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1.
Warm-season annual grasses may be suitable as forage crops in integrated weed management systems with reduced herbicide use. A 2-year field study was conducted to determine whether tillage system and nitrogen (N) fertilizer application method influenced crop and weed biomass, water use, water use efficiency (WUE), and forage quality of three warm-season grasses, and seed production by associated weeds. Tillage systems were zero tillage and conventional tillage with a field cultivator. The N fertilization methods were urea broadcast or banded near seed rows at planting. Warm-season grasses seeded were foxtail (Setaria italica L.) and proso (Panicum mileaceum L.) millets, and sorghum–sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudenense Stapf.). Density of early emerging weeds was similar among treatments, averaging 51 m?2. Millets exhibited higher weed density and weed biomass than sorghum–sudangrass. At harvest, sorghum–sudangrass produced significantly greater biomass and N accumulation than either millet. Water use (157 mm) and WUE (25.1 kg mm-1 ha?1) of total biomass did not vary among treatments or grass entries. Weed seed production by redroot pigweed and green foxtail was respectively 93 and 73% less in sorghum–sudangrass than proso millet. Warm-season grasses offer an excellent fit in semiarid cropping systems.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

The dramatic increases in rice productivity and cultivation intensity through the implementation of green revolution (GR) technology using high yielding varieties (HYVs) of rice and chemical fertilizers were not long lasting in Indonesia. The stagnancy of rice productivity in recent years without any scientific reasons presents a challenge for agronomists and soil scientists in Indonesia. This study describes the effects of long-term intensive rice cultivation on the change in available silica (Si) in sawah soil. The term sawah refers to a leveled and bounded rice field with an inlet and an outlet for irrigation and drainage. Soil samples collected by Kawaguchi and Kyuma in 1970 and new samples taken in 2003 from the same sites or sites close to the 1970 sites were analyzed and compared. From 1970 to 2003, the average content of available Si decreased from 1,512 ± 634 kg SiO2 ha?1 to 1,230 ± 556 kg SiO2 ha?1 and from 6,676 ± 3,569 kg SiO2 ha?1 to 5,894 ± 3,372 kg SiO2 ha?1 in the 0–20 cm and 0–100 cm soil layers, respectively. Cultivation intensity differences between seedfarms planted with rice three times a year and non-seedfarms rotating rice and upland crops appeared to affect the changing rates of available Si within the study period. In the 0–20 cm soil layer, the average content of available Si decreased from 1,646 ± 581 kg SiO2 ha?1 to 1,283 ± 533 kg SiO2 ha?1 (?22%) and from 1,440 ± 645 kg SiO2 ha?1 to 1,202 ± 563 kg SiO2 ha?1 (?17%) in seedfarms and non-seedfarms, respectively. Differences in topographical position also influenced the decreasing rate of available Si in this study. Using similar management practices and cultivation intensity, upland sampling sites lost more Si compared with lowland sites. Planted rice under a rain fed system with no Si addition from rain water in an upland position may be a reason for the higher loss of Si, particularly in non-seedfarms. The Si supply from irrigation water might have contributed to the slowdown in the decreasing rate of available Si in Java sawah soils.  相似文献   

3.
Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) is the most troublesome invasive weed in transplanted rice ecosystems worldwide. A two-year field study was conducted to estimate economic threshold levels and the season long competitive effect of six alligator weed densities (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 plants m?2) on yield and quality traits of transplanted rice. A gradual linear incline in dry weight of alligator weed was observed with an increase in its density from 2 to 32 plants m?2. Maximum N (15.93–18.26 kg ha?1), P (15.10–16.46 kg ha?1) and K (16.34–17.81 kg ha?1) uptake by alligator weed was recorded at its density of 32 plants m?2. More micronutrient loss to the tune of 6.53, 47.92, 19.99, and 38.42 mg kg?1 for Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn, respectively was observed at the same density. Increasing density of alligator weed caused more losses in paddy yield (up to 21.37–23.78%), amylose and rice grain protein contents. According to a nonlinear hyperbolic regression model, maximum paddy yield loss of rice at asymptotic value of alligator weed density was 38.8% during 2011 and 42.4% during 2012. Economic threshold value of alligator weed was estimated 1.5 and 1.3 plants per m2 during 2011 and 2012, respectively.  相似文献   

4.
Tillage is an important agricultural operation which influences soil properties, crop yield and environment. Nine combinations of three tillage practices including conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and zero tillage (ZT) were evaluated in fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) + cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) – wheat (Triticum durum) cropping system for 5 years (2009–2014) on clay loam soil under limited irrigation. Continuous ZT practices significantly improved surface soil organic carbon, bulk density, infiltration rate and maximum water holding capacity. Carbon sequestration rate, soil organic carbon stock and soil enzymatic activities were relatively more under ZT than CT-CT practice. Higher fodder yield of sorghum + cowpea was recorded with CT (kharif) while wheat grain yield with ZT (rabi). However, the system productivity was statistically similar in all the tillage treatments on pooled data basis. The economic benefits were also maximum under ZT-ZT practice. The ZT-ZT practice recorded significantly lowest energy input (17.1 GJ ha?1) which resulted in highest energy use efficiency (13.6) and energy productivity (518 kg GJ?1). Thus, adoption of ZT significantly improved soil health, stabilized crop yield, increased profitability and energy use efficiency in the semi-arid agro-ecosystem.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

The study was carried out in dryfarming areas in Ankara, Turkey, over 2 years (2001 – 2002 and 2002 – 2003). The objective was to determine different soil tillage and weed control methods on weed biomass and yield components, yield of lentil (Lens culinaris). This study compared the effects of two tillage systems (shallow minimum tillage and traditional tillage) and three weed control methods (weedy check, hand weeding and herbicide) on weed biomass, growth characteristics, seed yield and some yield components of lentil. Significant differences were found among weed control methods for weed biomass and yield parameters of lentil. Tillage systems had no significant effect on weed biomass or yield of lentil. The highest yield and lowest weed biomass was found in the hand-weeded treatment compared to the other weed control methods. Results of this research indicate that weeds are a main constraint for lentil growing under dryland conditions. Grain yield of lentil was reduced more than 60% due to uncontrolled weeds.  相似文献   

6.
In a multi-year experiment, weed infestation of pea crop in three tillage systems was analyzed: a) conventional tillage (CT), b) reduced tillage (RT), and c) no-tillage (NT), and in two terms: 1) at 2–3 pea leaves stage (23–25 stage in BBCH scale) and 2) at the flat pod stage (75–79 BBCH). Treatments conducted in the CT system included shallow ploughing and pre-winter ploughing in the autumn. In the RT system, both these treatments were replaced by double cultivation, whereas only glyphosate treatment was applied in the NT system. In both terms of weed infestation assessment, the highest number and air-dry weight of weeds were determined in the RT system, lower ones in CT and the lowest ones in the NT system. In the first term, the number of weeds m?2 in the RT system was higher by 43.9% than in NT and by 26% than in CT system. Also in the second term was the weed number m?2 in RT higher by 58.6% than in NT and by 27.9% than in CT. Tillage systems differentiated also weed mass in pea crop. In RT, it was 4-fold higher than in NT and over 2-fold higher than in CT.  相似文献   

7.
Field experiments were conducted during summer (March–July) and kharif (June–September), 2008 at the wetland farm, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, to study the performance of different rice cultivation methods on productivity and water usage using the hybrid CORH-3 as a test crop. Treatments consisted of different rice cultivation methods, namely, transplanted rice (conventional), direct sown rice (wet seeded), alternate wetting and drying method (AWD), system of rice intensification (SRI) and aerobic rice cultivation. Results revealed that maximum number of tillers m?2, higher shoot and root length at maturity were recorded under SRI followed by transplanted rice, while aerobic rice produced lower growth parameters in both the seasons. Chlorophyll content at flowering was higher under SRI in two seasons studied (42.74 and 39.48 SPAD value, respectively) and transplanted rice compared to aerobic rice and AWD. In both summer and kharif seasons, SRI produced higher grain yield (6014 and 6682 kg ha?1), followed by transplanted rice (5732 and 6262 kg ha?1), while the lowest grain yield (3582 and 3933 kg ha?1) was recorded under aerobic rice cultivation. Under SRI, 5 and 6.7% increase in grain yield and 12.6 and 14.8% water saving were noticed compared to transplanted rice, respectively, during summer and kharif seasons. In respect to water productivity, the SRI method of rice cultivation registered the highest water productivity (0.43and 0.47 kg m?3), followed by AWD and aerobic rice cultivation. The conventional rice cultivation and direct sown rice produced lower grain yield per unit quantity of water used.  相似文献   

8.
We studied few soil physical indicators after eighth cropping cycle of rice-wheat. The experiment was laid out in split-split plot design with two tillage (rice: puddling vs. non-puddling; wheat: conventional tillage vs. no-tillage), three water management (rice: submergence vs. drainage; wheat: five/three/two irrigations) and nine nutrient (N) management treatments (inorganic vs. integrated nutrient management). The bulk density (t m?3) in non-puddled soil (1.33) was significantly less than puddled soil (1.59); while mean weight diameter (0.55 mm) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (0.43 cm h?1) were higher in the former treatment. Irrigation after 3-days of drainage was found to enhance soil aggregation (0.54 mm) and moisture retention (71.6%) during rice. No-tillage in wheat had overall positive impact. Organic sources of nutrients increased soil water retention (biofertilizer for rice), water conductivity and aggregate stability (combined organics for rice and wheat). Interactions between (tillage × N), (water × N), (tillage × water) revealed crop-wise variations. The saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil aggregation for rice; and bulk density, water retention and saturated hydraulic conductivity for wheat were identified as sensitive soil physical indicators. We suggest an effective combination of no tillage and intermittent irrigation with integrated nutrient management for sustaining soil physical quality in rice-wheat rotation.  相似文献   

9.
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of tillage methods (conventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT)) and N rates (0, 50, 150, 250 kg N ha?1) on crop yield, N uptake and soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density (BD), total N (TN), electrical conductivity (EC), pH and soil nutrient contents on a clay-loam near Hashtgerd, Iran. A successive corn-based rotation (2012–2014) was conducted as a split-plot in a randomized complete block design in which tillage methods were considered as main plots, and N rates as subplots. Tillage had no significant effect on corn 2012 and canola 2012–2013 grain yields. CT and MT systems showed different critical N rates to reach their maximum grain yield in corn (2013) and wheat (2013–2014). MT system required more N application to reach its maximum grain yield. Tillage × N rate effect on none of the soil properties was significant. Tillage had no significant (P ≤ 0.05) effect on soil pH, BD, TN and SOC. However, soil EC of 0–5 cm depth in MT system was higher than CT system by 64%. MT system under higher N application could increase corn grain yield, but on the other hand probably adversely changes soil chemical properties.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

The impact of conservation tillage, crop rotation, and cover cropping on soil‐quality indicators was evaluated in a long‐term experiment for cotton. Compared to conventional‐tillage cotton, other treatments had 3.4 to 7.7 Mg ha?1 more carbon (C) over all soil depths. The particulate organic matter C (POMc) accounts for 29 to 48 and 16 to 22% of soil organic C (SOC) for the 0‐ to 3‐and 3‐ to 6‐cm depths, respectively. Tillage had a strongth influence on POMc within the 0‐ to 3‐cm depth, but cropping intensity and cover crop did not affect POMc. A large stratification for microbial biomass was observed varing from 221 to 434 and 63 to 110 mg kg?1 within depth of 0–3 and 12–24 cm respectively. The microbial biomass is a more sensitive indicator (compared to SOC) of management impacts, showing clear effect of tillage, rotation, and cropping intensity. The no‐tillage cotton double‐cropped wheat/soybean system that combined high cropping intensity and crop rotation provided the best soil quality.  相似文献   

11.
Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an emerging weed species in direct-seeded aerobic systems of rice production. This two-year field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of five different densities (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 plants m?2) of parthenium weed on rice yield and yield-related attributes. Parthenium weed produced ca. 38 to 178% higher biomass at its densities of 10 to 20 plants m?2 as compared to the lowest density of 5 plants m?2. The paddy yield and yield-related attributes were negatively affected with an increase in the parthenium weed density. In both years, the highest reductions in number of rice panicles (14 to 17%), panicle length (10 to 11%), number of grains per panicle (11 to 18%), 1000-grain weight (8 to 21%) and paddy yield (30 to 35%) were recorded at the highest parthenium weed density (20 plants m?2) tested. However, the lower densities of 5 to 15 parthenium weed plants m?2 also caused 11 to 24% and 12 to 26% losses in paddy yield during the years 2016 and 2017, respectively. Therefore, this weed species should be controlled below the density of 5 plants m?2 to avoid the substantial yield losses (over 15%) in direct-seeded rice.  相似文献   

12.
The proper management of irrigation requires an accurate measuring of soil moisture. One of the commonly applied methods for measuring soil moisture is the use of gypsum blocks – a method that is simple and quick to apply. However, measuring moisture in saline soils using this method is prone to errors due to the effect of soil salinity on the block. In this study, the effect of different salinities (1, 2, 6, 10, and 18 deci Siemens per meter (dS m?1) on the measurements of a gypsum block type 5910 A was investigated with two repetitions in random blocks in sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soils, and corrective functions were obtained using multivariate regression for all soils with different salinity levels. The results showed different trends for measuring the soil moistures for salinities 1–6 dS m?1 compared with salinities 10–18 dS m?1, and the corrective functions in salinities 1–6 dS m?1, which had higher accuracies than those with salinities 10–18 dS m?1.  相似文献   

13.
An experiment was conducted at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India during 2001–2003 to study the effect of levels of fertility and straw mulch on a rapeseed (Brassica campestris var yellow sarson)–greengram (Vigna radiata)–rice (Oryza sativa) cropping system under a rainfed upland ecosystem. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design having 14 treatment combinations of organic and inorganic nutrients along with straw mulch in three replicates. The results revealed that conjunctive use of organic and inorganic nutrients as well as paddy straw mulch resulted higher yield in both rapeseed and greengram, and the residual effects of different levels of fertilization and mulching also gave rise to higher grain yield in the succeeding rice crop. The uptake of nutrients, by the cropping system as a whole, to the tune of 204.29 and 183.00 kg ha?1 of N, 72.84 and 74.07 kg ha?1 of P and 179.95 and 175.41 kg ha?1 of K took place, with the treatment receiving 10 t ha?1 of farmyard manure (FYM) applied (to rapeseed) along with 50% recommended dose (RD) of NPK to all the crops in the sequence in two consecutive years, respectively. The same treatment resulted in a higher percentage of porosity vis-à-vis lower bulk density. Soil physico-chemical properties were superior in mulch-treated plots compared with no mulch treatment. Application of organic and inorganic nutrients along with proper moisture conservation practices can enhance the yields maintaining a good soil health.  相似文献   

14.
The continuous growing of rice has led to a deterioration in soil quality, resulting in a serious threat to agricultural sustainability in the high rainfall zone of south Gujarat, India. Therefore, crop diversification with a wider choice in the production of crop varieties is being promoted to restore the soil quality. A field experiment was conducted in Navsari, India during 2003–2007 on a Vertisol to evaluate the productivity, sustainability, resource-use efficiency and economics of 10 rice-based cropping systems. The results showed that system productivity for rice–fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)–okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) was highest (25.73 t ha?1), followed by rice–onion (Allium cepa)–cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.) (24.15 t ha?1); and the lowest system productivity was observed with the rice–wheat (Triticum aestivum)–fallow system (7.85 t ha?1). The sustainable yield index (0.97), production efficiency (102.94 kg ha?1 day?1) and field water use efficiency (15.98 kg ha?1 mm?1) were maximum with the rice–fenugreek–okra system. Similarly, net return (96,286 Rs ha?1), net return per rupee invested (2.83 Rs), monetary production efficiency (385.14 Rs ha?1 day?1) and water use efficiency (59.80 Rs ha?1 mm?1) were maximum with the rice–fenugreek–okra cropping sequence. There were significant effects of various cropping sequences on available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon content in the soil. Overall, the rice–fenugreek–okra system was found to be the most productive, sustainable, resource-use efficient and remunerative cropping system, followed by the rice–onion–cowpea system.  相似文献   

15.
Field experiments were conducted in 2010 and 2011 at the Agricultural College of Shiraz University to evaluate the effects of cattle manure and nitrogen (N) fertilizers on soil properties such as soil organic carbon (SOC), soil organic nitrogen (SON), soil electrical conductivity, soil pH and corn yield under two tillage systems. Treatments included tillage systems in two levels as conventional tillage and reduced tillage as subplots, cattle manure (0, 25 and 50 tons ha?1) and N fertilizer (0, 125 and 250 kg N ha?1) as sub-subplots. Results showed that SOC and SON were significantly affected by tillage system in both years of the experiment. SOC and SON were higher in reduced tillage compared to conventional tillage. Tillage system had no significant effect on grain yield, plant height and 1000 seed weight. Increased cattle manure rates at 25 and 50 tons ha?1 increased grain yield by 27% and 38%, respectively, in 2010 and 25% and 25% in 2011. The results showed that application of cattle manure combined with N fertilizer might be an efficient management to increase soil productivity in southern Iran, in soils with poor organic content. Additionally, reduced tillage showed to be an efficient method to increase soil organic matter.  相似文献   

16.
System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has spread as an innovation of rice cultivation that can produce higher crop yields and conserve seed and water resources. The SRI innovation is also gaining popularity in north-western (NW) Himalayas on one hand and hybrid rice technology on the other in the region. Moreover, rice productivity in NW Himalayas is quite low owing to the use of low-yielding germplasm and poor crop management. Thus, SRI principles coupled with hybrid rice technology seems to be a boon to boost rice productivity in the irrigated ecosystem of wet-temperate NW Himalayas well known for rice cultivation. Therefore, comparative performance of promising rice hybrids under SRI was assessed at three locations in wet-temperate NW Himalayas (India) using nine promising rice hybrids including state-recommended rice hybrid “Arize–6129” as check cultivar. It was revealed that various hybrids differed significantly w.r.t. days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, plant height, tillers hill?1, panicles hill?1, panicles m?2, and panicle length. Highest number of panicles m?2 (370) was observed in Arize–6129 followed by US–312, Bioseed–786, and NK–3325, respectively. Significantly longer panicles were observed in Dhanya–2366 followed by Arize–6129, US–312, Bioseed–786, NK–3325, and US–10, respectively. Arize–6129 resulted in significantly higher grain (75 q ha?1) and straw yield (125 q ha?1) followed by US–312, Dhanya–2366, NK–3325, PAC–801, US–10, Bioseed–786, Uday–111, and Uday–131, respectively. The production- and monetary-efficiency as well as gross and net returns and B:C ratio also followed the similar trend as that of crop productivity with significantly higher production– (67 kg ha?1 day?1) and monetary–efficiency (INR 608.4 ha?1 day?1), and net returns (INR 68138 ha?1) and B:C ratio (3.66) in check cultivar “Arize–6129” over other rice hybrids. Higher grain productivity (49.5–75.0 q ha?1), net returns (INR 39238–68138 ha?1), and B:C ratio (2.53–3.66) in current study conclusively inferred that SRI coupled with hybrid rice technology can harness higher productivity and profitability. Protein content (8.30–8.45%) exhibited higher values under Bioseed–786 followed by NK–3325, UDAY–111, and Arize–6129; however, NPK uptake (grains, straw, total) was significantly highest in Arize–6129 followed by US–312, Dhanya–2366, and NK–3325, respectively. Total water productivity (6.4–9.75 kg ha?1 mm?1), irrigation water productivity (16.5–25 kg ha?1 mm?1), and economic water productivity (64.0–97.5 INR ha?1 mm?1) collectively followed the trend of Arize–6129 > US–312 > Dhanya–2366 > NK–3325 > US–10 > PAC–801 > Bioseed–786 > Uday–111 > Uday–131 in current study. Overall, Arize–6129, US–312, and Dhanya–2366 were proved as potential rice hybrids in terms of their higher crop and water productivity and economic profitability among above nine rice hybrids for their large-scale cultivation under SRI in wet-temperate NW Himalayas.  相似文献   

17.
Continuous mono-cropping of rice-wheat (RW) system with conventional tillage (CT) based management practices have led to decline in soil health, groundwater table and farmers profit in north-west India. A medium-term (4 years) farmer’s participatory strategic research trial of basmati RW system was conducted to evaluate the effects of conservation agriculture (CA) based management practices on crop yields, water productivity, profitability and soil quality. Six treatments were compared varied in the cropping system, tillage, crop establishment and residue management. CA-based management under zero-till direct seeded rice-wheat-mungbean recorded 36% higher system yield than conventional till rice-wheat system (14.91 Mg ha?1). CA-based rice-wheat system and rice-wheat-mungbean system saved ~35% irrigation water compared to conventional RW system (2168 mm ha?1). Total water productivity (WPI+R) was improved by 67% with CA-based rice-wheat-mungbean system (0.90 kg grain m?3) over the conventional system. On system basis, 42% higher net return was recorded with CA-based rice-wheat-mungbean system compared to conventional system (USD 2570 ha?1). Mungbean integration in basmati RW system contributed 29% share in system net returns across the treatments. Soil chemical and biological properties were improved by ~40% and 150%, respectively, with CA-based management system.  相似文献   

18.
An 8-year field study documented the impact of tillage, crop rotations, and crop residue management on agronomic and soil parameters at Brookings, South Dakota. The greatest annual proportion of above-ground biomass phosphorus (P) removed was from the grain (78–87% of total) although crop residue removed some P as well. Greater above-ground total biomass P (grain P + crop residue P) was removed from corn than from soybean and spring wheat crops mainly due to the greater corn grain biomass harvested. Cumulative above-ground biomass P removal was greatest for the corn-soybean rotation (214 kg P ha?1), while it was lowest for the soybean-wheat rotation (157 kg P ha?1). Tillage treatments within crop rotation or residue management treatments did not influence annual or cumulative P removal rates. Olsen extractable soil orthophosphate-P levels declined consistently through time from a mean of 40 µg g?1 (2004) to 26 µg g?1 (2011). Biomass P removal was calculated to be 15.7 ha?1 yr?1 to decrease Olsen extractable soil orthophosphate-P levels by 1 µg g?1 yr?1 over 8 years of the study.  相似文献   

19.
ABSTRACT

Irrigated rice cultivation is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture. Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are emitted not only throughout the growing season but also in the fallow period between crops. A study was conducted for two transition periods between rice crops (dry to wet season transition and wet to dry season transition) in the Philippines to investigate the effect of water and tillage management on CH4 and N2O emissions as well as on soil nitrate and ammonium. Management treatments between rice crops included (1) continuous flooding (F), (2) soil drying (D), (3) soil drying with aerobic tillage (D + T), and (4) soil drying and wetting (D + W). The static closed chamber method was used to measure CH4 and N2O fluxes.

Soil nitrate accumulated and N2O was emitted in treatments with soil drying. Nitrate disappeared while ammonium gradually increased after the soil was flooded during land preparation, indicating net nitrogen mineralization. N2O emissions were highest in both transition periods in D + W (437 and 645 µg N2O m?2 h?1). Methane emissions were significant in only the F treatment. The highest global warming potential (GWP) in the transition between rice crops occurred in F, with CH4 contributing almost 100% to the GWP. The GWP from other treatments was lower than F, with about 60–99% of the GWP attributed to N2O emissions in treatments with soil drying. The GWP in the transition between rice crops represented up to 26% of the total GWP from harvest to harvest. This study demonstrates that the transition period can be an important source of GHG emissions with relative importance of CH4 and N2O depending on the soil water regime. Therefore, the transition period should not be disregarded when estimating GHG emissions for rice cropping systems.  相似文献   

20.
Long-term effect of mungbean inclusion in lowland rice-wheat and upland maize-wheat systems on soil carbon (C) pools, particulate organic C (POC), and C-stabilization was envisaged in organic, inorganic and without nutrient management practices. In both lowland and upland systems, mungbean inclusion increased very-labile C (Cfrac1) and labile C (Cfrac2) in surface soil (0–0.2 m). Mungbean inclusion in cereal-cereal cropping systems improved POC, being higher in lowland (107.4%). Lowland rice-based system had higher passive C-pool (11.1 Mg C ha?1) over upland maize-based system (6.6 Mg C ha?1) indicating that rice ecology facilitates the stabilization of passive C-pool, which has longer persistence in soil. Organic nutrient management (farmyard manure + full crop residue + biofertilizers) increased Cfrac1 and carbon management index (CMI) over inorganic treatment. In surface soil, higher CMI values were evident in mungbean included cropping systems in both lowland and upland conditions. Mungbean inclusion increased grain yield of cereal crops, and yield improvement followed the order of maize (23.7–31.3%) > rice (16.9–27.0%) > wheat (lowland 7.0–10.7%; upland 5.4–16.6%). Thus, the inclusion of summer mungbean in cereal-cereal cropping systems could be a long-term strategy to enrich soil organic C and to ensure sustainability of cereal-cereal cropping systems.  相似文献   

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