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1.
土壤颗粒排列及形成的团聚结构是影响孔隙形态的基本因素,为直观观察与定量测算不同质地土壤的孔隙形态及其变化特征,于山东省东昌府区采集壤土、粘壤土、砂壤土样品,通过常规方法和土壤薄片,研究了土壤孔隙形态特征。结果表明:(1)土壤容重均随深度增加而增加。土壤孔隙度均为表层向下逐渐减少且10月份低于6月份。(2)砂质壤土孔隙形状均以简单堆集孔隙为主。而粘壤土、壤土则以复合堆积孔隙为主,且土壤团聚作用较强。(3)砂质壤土的孔隙平均当量直径(ED)及孔隙形状系数(S)明显高于粘壤土及壤土,而砂质壤土的孔隙复杂度(D)明显低于粘壤土及壤土。且ED及S值分别与土壤砂粒含量呈显著正相关,与粉、粘粒含量呈显著负相关;D值与砂粒含量呈显著负相关,而与粉、粘粒含量呈显著正相关。综上,土壤质地(即砂、粉、粘粒含量)能够影响土壤孔隙形态。 相似文献
2.
土壤原始颗粒对不同破碎机制下团聚体稳定性的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,其稳定性是描述土壤抵抗外力破坏作用的重要指标。目前常用的团聚体测定方法很少考虑到土壤原始颗粒对其不同破碎机制下稳定性的影响。以两种不同质地团聚体特征差异明显的壤质砂土和砂质黏壤土为研究对象,对土壤全样进行快速湿润(FW)、预湿润后震荡(WS)以及慢速湿润(SW)三种处理方式预处理以研究团聚体不同破碎机制,同时考虑将各粒级团聚体中的土壤原始颗粒剥离出来,消除土壤原始颗粒对各粒级团聚体含量结果的影响,研究土壤原始颗粒对不同破碎机制下团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明:两种土壤在不同处理方式下,各粒级土壤含量存在较大差异,砂质黏壤土在三种处理模式下平均质量直径(MWD)均显著大于壤质砂土,两种土壤MWD均呈现MWD_(fw)MWD_(ws)MWD_(sw)的大小顺序,两种土壤团聚体破坏均是团聚体快速湿润时孔隙内部封闭的空气压力作用为主,其次是机械扰动作用,黏粒膨胀作用影响最小。土壤原始颗粒对各粒级团聚体的影响程度受到土壤类型和破碎机制影响,土壤原始颗粒对壤质砂土影响较大,对砂质黏壤土的影响相对较小。分散前的团聚体(0.05 mm)占总土壤的百分比(AR)值难以正确反映土壤团聚体稳定性,消除土壤原始颗粒影响后,AR能够较好体现土壤团聚体稳定性。消除土壤原始颗粒影响前后的AR比值表明土壤原始颗粒对壤质砂土的影响远远大于对砂质黏壤土的影响。 相似文献
3.
本文应用了原状土薄片及扫描电镜技术,观察了集约农作制下几种措施(模拟培育4年后)下的土壤结构的微形态特征。观察表明,施用有机物料明显增加粘质土壤的孔隙,不仅团聚体间有大孔隙,团聚体内也有中或细孔隙,彼此形成“交通网络”,有利通气排水。稻草直接施入土中同样能促进土壤团聚化和多级孔隙的发展,且孔隙壁上有极明显的铁质积聚,从而增强了“交通网络”的稳定性。粘闭使土壤颗粒紧密排列呈整块状结构,土体中孔隙极少,孔隙壁没有明显的铁质胶膜,但见到土体中有条状铁质浸染,它可能促进僵土块的形成。淹水时间长短对土壤结构微形态也有明显影响。在同样土壤质地和有机质水平下,同“一熟”淹水相比,“两熟”淹水促进土壤颗粒紧密排列,土壤孔隙,尤其是大孔隙明显减少。这种情况在有机质水平较低的土壤中更突出。 相似文献
4.
自相似和分形是许多自然事物和现象的客观特征之一。土壤是一种具有自相似结构的多孔介质,因此可以利用分形几何学来研究土壤的性状特征。研究者可以通过分形维(分维)来描述、刻画土壤颗粒的粒径及孔隙分布状况,由此可进一步研究土壤的其他物理化学性状及其对周边生态环境的指示意义。研究表明：土壤粒径分布分维数不仅能够表征土壤粒径大小,还能反映质地的均一程度以及土壤的通透性;分形维数与土壤水稳性团聚体含量有着明显对应关系,可以表征土壤的肥力状况; 相似文献
5.
元谋干热河谷冲沟沟头土壤结构对入渗性能的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
元谋干热河谷冲沟沟头土壤的渗透性是制约坡面径流,遏制沟头前进的重要因素,也间接影响着沟头土体崩塌方式。通过对元谋干热河谷区,3种典型土壤(燥红土、变性土和古红土)沟头表层土壤结构指标的测定和对入渗速率的野外定点观测,分析表层土壤结构特性及其分维特征对入渗过程的影响。结果表明:燥红土和变性土土壤结构要优于古红土;土壤颗粒和微团聚体分维数随着粉粘粒(<0.02mm)含量的增加而增大,随着砂砾(0.02～2mm)含量的增加而减小;孔隙分维数与颗粒分维和微团聚体分维呈负相关。3种土壤的入渗速率较低,用通用经验公式能够较好的模拟这3种土壤的入渗过程(R2>0.99)。表层土壤的非毛管孔隙和颗粒分维(D粒)对燥红土和古红土的初渗速率影响最大,毛管孔隙度、D粒和孔隙分维(D孔)对变性土的初渗速率影响最大,除了D粒的偏相关系数为负相关外,其余的影响因素都呈正相关;燥红土和变性土的毛管孔隙、D孔对稳渗速率影响最大,D孔和微团分维(D微)对古红土稳渗速率影响最大。 相似文献
6.
滇中水源区典型林地土壤结构分形特征及其对土壤抗蚀、抗冲性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《水土保持学报》2014,(5)
为探讨土壤结构分形特征与土壤抗蚀、抗冲性的关系,采用分形原理、弹性及边际分析法对滇中重要水源区迤者小流域内3种典型林地(以坡耕地对照)土壤孔隙组成、颗粒组成和微团聚体组成分形维数及其对土壤抗蚀、抗冲性的影响进行分析。结果表明,各林分类型下土壤孔隙组成分形维数分布于2.687 9~2.741 3之间,土壤颗粒组成分形维数为2.759 6~2.856 9,微团聚体组成分形维数为2.701 3~2.731 1之间,林地土壤结构分形特征均优于坡耕地,混交林对改良土壤结构作用优于纯林。林地土壤抗蚀、抗冲性优于坡耕地,且随着坡度的增大,混交林对提升土壤抗蚀、抗冲性效果更佳。不同林地土壤的抗蚀指数以针阔混交林地最大(39.0%),桉树林地次之(37.0%),云南松林地最小(24.0%),均优于坡耕地(20.1%);不同林地同一土层抗蚀指数差异极显著,且随土层深度的增加,土壤抗蚀指数逐渐减小;林地土壤抗蚀、抗冲性优于坡耕地,混交林对提升土壤抗蚀、抗冲性效果更佳。区域土壤的孔隙组成、颗粒组成和微团聚体组成分形维数与表征土壤抗侵蚀性质的抗蚀指数与抗冲系数存在显著的相关关系,关系模型分别为:γ=(4.27×10-21)D7.867tD-56.048jD1.514k和γ=(1.67×10-14)D-50.063tD-0.813jD19.468k,相关系数分别为0.819和0.841。通过弹性和边际效应分析可知,土壤抗蚀、抗冲性受土壤结构分形特征的影响较明显,土壤孔隙组成分形特征对土壤抗蚀、抗冲性的影响大于颗粒组成和微团聚体组成分形特征的影响,且土壤结构分形特征对土壤抗蚀性的影响较抗冲性更显著。 相似文献
7.
土壤粒径重量分布分形特征的无标度区间 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《土壤通报》2010,(3)
土壤是一种具有分形特征的复杂系统。本文应用杨培岭提出的分形维数计算模型,选取北京地区6个土壤类型的30个样点,对其进行土壤颗粒粒径分形特征研究。结果表明土壤颗粒的无标度区间对准确计算土壤粒径的分形维数影响很大。北京地区土壤颗粒粒径的无标度区间为0.002~0.1mm,在此区间内求得的分形维数D更为准确。若不在无标度区间计算分形维数D,求得的D值往往偏大,平均偏离幅度为5.95%。无论是否考虑无标度区间,求得的D值皆呈弱变异性,因此,上述偏差会对D值的计算准确性造成影响。 相似文献
8.
云南东川蒋家沟泥石流源区的土壤是团聚体结构性很强的特殊土壤,孔隙比高,液限低,并有强烈的分散性,在环境扫描电镜下的微观结构表明:原状土壤团聚体具有3种孔隙类型,沿着孔隙溶蚀现象明显,骨架颗粒之间普遍存在架空结构,胶结物联结强度较弱。通过对土壤团聚体在原状、饱和、重塑3种状态下进行室内压缩试验,并引入综合结构势,分析土壤团聚体的结构性。结构性参数曲线在加载初期下降显著,在加载后期则变得十分平缓,表明蒋家沟泥石流源区土壤团聚体具有较强的结构性,容易发生结构失稳。因此,微观结构特性与结构性对土壤团聚体的稳定性有重要的作用。 相似文献
9.
喜马拉雅山脉南麓典型林地对土壤理化性质及可蚀性K值影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
探讨喜马拉雅山脉南麓典型林地土壤结构稳定性及可蚀性K值强弱与分布特征,为区域生态保护提供科学理论及数据基础。选取落叶常绿混交林、针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林三种林分,采集0～20cm土壤,测定团聚体、团聚体破坏率、颗粒组成及其有机质,以EPIC模型计算K值。结果表明:(1)不同林地土壤各理化指标具有差异,湿筛及干筛条件下团聚体以0.25 mm为主;团聚体破坏率在10.16%～24.74%间;颗粒组成以粉砂粒为主,黏粒仅占0.51%～3.02%。有机质在92.53～133.79g·kg-1间;(2)研究区土壤K值在0.1862～0.3430间,均值为0.2635,K值总体较高;(3)经相关分析,K值与黏粒、有机质含量及团聚体破坏率呈正相关,与粉粒呈极显著正相关,与砂粒呈极显著负相关,一定程度,团聚体破坏率可评价土壤可蚀性。 相似文献
10.
丹江口库区不同土地利用方式土壤团聚体稳定性及分形特征 总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7
为分析南水北调(中线)丹江口库区不同土地利用方式土壤团聚体稳定性及其分形特征,揭示人类活动对土壤结构的影响,以库区内不同土地利用方式(水田、旱地、果园、人工林地、自然林地)土壤为研究对象,经干筛和湿筛法测定团聚体组成,以土壤团聚体稳定性指标(大团聚体含量(R0.25)和团聚体破坏率(PAD))、土壤团聚体直径指标(平均质量直径(MWD)和几何均重直径(GMD))以及分形维数(D)作为评价指标,对比分析丹江口库区不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性。结果表明,对土壤团聚体组成的测定,湿筛法相对干筛法重现性更好,能更真实反映土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性。各土地利用方式总体上表现为林地(人工林和自然林)土壤稳定性和抗蚀性更好,其MWD和GMD值相对较高,D值相对较低;相反,旱作农地(果园和旱地)土壤团聚结构及其稳定性较弱,其MWD和GMD值相对较低,D值相对较高。说明各团聚体稳定性指标均能从不同角度反映不同土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响。相关性分析表明,土壤团聚体MWD、GMD值和D值与各粒径团聚体含量呈明显线性关系,在土壤团聚化过程中,土壤团聚体从微团聚体(0.25 mm)—中等团聚体(0.25~5 mm)—大团聚体(5 mm)的转化中,0.25,1,5mm粒级是较为关键的临界点。 相似文献
11.
Estimation of the thermal separation of soil particles from the thermal conductivity under reduced air pressure 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Knowledge of thermal conductivity of granular materials under reduced air pressure can be utilized for studying intricate mechanisms of heat transfer in two‐phase systems. We measured the thermal conductivity of three soils of varied texture and two sets of glass beads (GB) under reduced air pressure using a twin heat probe. We also predicted the thermal conductivity of a two‐phase system at reduced air pressure from the modified Woodside & Messmer equation based on the kinetic theory of gases. This equation includes a thermal separation of solid particles (d) defined by the heat conduction. We compared this separation with the geometrical mean separation of solid particles (D). The results showed a linear relation between d and D for the GB, and in all cases d was smaller than D. This suggests that conductive heat transfer in two‐phase GB takes place mainly through air spaces the dimension of which is smaller than D. The d of a Red Yellow soil and an Ando soil, however, were about 200–300 times larger than D. This result seems to be related to the soil aggregation. We showed that in soil aggregates the conduction of heat through the solid was the dominant mode of heat transfer, and the micropores in a soil aggregate had very little effect on the diminished thermal conductivity under reduced air pressure. The decrease in the thermal conductivity of two‐phase soil under reduced air pressure is probably caused by the air molecules confined in interaggregate pore spaces rather than those in the intra‐aggregate pore spaces. The d of soils can be used to represent the thermal separation of the interaggregate pore spaces, and soil aggregates can be treated as single‐grained particles in evaluating heat conduction. 相似文献
12.
土壤是地球表面由固、液、气三相组成的疏松多孔介质体,土壤物理、化学和生物学等过程主要发生在液相和气相填充的土壤孔隙中及其与固相的交界面。随着无损探测土壤孔隙结构、土壤生物化学原位分析和计算机模拟等技术的快速发展和计算能力的提升,从土壤孔隙的形态、结构和功能的角度,原位、直观、精确地研究土壤中动态发生的各种过程成为可能,推动了对真实土壤中各种微观过程与机制的研究。基于前期的研究进展,本文提出,研究透明土壤体的物理学—土壤孔隙学（Soilporelogy）的时代已经启航。土壤孔隙学主要针对土壤孔隙空间,研究其动态变化与土壤物理、土壤化学和土壤生物（生态）互作过程及其效应。以土壤孔隙学为主线,本文首先介绍了获取土壤孔隙方法的进步,进而论述了基于土壤孔隙的流体运动、生物化学过程、根系和生物活动以及土壤微观生态学等的试验和模拟研究。最后,本文对土壤孔隙学的研究方法和理论发展方向进行了展望,相信基于土壤孔隙的研究会推动土壤学研究新的发展。 相似文献
13.
为解决膨胀土对工程结构以及农业生态环境的危害，进行煤矸石粉改良膨胀土的试验研究。对煤矸石粉掺量为0、3%、6%、9%的膨胀土土样进行压汞试验，测得微观孔隙特征值；选取Menger海绵模型建立孔隙分分形模型，计算土体孔隙分形维数，探究土体孔隙分形维数与孔隙特征参数以及煤矸石粉掺量变化的关系。结果表明：随着煤矸石粉掺量增加，土中大孔隙所占的含量较素膨胀减少61.5%，孔隙类型从团粒间孔隙转化为颗粒间孔隙；煤矸石粉的掺入改变了土体的孔隙结构特征，煤矸石粉与膨胀土发生胶结反应，孔隙连通性降低，使得总孔隙体积、孔隙率、孔隙平均孔径、孔隙临界孔径等孔隙特征参数呈减小趋势；基于分形理论分析孔隙分形维数，分形维数随煤矸石粉掺量的增加而增加，且与孔隙特征参数呈显著相关性。孔隙分形维数反应了孔隙特征参数以及孔隙发育程度，为土的孔隙表征提供方法借鉴。 相似文献
14.
Changes in the macro-pore structure of restored soil caused by compaction beneath heavy agricultural machinery: a morphometric study 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
B. Schäffer M. Stauber R. Müller & R. Schulin 《European Journal of Soil Science》2007,58(5):1062-1073
Compaction can seriously degrade soil in modern agriculture. Soil that has been temporarily removed and stored is particularly sensitive to compaction when restored, although little is known about the structural changes in such soils under mechanical loads. We investigated the structural changes in a restored soil that had been gently cultivated for several years and then was trafficked by a heavy combine harvester, analysing the macro‐pore structure by quantitative morphometry of three‐dimensional microcomputed tomography images. Increased trafficking caused decreases in both the porosity and connectivity of the macro‐pores. The fraction of spherical pores (and thus the convexity of the pore space) and the mean pore separation were increased. Trafficking had no clear effect on the orientation of pores. While the mean pore diameter tended to decrease, biopores were more stable than interaggregate pores originating from the packing of soil aggregates. This is relevant for the development of structural stability in restored soils, as the macro‐pores consist mainly of interaggregate pores initially, whereas biopores develop and increase in proportion only gradually over time. Quantitative morphometry provides valuable morphological indices for the objective assessment of the macro‐pore structure and changes induced by compaction. 相似文献
15.
基于CT扫描的煤矿排土场土壤孔隙三维多重分形特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤孔隙对水分、养分的运移起着重要作用,重构土壤孔隙状况反映着复垦土壤质量的高低。本研究基于Math Works Matlab(2009a)平台,在对土壤孔隙CT扫描图片三维重建的基础上,运用多重分形理论对安太堡露天煤矿不同复垦年限排土场重构土壤(23年、20年、0年)以及原地貌土壤进行三维多重分形定量表征,以探讨重构土壤孔隙空间分布规律。结果表明:重构土壤孔隙三维结构具有多重分形特征,信息熵维D1、广义维数谱曲线弯曲程度△D、多重分形谱谱宽△α随着复垦年限逐渐增大,土壤孔隙状况得到改善,土壤孔隙分布越趋于复杂,变异程度较高;重构土壤及原地貌土壤孔隙三维分布多重分形谱函数△f0,呈左钩状,大概率孔隙占主要地位,孔隙分布不均匀。多重分形参数D1、D0-D1、△D、△α、△f间具有较好的相关性,从不同角度上反映了土壤孔隙三维分布的非均质性。 相似文献
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17.
利用计算机断层扫描技术研究土壤改良措施下土壤孔隙 总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7
为探明不同土壤结构改良措施（秸秆覆盖、免耕、有机肥、保水剂）对土壤孔隙特征及分布的影响,采用计算机断层（computed tomography,CT）扫描法定量分析了土壤孔隙的数目、孔隙度及孔隙在土壤剖面上的分布特征。结果表明：不同措施均提高了土壤总孔隙数、大孔隙数及0.13～1.0 mm孔隙数,且其孔隙度也相应提高。同时孔隙成圆率也得到了改善。各处理中以有机肥和免耕处理效果较佳,其次为保水剂和秸秆覆盖,对照最低。此外,不同措施显著提高了土壤的田间持水量和＞0.25 mm 水稳性团聚体含量,降低了土壤容重,且各处理中,仍以有机肥和免耕处理效果最佳,其田间持水量分别较对照提高了15.9%和16.4%,而土壤容重较对照降低了6.8%和8.8%。相关分析表明：田间持水量、容重和＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量与土壤总孔隙度和大孔隙度呈显著或极显著正相关;而土壤容重对于总孔隙度和大孔隙度及孔隙成圆率呈显著负相关。 相似文献
18.
The quantification of the spatial heterogeneity of soil structure is one of the main difficulties to overcome for an adequate understanding of soil processes. There are different competing concepts for the type of heterogeneity, including macroscopic homogeneity, discrete hierarchy or fractal. With respect to these different concepts we investigate the structure of the pore space in one single sample (4 × 103 mm3) by analysing basic geometric quantities of the pores > 0.3 mm within gradually increasing subsamples. To demonstrate the relation between geometrical and functional properties we simulate gas diffusion within the three‐dimensional pore space of the different subsamples. An efficient tool to determine the geometric quantities is presented. As a result, no representative elementary volume (REV) is found in terms of pore‐volume density which increases with sample size. The same is true for the simulated gas diffusion coefficient. This effect is explained by two different types of pores, i.e. big root channels and smaller pores, having different levels of organization. We discuss the different concepts of structural organization which may be appropriate models for the structure investigated. We argue that the discrete hierarchical approach is the most profitable in practice. 相似文献
19.
The packing of elementary particles in soil largely determines the properties that depend on the textural soil pore space, but is studied little. The relations between packing and size and nature of soil particles were studied using fractions of clay, silt and sand, mixed when wet and then dried. Ternary mixtures (clay:silt:sand) were compared with binary mixtures (clay:silt, clay:sand). The pore space of the mixtures was studied using mercury porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy. In all the mixtures the textural pore space was divided into two compartments: (1) lacunar pores due to the presence of skeleton particles and to the shrinkage of the clay phase between these particles, and (2) the clay–fabric pores due to the packing of the clay. In the ternary mixtures, lacunar pores could be divided into two classes: (1) those due to sand particles within the clay–slit phase considered as a single phase, and (2) those due to silt particles within this same phase. For certain mixtures, lacunar pores, referred to as hidden lacunar pores, were not interconnected but were occluded. This occurred both for hidden pores caused by the presence of sand and occluded by the clay–slit phase, and for hidden pores caused by the presence of silt and occluded by the clay phase. The relations between these types of textural pores and the proportions of different size fractions in the mixtures provide guidelines for making optimum use of the particle-size characteristics of the soil to determine its properties. 相似文献
20.
《Geoderma》2001,99(3-4):261-276
A one-cycle field wetting and drying experiment was conducted in order to observe pore space developed in a cultivated Rendzina soil due to surface cracking and to soil aggregate formation at 3-cm depth. Image analysis of 2D representations of pore size distribution and fractal analysis of the spatial distribution of the pores indicates that pore space due to surface cracking does not develop in the same manner as does that formed in the aggregation processes. Both pore-size distribution and fractal dimension vary in different ways at the soil–air interface and at 3-cm depth as drying progresses. Surface cracking occurs as a two-step process where total crack length increases until a maximum and then the cracks widen. Fractal dimensions appear to change as pore space develops. Pores developed when aggregates form show a more continuous process of development of pore sizes with a constant fractal dimension as porosity increases. 相似文献