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超声波用于强化有机溶剂提取印楝素 总被引：20，自引：6，他引：20
研究了用超声波强化有机溶剂提取印楝素的工艺过程，分别考察溶剂、料液比、超声波作用时间、超声波功率对提取率的影响实验发现，较理想的提取条件为：13．3g印楝种仁粉，料液比1：2，超声波功率200W；超声波作用时间与溶剂有关。甲醇15min、乙醇20min、乙酸乙酯10min；3种溶剂较佳提取率分别为0．3786％、0．3658％、0．2462％提取样晶利用高效液相色谱仪采用外标法测定提取物中印楝素的含量。实验结果表明，超声波强化提取与搅拌提取相比，不仅缩短了提取时间，而且提取率有所提高。 相似文献
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微波辅助法提取印楝素的研究 总被引：21，自引：3，他引：21
介绍了一种有效利用微波辅助从印楝(Azadirachta indica A.Juss)种仁中提取印楝素的方法。通过考察辐射时间、溶剂、物料比以及辐射功率等因素对提取率的影响，得出结论为：预处理过的印楝种仁粉末6.65g(相当于印楝种仁10g)，以甲醇做溶剂、微波功率210w、物料比1：3(g／mL)、辐射时间为3min*3次，提取率最高。与传统的磁搅拌法相比，该方法不仅工艺简单，而且可以提高产率，缩短提取时间。用高压液相法定量地测定了所提取印楝素的含量，其提取率可达0．519％． 相似文献
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对印楝素含量与种子形态表征及成熟期的关系进行了初步研究.种子的长宽比与印楝素含量相关,并且认为它是能反映印楝素含量的主要表征,得出种子长宽比(X)与印楝素含量(Y)的关系为:Y=0.295 0.134X-0.028X2.种子长宽比接近2.39时,种仁的印楝素含量出现峰值,可将印楝种子的形态表征作为初步估测印楝素含量的指示参数,而种子的成熟期与印楝素含量无关.在印楝原料林良种优良母树筛选中应尽量选择各个种源中生长良好、结实量大、种子饱满且长宽比接近2.39的植株. 相似文献
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大孔树脂对印楝素A吸附纯化的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过比较5种大孔吸附树脂对印楝素A的吸附率和解吸率,成功地筛选出比较理想的树脂。研究结果表明:XAD-1180树脂对印楝素A有较好的吸附和解吸效果。并对其动态吸附、解吸性能进行了考察,发现较佳的吸附条件为:印楝素A质量浓度2.23 mg/mL(溶剂为30%甲醇-水溶液,以下同),流速1 BV/h,饱和吸附量4.5~5 BV;解吸条件为:以50%、60%、70%的甲醇-水溶液梯度洗脱。一次提纯产品的纯度为85.14%,经过二次提纯的纯度可达93.18%。纯化产物经HPLC-MS进一步确认为印楝素A。 相似文献
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印楝作为植物源木材防腐剂活性物提取的重要来源深受研究人员的重视,对其活性物的萃取工艺也多种多样。本文采用了超声波震荡法、微波萃取法及水浴搅拌法对印楝种子粉末进行提取,在不同物液比（1∶8、1∶10、1∶12）、不同温度（30、40、50℃）下,对比分析三种工艺的粗提率。结果表明,三种提取工艺的提取率均随着温度的升高而增大,随着物液比（印楝种子粉末与乙醇-水之比）的降低而增大;在对印楝种子活性成分粗提取时的三种方法比较,温度控制在50℃,物液比为1∶12时,微波萃取法的提取率最高。 相似文献
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高效毛细管电泳法检测印楝素A的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从理论角度分析了高效毛细管电泳技术检测印楝素A的可能性，并以试验进行证明。在十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）浓度为25mmol／L、0．02mol／LpH值6．86混合磷酸盐缓冲溶液，甲醇-缓冲溶液（体积比7：3）作为运行缓冲液，分离电压20kV下得到稳定的电流曲线，二极管阵列检测器（PDA）检测波长214nm，在迁移时间2．6min处检测到印楝素A的电泳特征峰，电泳谱图面积积分结果和高效液相色谱分析结果无显著差异。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
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Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
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A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献