有开裂。青紫泥和黄斑田在裂缝演变过程中,单位面积的总长度、最大宽度以及最大深度都遵循着一定的演变规律。裂缝的产生对于硝酸还原酶和羟胺还原酶活性的变化影响显著,但是亚硝酸还原酶活性的变化与裂缝的产生没有多大关系。在裂缝产生到稳定过程中,青紫泥和黄斑田的硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶和羟胺还原酶活性的演变规律相似。 相似文献
4.
【目的】化肥有机替代是培肥土壤和提高氮素利用效率的主要途径之一,而氮素转化相关酶是氮素进入土壤后转化过程的主要推动力。因此,研究化肥有机替代对土壤氮转化相关酶活性的影响对于后续提高氮素利用效率具有重要意义。【方法】本文以国家黑土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期定位监测基地为平台,探究了32年长期化肥有机替代在玉米生育期对黑土土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、硝酸还原酶及亚硝酸还原酶活性的影响。试验共选取四种处理：不施肥处理（CK）、单施化肥处理（NPK）、秸秆部分替代化肥处理（NPKS）、有机粪肥部分替代化肥处理（NPKM）。【结果】NPKS,NPKM在玉米生育期内提高了土壤中脲酶、过氧化氢酶、硝酸还原酶及亚硝酸还原酶的活性,具体趋势为NPKM> NPKS> NPK> CK。与NPK相比,NPKM与NPKS在玉米生育期内平均分别可以提高29%和21.9%的脲酶活性,2.7%和2.2%的过氧化氢酶活性,39.8%和24.1%的硝酸还原酶活性,8.4%和6.1%的亚硝酸还原酶活性。秸秆与有机粪肥对多酚氧化酶活性的影响效果相反,与NPK相比,NPKS在玉米生育期内平均提高了15.9%... 相似文献
5.
垂直孔施有机物对土壤硝酸盐代谢及苹果叶片光合作用的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤钻孔可改善通气性,施用有机物能增加土壤有机质,将两者相结合,以4年生红富士苹果为试验材料,在根区钻出垂直通气孔后,分别施入玉米秸秆、果树枝、生物炭和发酵果木屑,调查土壤硝酸盐代谢、苹果叶片光合与蒸腾、水分利用效率(WUE)及植株生长量等。结果表明:土壤垂直孔施玉米秸秆或发酵果木屑显著提高土壤硝化—反硝化强度及土壤硝酸还原酶(NR)和亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)活性;垂直孔施玉米秸秆、果树枝或生物炭显著提高叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和WUE;垂直孔施上述四种有机物料均显著提高40cm土层土壤的相对含水量,促进新梢加粗和伸长,其中,玉米秸秆的综合效果最显著,它在施用第10个月使土壤硝化强度、反硝化强度、叶片净光合速率和WUE分别提高52.68%、45.81%、57.32%和29.12%。 相似文献
6.
氮磷钾对甜菜硝酸还原酶与亚硝酸还原酶的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以当前甜菜生产主栽品种KWS0143为试材,采用"3414"试验设计,探讨了氮磷钾肥对甜菜硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性的影响,及2种酶活性与甜菜产、质量的关系。结果表明,在甜菜生育期间,2种酶活性基本呈双峰曲线变化;随着施氮水平的升高,酶活性增强;磷肥与酶活性在生育中期呈显著或极显著正相关关系;硝酸还原酶活性在甜菜生育中前期、后期与产量、产糖量表现显著或极显著正相关关系,亚硝酸还原酶活性在甜菜生育中期与产量、产糖量正相关关系达到极显著水平。酶活性与含糖率则一直保持着负相关关系。 相似文献
7.
苗期干旱胁迫下施氮对玉米氮素吸收和土壤生物化学性质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究苗期干旱胁迫下施氮对东北春玉米氮素吸收利用和土壤生物化学性质的影响,为区域玉米养分管理与逆境调控提供依据。研究设置水、氮二因素盆栽试验,土壤水分包括3个水平:田间持水量的30%(W0),50%(W1)和70%(W2);施氮量包括2个水平:不施氮(N0)和施氮0.24 g/kg(N1),测定不同水氮条件下玉米苗期的植株干重和氮素吸收、根际和非根际土壤的化学性质、微生物量碳、氮(MBC、MBN)及土壤酶活性。结果表明:干旱胁迫显著降低玉米苗期植株干重和氮素吸收量,其中W0条件降幅最大(分别为51.1%,43.8%)。施氮促进各水分条件下植株生长,且与水分存在显著交互作用,W2条件下施氮后植株干重和氮素吸收量的增幅最高(分别为53.7%,83.2%)。干旱胁迫提高植株的水分利用效率,但降低氮肥利用效率。施氮显著提高W2条件植株的水分利用效率,但干旱条件下则无显著影响。水、氮及其交互作用对土壤性质的影响较为复杂。总体上,苗期干旱胁迫暂时提高了根际和非根际土壤pH,显著增加根际土壤的铵态氮和硝态氮含量。MBC、MBN对干旱胁迫的响应在根际与非根际土壤之间存在相反趋势,根际土壤随干旱程度增加而提高,非根际土壤则随之下降。土壤酶活性方面,干旱胁迫显著影响根际土壤的硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性。施氮增加所有水分条件下根际和非根际土壤的pH和铵态氮、硝态氮含量,其中根际土壤的增幅高于非根际土壤。施氮显著增加各水分条件下根际和非根际土壤的MBC、MBN、脲酶和硝酸还原酶活性,但显著降低根际和非根际土壤亚硝酸还原酶活性。水氮交互作用显著影响根际土壤的亚硝酸还原酶、非根际土壤的脲酶、亚硝酸还原酶和FDA水解酶活性。根际、非根际土壤各生物化学性质之间均存在显著的相关关系,而且根际土壤除土壤亚硝酸还原酶外的各指标均与植株氮素吸收和氮肥利用效率呈正相关。苗期干旱显著抑制玉米植株生长和氮素吸收,并对土壤生物、化学性质造成显著影响。施氮对植株和土壤性质的影响在不同水分条件下存在差异,而且植株表现与土壤生物、化学性质之间存在显著相关关系。 相似文献
8.
以美人蕉、香蒲、垂穗莎草、玉带草为材料,研究了在模拟人工湿地条件下水生植物根际与非根际土壤中的微生物数量、种群、土壤酶活性特征。结果表明,不同水生植物根际、非根际间的细菌数量无明显差异,而真菌与放线菌的根际与非根际间差异较显著。根际硝化细菌数和反硝化细菌数最多的水生植物都是香蒲,分别为2．17×10^2 个·g-1干土和6．17×10^2个·g-1干土,有机磷细菌数最多的是美人蕉为5．68×10^4 个·g-1干土,无机磷细菌数最多的是玉带草为3．72×10^3 个·g-1干土。4种不同水生植物的根际土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶活性都较非根际土壤高,湿地植物的根际效应显著。 相似文献
9.
10.
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献