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内吸杀菌剂烯唑醇对小麦条锈菌和白粉菌发育影响的研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
小麦幼苗分别用小麦条锈菌和白粉菌接种3天后,用内吸杀菌剂烯唑醇喷雾施药。电镜观察烯唑醇对条锈菌和白粉菌在寄主上发育的影响,结果表明,烯唑醇引起两种病菌和寄主细胞发生一系列变化。小麦条锈菌和白粉菌菌丝细胞壁的内层普遍不规则地加厚,菌丝细胞的隔膜发育受阻而成为畸形;两病菌的吸器外间质变宽,并沉积有电子致密度较高的物质。小麦条锈菌的部分吸器母细胞产生的畸形入侵栓,不能穿透寄主细胞壁,部分吸器不能正常发育,吸器体呈分枝状,不能完全扩张、膨大。此外,被侵小麦细胞所分泌的物质可将条锈菌吸器完全包围起来。小麦条锈菌和白粉菌以上的细胞学变化可能导致了它们进一步发育受阻。 相似文献
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数量抗性对小麦条锈菌侵染初期菌体发展的影响为了研究小麦条锈菌一个侵染过程的最初６天里，数量抗性对真菌发展的影响，采用在３个具有数量抗性的小麦品种和一个高感品种的旗叶上，接种条锈菌的夏孢子。结果表明，抗性的最重要机制是附着胞形成的频率降低。在抗病品种上... 相似文献
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小麦与条锈病菌不亲和互作的超微结构 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
采用条锈菌同一小种的野生型菌系和弱毒突变菌系,分别接种同一小麦品种的方法,研究了不亲和互作的超微结构特征。在不亲和互作中,条锈菌的胞间菌丝、吸器母细胞和吸器明显受抑。吸器可以在发育早期受抑坏死,也可迟滞至吸器体形成之后坏死。吸器外质膜严重皱褶,并出现孔洞,吸器外间质加宽,沉积大量电子致密物质。侵染位点的小麦叶肉细胞表现与过敏性坏死反应相关联的一系列变化。细胞壁内侧还出现乳突状或颗粒状沉积物等防御结构或物质。 相似文献
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小麦新抗源一粒葡抗条锈病的组织学和超微结构研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用荧光显微镜、微分干涉显微镜和电子显微镜技术,系统研究了小麦新抗源一粒葡抗小麦条锈病的组织学和超微结构特征。结果表明:相对于感病品种铭贤169,一粒葡对条锈菌的侵染,在组织学和超微结构上均表现出明显的抗性特征。在组织学水平,表现为菌丝生长受抑,菌落发育延迟或败育,吸器母细胞和吸器数目明显减少;同时,侵染点的寄主细胞表现出不同程度的过敏性坏死症状。电镜观察发现,在一粒葡和感病品种中,条锈菌均可由芽管顶端直接进入或通过形成附着胞进入小麦气孔。其后,在一粒葡上,病菌胞间菌丝、吸器母细胞、吸器在细胞和亚细胞水平均发生了一系列异常变化,表现为原生质染色逐渐加深,液泡增多变大,逐渐消解原生质;胞间菌丝、吸器母细胞细胞壁不规则增厚;胞间菌丝线粒体肿胀,数目增多,逐渐解体;吸器母细胞细胞质逐渐空泡化后丧失其生理功能;吸器外质膜皱褶;吸器外间质加宽并有丝状或颗粒状物质形成,吸器体壁逐渐消解出现孔洞,吸器体最终畸形坏死。同时,寄主细胞产生一系列显著的结构防卫反应:形成胞壁沉积物、乳突、吸器鞘等结构,以及发生坏死,阻碍并抑制病菌的发育及扩展。 相似文献
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引起小麦叶锈病的小麦叶锈菌(Puccinia triticina)是转主寄生菌,其转主寄主主要为唐松草属(Thalictrum)种类,也包括扁果草属(Isopyrum), 牛舌草属(Anchusa), 铁线莲属(Clematis)和蓝蓟属(Echium)的个别种类。然而,迄今,中国仅有亚欧唐松草和瓣蕊唐松草被报道为小麦叶锈菌转主寄主。本文对采集于陕西的东亚唐松草(T. minus var. hypoleucum)、甘肃的贝加尔唐松草(T. baicalense),通过人工接种小麦叶锈菌确定它们是否能够作为小麦叶锈菌的转主寄主。同时,本文作者收集自然条件下贝加尔唐松草组织上受侵染产生的锈子器样品,通过其ITS区序列分析以确定小麦叶锈菌的有性循环是否在田间条件下发生。结果表明,小麦叶锈菌的担孢子均可侵染东亚唐松草和贝加尔唐松草,完成其性子器和锈子器阶段,产生的锈孢子可侵染感病小麦产生夏孢子堆,从而证实东亚唐松草和贝加尔唐松草均可作为小麦叶锈菌的转主寄主。来自贝加尔唐松草22个锈子器样品的ITS区序列比对,表明其与NCBI网上提交的小麦叶锈菌享有95%~96%的序列同源性。由此推测,自然条件下,中国小麦叶锈菌可能侵染感病唐松草完成有性循环。 相似文献
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外源茉莉酸甲酯诱导小麦抗条锈病的研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本文探讨了不同浓度茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对小麦抗病性的诱导作用,同时电镜观察了不同浓度MeJA对小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici)与寄主细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明,2.00 mmol·L-1 MeJA对小麦条锈病的诱导抗性效果最好,可达到35.87%,而0.50 mmol·L-1 MeJA在小麦条锈菌夏孢子开始萌发4 h时呈显著抑制作用。经外源MeJA处理后,条锈菌的胞间菌丝、吸器母细胞和吸器的发育明显受到抑制,其中侵染位点的叶肉细胞呈抗性症状。因此,MeJA可使小麦幼苗产生诱导抗性从而提高其抗病性。 相似文献
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小麦叶锈菌在感病寄主上发育的组织病理学和超微结构研究 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
应用荧光显微技术、微分干涉技术和生物电镜技术,系统地研究了小麦叶锈菌在感病寄主上的发育过程及其超微结构特征。小麦叶锈菌在感病品种上的发育过程可分为几个明显的阶段,即孢子的萌发、附着胞的形成、气孔下囊的分化、初生菌丝和次生菌丝的形成和生长、吸器母细胞和吸器的形成、夏孢子床和夏孢子堆的产生以及夏孢子的形成。小麦叶锈菌的胞间菌丝呈丝状,生长和分枝通常沿寄主细胞壁进行。胞间菌丝与寄主细胞的接触诱导了吸器母细胞的分化,吸器母细胞在与寄主细胞壁的接触部位发育形成入侵栓,穿透寄主细胞壁后于细胞内形成吸器。胞间菌丝和吸器母细胞均含有双核,而成熟吸器则含有单核。经常规染色后,胞间菌丝和吸器母细胞的壁与隔膜均可分辨出由多层构成。 相似文献
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条锈病是小麦上重要的真菌病害，严重威胁小麦的生产安全，施用杀菌剂是防治小麦条锈病的重要措施。三唑酮是防治条锈病的主要药剂，但长期单一、大规模使用三唑酮势必导致病原菌抗药性出现，由于小麦条锈菌是严格的专性寄生菌，目前测定条锈菌对杀菌剂的敏感性实验主要在活体小麦上进行，实验结果易受外界环境影响。本研究通过培养皿内离体小麦叶段培养，采取定量接种和软件读数的方法，对2021年西北核心越夏区60个小麦条锈菌菌株进行三唑酮敏感性测定，生测结果表明供试菌株平均EC50值为0.543μg·mL-1,抗性菌株7株，敏感菌株53株，11.67%的供试菌株对三唑酮具有低至中等水平抗性，分子标记结果与生测结果高度吻合。本研究通过优化三唑酮对条锈病防治效果的室内生测体系，使得结果更加稳定、重复性好，同时基于敏感/抗药菌株靶标基因序列分析开发了高通量的抗药性竞争性等位基因特异性PCR-单核苷酸多态性分子标记(KASP-SNP),旨在为防治小麦条锈病筛选高效杀菌剂，同时开展田间小麦条锈菌抗药性监测，了解抗药性分布及抗性水平，为小麦条锈菌抗药性综合治理提供科学依据。 相似文献
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本文报道了通过微分干涉衬显微镜、荧光显微镜及扫描电镜和透射电镜所观察到的菜豆锈菌的侵入和扩展过程。菜豆锈菌夏孢子萌发多产生1个芽管,偶尔也产生双芽管。芽管以气孔侵入为主,也可从表皮直接侵入。侵入前形成或不形成明显的附着胞。气孔侵入的芽管首先在气孔腔内形成气孔下囊,再进一步分化出圆形的膨大体,由膨大体产生1~2支初生菌丝。初生菌丝与叶肉细胞壁接触后分化出吸器母细胞,吸器母细胞进入叶肉细胞内部形成吸器。初生侵染菌丝在产生吸器母细胞的部位的后部产生分枝,形成次生侵染菌丝在叶肉细胞间蔓延。 相似文献
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本研究采用石蜡切片和显微观察分析分枝列当寄生甜瓜时的吸器形成过程, 利用液相色谱-质谱联用 (LC-MS) 检测吸器形成过程中24种植物内源激素变化。结果表明:分枝列当种子在接种甜瓜根部第3 天开始萌发, 接种第7 天分枝列当吸器顶端稳固地附着在寄主根部, 吸器侵入甜瓜根皮层, 并在甜瓜根皮层细胞内扩展, 扩展过程中形成大量的爪状结构, 接种第11 天时分枝列当吸器细胞与寄主根维管束连接。共有17种植物激素参与了吸器形成过程, 其中生长素类吲哚-3-甲醛含量在列当吸器形成过程中降低了83.36%，细胞分裂素类反式玉米素核苷的含量在增长了5.02倍;油菜素内酯含量增长了481.95倍, 推测这3类植物激素在分枝列当吸器形成过程中可能起到重要的调控作用。 相似文献
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The interface between Erysiphe pisi and pea cv. JI 1049 was studied at the ultrastructural and cytochemical levels and compared with those in two susceptible cultivars. Haustorial efficiencies, as indexed by the length of mycelium associated with each haustorium, and growth rates on the resistant and one susceptible cultivar were also compared.The interaction in the resistant cultivar differed from those in the susceptible cultivars in the following ways: (i) there was no contact between the host plasmalemma and the A neckband region; (ii) papillae were contiguous with the surface of the neck and thus were probably formed before haustoria and (iii) there appeared to be less polysaccharide in the extrahaustorial membrane. The extrahaustorial membrane in the resistant cultivar lacked ATPase activity, whereas the rest of the host plasmamembrane had normal activity.Each haustorium supported a significantly greater total hyphal length in the resistant than in the susceptible cultivars. Growth rates of superficial hyphae were very similar on the susceptible and resistant cultivars but there was a delay in the onset on hyphal growth on the resistant cultivar which correlated with the previously reported delay in formation of the first haustorium. In contrast to hyphal growth rates, the rate of haustorium production was significantly less in the resistant cultivar. It is proposed that resistance in cv. JI 1049 operates at the stages prior to haustorium formation, similarly to that in some non-host and partial resistance systems. Once formed, however, the function of the haustorium seems to be unimpaired, despite the observed interfacial differences. 相似文献
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Cotyledons of one resistant and three susceptible rape lines/cultivars were inoculated with zoospores of Albugo Candida race 7. Samples of whole cotyledons were examined by differential interference contrast microscopy. The time course of the infection process was followed histologically. Germination of zoospore cysts occurred 2-3 h after inoculation. Infection was initiated with germ-tubes penetrating through stomata. Haustorium formation was first observed in the palisade mesophyll cells adjacent to the substomatal chambers 8 h after inoculation.
Only after the establishment of the first haustorium did compatible and incompatible interactions begin to differentiate. In the resistant cultivar, most primary hyphae produced single haustoria. Necrosis of the invaded host cell was first observed 12 h after inoculation followed by cessation of fungal growth. The death of host cells was largely restricted to the penetration site; the adjacent non-penetrated cells remained apparently unaffected. In the susceptible hosts, necrosis of infected cells occurred only infrequently, and hyphal growth continued unabated, resulting in mycelial ramification into the mesophyll. Numerous haustoria were produced.
Histological studies showed that the earliest event distinguishing a compatible from an incompatible interaction occurred after formation of the first haustorium and that resistance was not manifested until the host mesophyll cell had come into contact with the first haustorium. The distinction between compatibility and incompatibility was substantiated by quantitative analysis of white rust development on both resistant and susceptible lines/cultivars. 相似文献
Only after the establishment of the first haustorium did compatible and incompatible interactions begin to differentiate. In the resistant cultivar, most primary hyphae produced single haustoria. Necrosis of the invaded host cell was first observed 12 h after inoculation followed by cessation of fungal growth. The death of host cells was largely restricted to the penetration site; the adjacent non-penetrated cells remained apparently unaffected. In the susceptible hosts, necrosis of infected cells occurred only infrequently, and hyphal growth continued unabated, resulting in mycelial ramification into the mesophyll. Numerous haustoria were produced.
Histological studies showed that the earliest event distinguishing a compatible from an incompatible interaction occurred after formation of the first haustorium and that resistance was not manifested until the host mesophyll cell had come into contact with the first haustorium. The distinction between compatibility and incompatibility was substantiated by quantitative analysis of white rust development on both resistant and susceptible lines/cultivars. 相似文献
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Powdery mildew infection of barley with the mlo5 barley powdery mildew resistance gene was examined, using near-isogenic barley lines, with and without mlo5 resistance, and two near-isogenic powdery mildew isolates, HL3/5 and GE3 with high (virulent) or low (avirulent) penetration efficiency on the resistant barley line. In all isolate–host combinations (except GE3 on the resistant barley line), frequency of haustorium formation increased significantly from zero at 11 h after inoculation to a maximum by 13 h, and there was no subsequent increase up to 24 h. In the susceptible barley line, 27% of appressoria from both isolates formed haustoria. Although this was significantly higher than the frequency of haustorium formation (18%) of HL3/5 on the resistant barley line, HL3/5 was much more successful than GE3 (frequency of haustorium formation less than 1%). The fact that HL3/5 did not possess a generally higher ability to penetrate successfully to form haustoria on the susceptible barley line, indicates that HL3/5 did not overcome the mlo5 resistance by being generally more vigorous. In the resistant barley line, papillae were larger than in the susceptible line; however, both isolates were associated with papillae of the same diameter at the time of penetration. We suggest that the mlo5 resistant barley line confers two different forms of resistance: isolate-specific and isolate-nonspecific. 相似文献
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Leanne J. Murdoch Issei Kobayashi Adrienne R. Hardham 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(4):331-346
Monoclonal antibodies have been raised against an haustorium-enriched sample prepared from flax leaves infected with the biotrophic flax rust pathogen Melampsora lini. The monoclonal antibodies were produced following conventional and co-immunisation procedures and the range of antibody specificities was compared. The preparation used as immunogen for the conventional protocol was a crude isolate of haustoria consisting of approx. 65% fungal haustoria, the other components being mainly mesophyll cells or cell wall and chloroplast fragments. Following hybridoma production, 40% of positive cell lines produced antibodies that reacted with haustoria and other fungal cells, but 60% bound to plant cells in the infected leaves. For the co-immunisation protocol, the preparation used for immunisation consisted of the crude isolate of haustoria mixed with serum raised against an haustorium-depleted leaf homogenate. In two fusions, 92-94% of the antibodies reacted with fungal cells, including 3 cell lines that localised specifically to the cell wall of haustoria. Only 6-8% of the antibodies produced via co-immunisation reacted with plant cells. The antigens targeted by the three haustorium-specific monoclonal antibodies are incorporated into the wall at early stages of haustorium development, remain in the wall throughout haustorium maturation, and are present in both compatible and incompatible interactions. The epitopes recognised by the monoclonal antibodies are oligosaccharide in nature and the antigens are highly resistant to extraction from the wall. These results highlight the value of the co-immunisation protocol for the production of monoclonal antibodies to specific components in an impure preparation and provide direct evidence for molecular differentiation within the wall of the haustorium of M. lini. 相似文献
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Following inoculation of host and nonhost plants with Plasmopara viticola, the grapevine downy mildew, a histological survey was undertaken to identify the stage where its development is contained in nonhosts and in resistant host plants. Three herbaceous nonhost species, Beta vulgaris, Lactuca sativa, and Capsicum annuum, and three grapevine species displaying different level of resistance (Vitis vinifera [susceptible], Vitis riparia [partially resistant] and Muscadinia rotundifolia [totally resistant]) where inoculated by P. viticola using a controlled leaf disk inoculation bioassay. During the early steps of infection, defined as encystment of zoospores on stomata, penetration of the germ tube, and production of the vesicle with the primary hypha, there was no evidence of a clear-cut preference to grapevine tissues that could attest to host specificity. The main difference between host grapevine species and nonhosts was observed during the haustorium formation stage. In nonhost tissues, the infection was stopped by cell wall-associated defense responses before any mature haustorium could appear. Defense responses in resistant grapevines were triggered when haustoria were fully visible and corresponded to hypersensitive responses. These observations illustrate that, for P. viticola, haustorium formation is not only a key stage for the establishment of biotrophy but also for the host specificity and the recognition by grapevine resistance factors. 相似文献
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在电镜下观察发现,菜豆锈病菌侵染菜豆后,逐步对其超微结构产生影响:寄主细胞发生质壁分离;叶绿体变形;叶绿体的片层结构排列零乱;线粒体脊模糊不清,直至叶绿体解体;线粒体空泡化;少数细胞的细胞壁分解;不同细胞的细胞器堆积在一起。同时,病原菌的侵染激发了寄主抗病性的细胞学表现:供试的抗感菜豆品种都表现为在病原菌侵入位点的寄主细胞壁内侧有高电子致密物质沉积;与吸器母细胞接触的寄主细胞壁加厚以及在吸器颈周围有电子不透明物质形成。只是这3种反应在抗病品种中表现得更加强烈。此外,抗病品种中还有一些特有的抗性特征,如被侵染细胞及其相邻细胞的快速坏死,吸器母细胞侵入位点的寄主细胞壁外侧也有一种高电子致密物质沉积,抗病品种中真菌吸器周围聚集含大量线粒体的寄主细胞的细胞质,且吸器外基质比感病品种中的宽。 相似文献