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1.
为了探讨救必应水提取物的抑菌作用及抑菌机理,采用2倍微量稀释法和琼脂平板稀释培养计数法,测定救必应水提取物对产ESBLs(extended spectrum β-lactamases)细菌的最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(minimal bactericidal concentration,MBC),通过对细菌生长曲线、细菌超微结构、细胞壁和细胞膜通透性变化试验、核酸合成抑制试验研究救必应水提取物的抑菌机理。结果表明,与不添加提取物的对照组相比,救必应水提取物能够影响细菌的生长规律,使细菌破损严重,细胞壁和细胞膜通透性增加,细胞质外渗,菌液中AKP含量、可溶性蛋白含量增多、大肠杆菌DNA荧光强度明显减弱。研究表明,救必应水提取物的抑菌机理是通过细菌细胞壁和细胞膜通透性的变化,抑制细菌核酸的合成实现的。 相似文献
2.
采用平板打洞法、试管倍比稀释法分别测定了金银花、夏枯草、龙珠果、苡仁、半边莲、黄鹌菜、白花蛇舌草、马齿苋8种中草药对大肠杆菌K88、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、葡萄球菌、沙门菌5种细菌的药物敏感性、最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）。结果显示，上述5种细菌对金银花呈中度敏感，其MIC和MBC均为1／80～1／10g／mL；龙珠果仅对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门菌有一定抑制作用，其MIC和MBC均为1／10、1／80、1／10g／mL；苡仁仅对金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌有一定抑制作用，其MIC和MBC均分别为1／20和1／40g／mL。夏枯草仅对葡萄球菌有一定抑菌作用，半边莲仅对金色葡萄球菌有一定抑菌作用，而黄鹌菜、白花蛇舌草、马齿苋对上述5种细菌未见抑菌作用。 相似文献
3.
为筛选对猪接触传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌多重耐药菌株有较好抑菌作用的中草药。挑选了穿心莲、黄芩、苦参、白头翁、芒果叶和百里香6种中草药,采用水提取和65%乙醇提取相结合的方法制备单剂中草药的提取液,然后浓缩至含原生药物1g/mL。采用二倍稀释法分别测定这6种中草药对传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌多重耐药菌株的最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibition concentration, MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(minimal bacteriocidal concentration, MBC)。以筛选出体外抑菌效果较好的中草药。结果表明,胸膜肺炎放线杆菌多重耐药菌株抑菌圈最大的是百里香和芒果叶,其抑菌圈直径分别为40 mm和35 mm.,其次为白头翁、黄芩、穿心莲和苦参,其抑菌圈直径在8~16 mm。百里香、芒果叶、白头翁、黄芩、穿心莲和苦参的最小抑菌浓度分别为0.198 mg/mL、0.198 mg/mL、0.396 mg/mL、0.396 mg/mL、25 mg/mL和25 mg/mL。百里香、芒果叶、白头翁、黄芩、穿心莲和苦参的最小杀菌浓度分别为0.396 mg/mL、0.396 mg/mL、0.792 mg/mL、0.792 mg/mL、50 mg/mL和50 mg/mL。说明除穿心莲和苦参外,其余4种中草药对胸膜肺炎放线杆菌多重耐药菌株有很多好的抑菌和杀菌效果,其中百里香和芒果叶效果最佳。本结果为由传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌多重耐药菌引起的猪接触传染性胸膜肺炎的防控和治疗奠定了基础,为开发中草药相关无抗产品以及防治由多重耐药菌引起的猪接触传染性胸膜肺炎提供了参考。 相似文献
4.
常见中草药的体外抑菌试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本实验旨在研究和发掘具有抗菌作用的中草药.应用体外抑菌试验的平板打洞法、试管两倍稀释法和平板培养法对本地常见中草药一枝黄花、黑老虎、土甘草、花木通等进行了对肺炎链球菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的药物敏感性测定.结果一枝黄花对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌呈高度敏感,最小抑菌浓度分别为1/80和1/40,最小杀菌浓度分别为1/20和1/10;对肺炎链球菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌呈中度敏感,最小抑菌浓度均为1/20,未见最小杀菌浓度,黑老虎、土甘草均对肺炎链球菌呈高度敏感,最小抑菌浓度均为1/80,最小杀菌浓度分别为1/20和1/10,对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌无抑菌作用;花木通则对四种供试菌均未见抑菌作用. 相似文献
5.
本实验是为了探讨罗红霉素和TMP对鸡败血霉形体的联合药敏作用，从而在临床应用提供依据，首先通过体外抑菌实验测定了罗红霉素（Roxithromycin)和TMP对鸡身血霉形体BG44T株的最小抑菌浓度（minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC)，然后测定了两种药物联合用药时的FIC指数（fractional inhibitory concentration,FIC)，鸡败血霉形体颜色变化单位的测定是采用十倍稀释法，单药MIC的测定采用试管二倍稀释法，罗红霉素和TMP的联合抑菌试验的FIC指数是采用棋盘法测定的，试验重复三次，以平均值作为试验结果，体外MIC结果测定表明罗红霉素对鸡败血霉形体的BG44T株高度敏感，其MIC值为0．0078ug/ml,而TMP对鸡败血霉形体的BG44T株不敏感，其MIC值为32ug/ml，两种药物联合时的FIC指数为1．5，结果为无关作用。 相似文献
6.
采用浓度梯度递增法对3株不同生物被膜形成能力的大肠埃希菌进行4种氨基糖苷类药物(阿米卡星、链霉素、庆大霉素和安普霉素)诱导,考察大肠埃希菌生物被膜对其余8种不同抗菌药物最小抑菌浓度和最小膜清除浓度的变化规律。结果表明,在氨基糖苷类药物诱导压力下,3株不同生物被膜形成能力的菌株对其余8种抗菌药物的最小膜清除浓度比最小抑菌浓度至少增加8倍以上,与诱导前相比,大肠埃希菌形成生物被膜后,其最小膜清除浓度增加的速率比最小抑菌浓度快。 相似文献
7.
8.
本实验是为了探讨罗红霉素和TMP对鸡败血霉形体的联合药敏作用,从而为在临床应用提供依据.首先通过体外抑菌实验测定了罗红霉素(Roxithromycin)和TMP对鸡败血霉形体BG44T株的最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC),然后测定了两种药物联合用药时的FIC指数(fractional inhibitory concentration,FIC).鸡败血霉形体颜色变化单位的测定是采用十倍稀释法,单药MIC的测定采用试管二倍稀释法,罗红霉素和TMP的联合抑菌试验的FIC指数是采用棋盘法测定的.试验重复三次,以平均值作为试验结果.体外MIC结果测定表明罗红霉素对鸡败血霉形体的BG44T株高度敏感,其MIC值为0.0078 μg/ml.而TMP对鸡败血霉形体的BG44T株不敏感,其MIC值为32 μg/ml;两种药物联合时的FIC指数为1.5,结果为无关作用. 相似文献
9.
16味蒙药对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌O8的体外抑菌效果研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为筛选对奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌金黄色葡萄球菌（S.aureus）和大肠杆菌O8（E.coli O8）具有良好抑菌作用的蒙药,本试验采用牛津杯法测定金银花、黄连、何首乌、地榆、五味子、秦皮、穿心莲、甘草、蒲公英、夏枯草、虎杖、柴胡、黄柏、苦参、石榴皮、板蓝根16味蒙药的抑菌圈直径,微量稀释法和平板法测定蒙药的最小抑菌浓度（minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（minimal bactericidal concentration,MBC）,棋盘法测定敏感蒙药对E.coli O8和S.aureus的协同指数（fractional inhibitory concentration index,FICI）。结果显示,黄柏、金银花、黄连、五味子、蒲公英、秦皮6味蒙药对S.aureus的抑菌圈直径为10.22~22.44 mm,MIC为15.6~250 mg/mL;五味子、金银花、黄连、秦皮4味蒙药对E.coli O8的抑菌圈直径为11.29~26.41 mm,MIC为15.6~500 mg/mL;黄柏与黄连联合用药对S.aureus的FICI为0.36,为协同作用,黄连与地榆联合用药对E.coli O8的FICI为0.48,为协同作用。综上所述,金银花、黄连、五味子、秦皮、蒲公英、黄柏6味蒙药对S.aureus综合抑菌效果达极敏或高敏;金银花、黄连、五味子、秦皮4味蒙药对E.coli O8综合抑菌效果达极敏或高敏,黄柏、黄连、秦皮在抑制S.aureus的组方中可优先考虑,黄连与地榆在抑制E.coli O8的组方中可优先考虑。 相似文献
10.
为测定鸭脚木皮、木蝴蝶、火炭母、岗梅根、倒扣草（鲜）这5种广东常见中草药的体外抑菌活性,采用琼脂平板打孔法、试管倍比稀释法和平板培养法,分别测定其对金黄葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、链球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和蜡状芽孢杆菌的抑制效果.结果表明：大肠杆菌、链球菌对火炭母呈高度敏感,最小抑菌浓度（MIC）分别为1/40、1/80,最小杀菌浓度（MBC）分别为1/40、1/80;链球菌对鸭脚木皮、木蝴蝶均呈高度敏感,最小抑菌浓度（MIC）分别为1/20、1/10,最小杀菌浓度（MBC）分别为1/20、1/10;岗梅根、倒扣草（鲜）对六种菌均无抑制作用. 相似文献
11.
Gyo Moon CHU Cheol Kyu JUNG Hoi Yun KIM Ji Hee HA Jong Hyun KIM Min Seob JUNG Shin Ja LEE Yuno SONG Rashid Ismael Hag IBRAHIM Jae Hyeon CHO Sung Sill LEE Young Min SONG 《Animal Science Journal》2013,84(2):113-120
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of bamboo charcoal and bamboo vinegar as alternatives of antibiotics in the diet of fattening pigs and their influence on growth performance, immune responses and fecal microflora populations. Crossed pigs (n = 144, 79 kg body weight) were divided into 12 heads per pen, four diets and three replications. The basal diet (negative control: NC) was supplemented with 0.3% antibiotics (positive control: PC), 0.3% bamboo charcoal (BC) and 0.3% bamboo vinegar (BV). Average daily weight gain and feed efficiency were higher (P < 0.05) in PC, BC and BV. The concentration of lactate dehydrogenase and cortisol were lower (P < 0.05), but the concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA were higher (P < 0.05) in PC, BC and BV. Counts of coliform bacteria and Salmonella spp. were lower (P < 0.05), while the counts of fecal anaerobic total bacteria and lactic acid bacteria were higher (P < 0.05) in PC, BC and BV. A reasonable inclusion of bamboo charcoal or bamboo vinegar as antibiotics in the diet of fattening pigs leads to a better growth performance, immune responses and fecal microflora populations. The results of the present study suggest that bamboo charcoal or bamboo vinegar could be a potential additives in animal production as an alternative to antibiotics. 相似文献
12.
Karina L. Goularte Flávia L. S. Voloski Josiara F. M. Redú Carlos E. R. Ferreira Arnaldo D. Vieira Eduarda H. Duval Rafael G. Mondadori Thomaz Lucia Jr 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2020,55(3):318-324
Many microorganisms from various sources may be present in ejaculates of bulls. This study identified and isolated bacteria from bull sperm samples in a commercial stud and evaluated their resistance to antibiotics. The number of colony-forming units was determined in semen samples collected at distinct steps during freezing and thawing. The minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration were determined for four antibiotics commonly used in commercial studs. A total of 135 microorganisms from 25 genera were isolated. After a sensitivity test, all evaluated microorganisms (n = 55) were resistant to penicillin and most of them were resistant to tylosin and lincomycin (n = 54). Resistance to all tested antibiotics was observed in 22% of all isolates, whereas only 3.9% of the isolates were inhibited by the tested antibiotics at the concentrations recommended by the international legislation. As the isolated microorganisms presented high resistance to frequently used antibiotics, sensitivity tests should be periodically conducted in commercial bull semen studs to prevent the use of contaminated semen in artificial insemination. 相似文献
13.
以淮北地区黄牛为对象，定量检测了正常繁育母牛和不孕症母牛各１０头的阴道分泌物菌群。正常繁育母牛和不孕症母牛阴道菌群的主要菌类相同。前者需氧菌分离率４０％，平均密度＜１０６／ｇ；厌氧菌分离率８０％，平均密度＞１０８／ｇ；优势菌为乳杆菌。后者需氧菌分离率８０％，平均密度＞１０７／ｇ；厌氧菌分离率５０％，平均密度＜１０６／ｇ；优势菌为表皮葡萄球菌。药物敏感性试验表明，不孕牛阴道优势菌表皮葡萄球菌对氯霉素高度敏感，对新霉素、庆大霉素、链霉素中度敏感，对青霉素等不敏感。根据上述结果，分别应用氯霉素和中药方剂对患有子宫内膜炎的不孕母牛进行了治疗试验，以子宫内膜炎症状消失并受胎为指标，氯霉素治疗的总有效（受胎）率为８８．８％（１９１／２１５），平均用药１．３次；中药方剂的总有效（受胎）率为８５．５％（６５／７６），平均用药次数１．４次。 相似文献
14.
Biofilm bacteria: formation and comparative susceptibility to antibiotics 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17 
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下载免费PDF全文 Merle E. Olson Howard Ceri Douglas W. Morck Andre G. Buret Ronald R. Read 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2002,66(2):86-92
The Calgary Biofilm Device (CBD) was used to form bacterial biofilms of selected veterinary gram-negative and gram-positive pathogenic bacteria from cattle, sheep, pigs, chicken, and turkeys. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of ampicillin, ceftiofur, cloxacillin, oxytetracycline, penicillin G, streptomycin, tetracycline, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, tilmicosin, and trimethoprim-sulfadoxine for gram-positive and -negative bacteria were determined. Bacterial biofilms were readily formed on the CBD under selected conditions. The biofilms consisted of microcolonies encased in extracellular polysaccharide material. Biofilms composed of Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hyicus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium renale, or Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis were not killed by the antibiotics tested but as planktonic bacteria they were sensitive at low concentrations. Biofilm and planktonic Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus suis were sensitive to penicillin, ceftiofur, cloxacillin, ampicillin, and oxytetracycline. Planktonic Escherichia coli were sensitive to enrofloxacin, gentamicin, oxytetracycline and trimethoprim/ sulfadoxine. Enrofloxacin and gentamicin were the most effective antibiotics against E. coli growing as a biofilm. Salmonella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates growing as planktonic populations were sensitive to enrofloxacin, gentamicin, ampicillin, oxytetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfadoxine, but as a biofilm, these bacteria were only sensitive to enrofloxacin. Planktonic and biofilm Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica had similar antibiotic sensitivity profiles and were sensitive to most of the antibiotics tested. The CBD provides a valuable new technology that can be used to select antibiotics that are able to kill bacteria growing as biofilms. 相似文献
15.
Ziyad Al‐Kass Joachim Spergser Christine Aurich Juliane Kuhl Kathrin Schmidt Jane M. Morrell 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2019,54(2):342-349
Bacteria contaminate semen during collection and handling. The objective of this study was to identify the bacteria in pony stallion semen, the effects of antibiotics included in commercial semen extenders (lincomycin and spectinomycin) and the effect of modified single layer centrifugation (MSLC), on bacterial load. Ejaculates from six pony stallions, 3 ejaculates per animal, were extended in EquiPlus extender either with or without antibiotics. Aliquots were processed by MSLC to form four treatment groups: control and MSLC with antibiotics (CA and SA, respectively) and control and MSLC without antibiotics (CW and SW, respectively). Bacteriological examinations were carried out within 2 hr. Thirty‐one species of bacteria were isolated from one or more ejaculates, with Corynebacterium spp. being the most frequently detected. Corynebacterium spp. were present in all ejaculates. The MSLC resulted in a significantly lower total bacterial count than controls (CA vs. SA, p < 0.001; CW vs. SW, p < 0.0001). 相似文献
16.
徐州地区鸭传染性浆膜炎的病原分离鉴定及药敏试验 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
从徐州地区临床疑似鸭传染性浆膜炎发病鸭中分离到细菌21株，通过细菌形态、培养特怔、生化试验和动物试验，鉴定为鸭疫里默氏杆菌菌株，对不同地区分离到的21株菌进行了24种常用抗菌药物的药敏试验，结果该24个菌株对头孢类药物、红霉素、链霉素、妥布霉素、新霉素、氯霉素、泰乐菌素、痢特灵等几种药物敏感性较高，对喹诺酮类、强力霉素、丁安卡那霉素、林肯霉素、庆大霉素、氟苯尼考、利福平、复方新诺明等均不同程度地产生了耐药性。不同地区分离到的鸭疫里默氏杆菌对不同抗菌药的敏感程度存在较大差异性，研究结果为该地区鸭传染性浆膜炎的药物防治提供了很好的理论依据. 相似文献
17.
抗菌肽与抗生素的体外抗菌效果比较 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
应用由 Hancock实验室改进的微量肉汤稀释法测定了 cecropin P1、cecropin A、magainin 2、defensin 1、bactenecin、lactoferricin和 indolicidin等 7种抗菌肽和盐酸金霉素、去甲万古霉素、土霉素、强力霉素等 4种抗生素的体外抗菌活性 ,并且使用薄层琼脂糖孔穴扩散法比较了抗菌肽中 cecropin P1和 cecropin A与土霉素和呋喃唑酮对大肠杆菌 K88的抑菌效果。结果发现 ,抗菌肽与抗生素一样对几种革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌都有不同程度的抗菌效果。其中 cecropin A、cecropin P1和 defensin1对大肠杆菌的 2个菌株 ATCC2 5 92 2和 K88的抗菌活性高于抗生素 ,defensin1是各种抗菌肽中对金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌效果最好的。抗生素对试验用金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制活性总体上要好于抗菌肽。与抗生素相比 ,cecropin A、cecropin P1和 indolicidin对猪霍乱沙门氏菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌具有更好的抗菌效果。另外 ,抗菌肽的抑菌圈边缘十分清晰 ,而抗生素的整个抑菌圈都比较模糊且界线不明。因此 ,从抗菌效果方面考虑 ,抗菌肽可以代替抗生素用于疾病的预防和治疗 相似文献
18.
鹅巴氏杆菌病病原分离鉴定及中西药联用抑菌试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应用常规分离鉴定技术,对湛江市某养鹅场的病鹅进行病原分离与鉴定,采用水提法制备中药药液,通过试管二倍稀释法测定各中药药液和抗菌药对病原菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）及最小杀菌浓度（MBC）,同时测定中药与西药联用对病原菌的体外抑菌效果。结果表明,分离的病原菌符合巴氏杆菌的生化特性;中药与西药联用抑菌和杀菌能力均大于或等于单药,恩诺沙星与五倍子联用,恩诺沙星用量为单药的1/4、五倍子用量为单药的1/8即可抑制巴氏杆菌;酒石酸泰乐菌素与夏枯草联用,酒石酸泰乐菌素用量为单药的1/16、夏枯草用量为单药的1/4即可抑菌;酒石酸泰乐菌素与五倍子联合,酒石酸泰乐菌素用量为单药的1/4即能杀菌。 相似文献
19.
By investigating the prevalence and resistance characteristics of Gram-negative bacteria from organic and conventional kept laying hens against 31 (Campylobacter: 29) different antibiotics using the microdilution method, we determined to what extent different keeping systems influence bacterial resistance patterns. For this purpose, samples from 10 organic and 10 conventional flocks in Bavaria (Germany) were investigated four times between January 2004 and April 2005. Altogether, 799 cloacal swabs and 800 eggs (contents and shells) were examined. The bacterial investigation performed with standardized cultural methods showed prevalence for all bacteria groups in about the same order of magnitude in the two different keeping systems: Salmonella spp. 3.5% (organic ([org])) versus 1.8% (conventional ([con])); Campylobacter spp. 34.8%(org) versus 29.0%(con) and E. coli 64.4%(org) versus 69.0%(con). Coliforms (Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Pantoea) were only isolated in single cases. In eggs, generally less bacteria were detected, predominantly Escherichia; Salmonella and Campylobacter were only scarcely isolated. Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (n=10) were resistant to up to nine, S. of the serogroup B (n=4) up to six antibiotics. All tested Salmonella (n=23) proved to be resistant to spectinomycin. Escherichia coli (n=257(org) and 276(con)) from organic layers showed significant lower resistance rates and higher rates of susceptible isolates to nine agents, namely amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefaclor, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, doxycycline, mezlocillin, neomycin and piperacillin. In contrast, only two antibiotics turned out to be more effective in conventional isolates (gentamicin and tobramycin). In the case of Campylobacter jejuni (n=118(org) and 99(con)), statistically significantly better rates were observed for isolates from organic flocks concerning imipenem and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, whereas fosfomycin was more potent in strains from conventional flocks. Results of this study indicate that both resistance rates and mean minimum inhibitory concentrations of bacteria isolated from organic keeping systems have lower values than those from conventional ones, particularly recognizable for E. coli. Thus, organic livestock farming with its restrictions and additional requirements contributes to further effectiveness of antibiotics. 相似文献
20.
In vitro evaluation of various quinolone antibacterial agents against veterinary mycoplasmas and porcine respiratory bacterial pathogens 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
The in vitro activities of 12 quinolones and four antibiotics were determined against 15 veterinary mycoplasmal species and four species of bacteria commonly involved in respiratory infections in pigs. The newer quinolones were markedly more active in vitro against a wide range of mycoplasmas than nalidixic acid and the earlier quinolones. Against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ciprofloxacin was the most active quinolone with a geometric mean minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against 16 strains of 0.01 microgram ml-1 compared with 0.04 microgram ml-1 for tiamulin, 0.06 microgram ml-1 for tylosin, 0.17 microgram ml-1 for oxytetracycline and 0.23 microgram ml-1 for gentamicin. M hyosynoviae was less sensitive to the quinolones with mean MICs of 0.6 microgram ml-1 for ofloxacin and 0.7 microgram ml-1 for ciprofloxacin compared with 0.034 microgram ml-1, or less, for tiamulin. Norfloxacin and its 6-chloro analogue were both mycoplasmacidal in vitro at five or 10 times their MICs against M hyopneumoniae UCD4. Tiamulin was mycoplasmastatic. The quinolones were also active against porcine Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida strains and Haemophilus species. Ciprofloxacin was the most active quinolone with mean MICs of 0.58 microgram ml-1 against B bronchiseptica (nine strains), 0.026 microgram ml-1 against P multocida (five strains) and 0.01 microgram ml-1, or less, against Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae (nine strains) and H parasuis (two strains) compared with mean MICs of from 0.5 microgram ml-1 to 64 micrograms ml-1, or more, for the antibiotics. This combination of excellent mycoplasmacidal activity against M hyopneumoniae and good antibacterial activity, suggests that the quinolones have great potential for treating respiratory infections in pigs, including enzootic pneumonia. 相似文献