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1.
Type 1 diabetes is a common metabolic disorder accompanied by increased blood glucose levels along with glucocorticoid and cognitive deficits. The disease is also thought to be associated with environmental changes in brain and constantly induces oxidative stress in patients. Therefore, glucocorticoid-mediated negative feedback mechanisms involving the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding site are very important to understand the development of this disease. Many researchers have used streptozotocin (STZ)-treated diabetic animals to study changes in GR expression in the brain. However, few scientists have evaluated the hyperglycemic period following STZ exposure. In the present study, we found GR expression in the hippocampus varied based on the period after STZ administration for up to 4 weeks. We performed immunohistochemistry and Western blotting to validate the sequential alterations of GR expression in the hippocampus of STZ-treated type 1 diabetic rats. GR protein expression increased significantly until week 3 but decreased at week 4 following STZ administration. GR expression after 70 mg/kg STZ administration was highest at 3 weeks post-treatment and decreased thereafter. Although STZ-induced increase in GR expression in diabetic animals has been described, our data indicate that researchers should consider the sequential GR expression changes during the hyperglycemic period following STZ exposure.  相似文献   

2.
In this study, we investigated diabetic stage dependent cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic rats. The animals were sacrificed at 2, 3 and 4 weeks after STZ treatment. Blood glucose levels were increased after STZ treatment. COX-2 immunoreactivity in dentate gyrus was significantly increased in these regions 3 weeks after STZ treatment and restored to its basal level to 4 weeks after STZ treatment. In contrast, COX-2 immunoreactivity was not changed in CA3 region in all groups. These results suggest that STZ-induced type 1 diabetes transiently, but not permanently, decreased synaptic transmission and plasticity 3 weeks after STZ treatment in the dentate gyrus.  相似文献   

3.
通过链脲佐菌素(STZ)结合高糖高脂饮食诱导建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型。30只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为模型组(20只)、空白组(10只)。模型组喂饲高糖高脂饲料4周后,用STZ 30mg/kg一次性左下腹腔注射。检测试验第1周、第4周,注射STZ后第1周、第4周、第8周、第12周空腹体重、血清葡萄糖(BG)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、胰岛素(INS)、葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素释放肽(GIP)、胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)、胰高血糖素样多肽-1(GLP-1)等指标,进行统计分析。处死大鼠,取胰腺进行病理切片检查。动物成模率为75%。试验第4周,模型组TG、TC值明显升高,与空白组比较,P<0.01。注射STZ后第1、4、8、12周,模型组BG、TG、TC值均明显升高,与空白组比较,P<0.01;ISI均明显降低,与空白组比较,P<0.01。注射STZ后第1、4、8周,模型组的GLP-1、IGF-1值明显降低,与空白组比较,P<0.01。注射STZ后第12周,模型组的GLP-1、GIP、IGF-1值明显降低,与空白组比较,P<0.01。试验结果表明,STZ一次性左下腹腔注射结合高糖高脂饮食可成功诱导2型糖尿病大鼠模型。GIP、IGF-1、GLP-1等细胞因子参与了2型糖尿病的病理发生。  相似文献   

4.
SD大鼠2型糖尿病动物模型的建立及胰腺组织SUR1 mRNA的表达   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
[目的]链脲佐菌素（streptozotocin,STZ）结合高糖高脂饮食诱导建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,检测体重、血糖、胰岛素、胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）、胰腺组织SUR1 mRNA表达的变化。[方法]30只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为模型组（20只）、空白组（10只）。模型组喂饲高糖高脂饲料4周后,用STZ 30mg/（kg·bw）一次性左下腹腔注射。检测注射STZ后第1周、第4周、第8周、第12周空腹体重、血糖、胰岛素、胰岛素敏感指数等指标,进行统计分析。剖杀大鼠,取胰腺,RT-PCR方法检测胰腺组织SUR1 mRNA的表达。[结果]动物成模率为75%。注射STZ后1、4、8、12周,模型组血糖值均明显升高,与空白组比较,P〈0.01;ISI均明显降低,与空白组比较,P〈0.01。模型组SUR1 mRNA表达显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。[结论]STZ一次性左下腹腔注射结合高糖高脂饮食可成功诱导2型糖尿病大鼠模型。SUR1 mRNA的降低可能是糖尿病发病的分子机制之一。  相似文献   

5.
The effects of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on induction of hepatic preneoplastic lesions by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) were investigated in male Fischer rats. A single dose of STZ was injected intravenously either 2 weeks before or after initiation with DEN. The blood glucose levels were significantly elevated from 1 week after STZ-injection until autopsy. The numbers of GST-P positive foci at 1 week after DEN administration in the STZ-injected rats were similar to those in the non-diabetic rats. In contrast, both the numbers and areas of GST-P positive foci > 2 mm in diameter 8 weeks after DEN administration were increased significantly in the rats treated with STZ after DEN exposure compared with the non-diabetic control rats. The results suggest that hepatic preneoplastic lesions initiated with DEN are promoted by STZ treatment-inducing diabetes.  相似文献   

6.
This study was to investigate the anti-obesity effects of diglyceride (DG)-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) containing 22% CLA as fatty acids in C57BL/6J ob/ob male mice. There were four experimental groups including vehicle control, DG, CLA, and DG-CLA. The test solutions of 750 mg/kg dose were orally administered to the mice everyday for 5 weeks. CLA treatments significantly decreased mean body weight in the obese mice throughout the experimental period compared to the control (p < 0.01). All test solutions significantly decreased the levels of triglyceride, glucose and free fatty acids in the serum compared with control (p < 0.05). The levels of total cholesterol were also significantly reduced in DG and DG-CLA groups compared with the control group (p < 0.05). CLA significantly decreased weights of renal and epididymal fats compared with the control (p < 0.05). DG and DG-CLA also significantly decreased the epididymal fat weights compared with the control (p < 0.05). A remarkable decrease in the number of lipid droplets and fat globules was observed in the livers of mice treated with DG, CLA, and DG-CLA compared to control. Treatments of DG and CLA actually increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. These results suggest that DG-CLA containing 22% CLA have a respectable anti-obesity effect by controlling serum lipids and fat metabolism.  相似文献   

7.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity are associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and psychiatric disorders such as major depression. In this study, we investigated pathophysiological changes in the brains of female Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats with diabetes and obesity. Brains of Sprague-Dawley (SD), SDT and SDT fatty rats were collected at 58 weeks of age. The parietal cortical thickness was measured and the number of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 and 3 (CA1 and CA3) and the number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) regions were counted. The area of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positivity in CA1, CA3 and DG regions were measured. The parietal cortical thickness and the number of cells in CA3 and DG regions of SDT and SDT fatty rats did not show obvious changes. On the other hand, in the CA1 region, the number of cells in SDT rats and SDT fatty rats was significantly lower than that in SD rats, and that in SDT fatty rats was significantly lower than that in SDT rats. The GFAP-positive area in SDT fatty rats was significantly reduced compared to that in SD rats only in the DG region. Preliminarily result showed that the expression of S100a9, an inflammation-related gene, was increased in the brains of SDT fatty rats. These results suggest that female SDT fatty rat may exhibit central nervous system diseases due to obesity and DM.  相似文献   

8.
Insulin-like growth factor (IGFs: IGF-I and IGF-II) systems have been reported to be associated with the onset of diabetic mellitus. Therefore, we investigated the effect of diabetes on regulation of the IGF system in the liver, kidneys and heart, which are important organs in the pathogenesis of diabetes. The experimental groups were subdivided into three groups: 1) controls, 2) streptozotocin (STZ)-induced untreated diabetic group, and 3) an insulin-treated group (plus diabetic rats). In the present study, starting on the second day after STZ treatment, the diabetic group exhibited hyperglycemia, polyuria, and polydipsia, which are characteristic of diabetes melittus. Serum levels of IGF-I were decreased, but those of IGF-II were increased in the diabetic group compared with the controls. The expression levels of IGF-I and IGF-II protein in the livers of the diabetic group had a similar pattern to the serum. In addition, the expression levels of liver IGF-I mRNA and IGF-II mRNA were decreased in the diabetic groups. In the heart, IGF-I levels were decreased, but IGF-II levels were increased in the untreated diabetic groups, which was consistent with the expression levels of their mRNA. However, both the IGF-I and IGF-II levels in the kidneys were increased in the untreated diabetic groups, but the mRNA levels were decreased. Insulin treatment ameliorated the changes of IGF system in the serum, liver, kidneys, and heart. In conclusion, diabetes induced alteration of the IGF system tissue-specifically, and this was blocked by insulin treatment.  相似文献   

9.
Pre‐natal glucocorticoids are used in women at risk of preterm delivery to induce foetal lung maturation. However, glucocorticoids can produce negative outcomes for other tissues such as the reproductive system. We therefore tested the effects of pre‐natal betamethasone on testicular morphology and apoptotic protein immune expression during pre‐ and post‐natal development. Pregnant ewes (n = 42) bearing singleton male foetuses were randomly allocated to receive intramuscular injections of saline or betamethasone (0. 5 mg/kg) at 104, 111 and 118 days of gestation (DG). Testes were collected at 121 and 132 DG, and at 45 and 90 post‐natal days (PD) and subjected to morphometric analysis (volume densities of sex cords and interstitial tissues; sex cord diameter). Immunohistochemistry (% stained area) was used to assess active caspase‐3, Bax, Bcl‐2 and cell‐cycle proteins (PCNA). Compared with control values, betamethasone treatment decreased sex cord diameter at 121 DG, 45 and 90 PD, and sex cord volume at 90 PD. Active caspase‐3 was decreased by betamethasone at 121 DG and 90 PD, but Bax was increased in all betamethasone groups. Bcl‐2 and PCNA decreased in the betamethasone groups at 121 DG and 45 PD, but increased at 132 DG and 90 PD. We conclude that high levels of pre‐natally administered glucocorticoid reduce foetal testicular development, perhaps via changes in the balance between pro‐ and anti‐apoptotic proteins and cell‐cycle proteins. These outcomes could compromise the future spermatogenic potential of male offspring.  相似文献   

10.
制备一种发病过程类似于人类2型糖尿病合并肾性高血压疾病的大鼠模型。大鼠高脂高糖膳食4周后,予快速腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)溶液28mg/kg,制作成2型糖尿病模型。2周后,连续3d均测得空腹血糖(FBG)≥7.8mmoL/L或随机血糖(RBG)≥16.7mmol/L,为2型糖尿病成模标准。待血糖稳定后,再用改良的"两肾一夹法"结扎肾动脉,造成一侧肾动脉狭窄,形成肾性高血压。2周后,连续3d均测得大鼠收缩压(SBP)≥140mmHg,同时FBG≥7.8mmol/L或RBG≥16.7mmol/L,确定为2型糖尿病合并肾性高血压模型制作成功。4周后,模型大鼠血糖、血压稳定。与空白对照组相比,复合模型组大鼠出现体重减轻、空腹血糖升高、糖化血红蛋白值升高(P0.01),血压升高(P0.01);与糖尿病组和假手术组相比,复合模型组大鼠血肌酐,尿素氮变化不明显(P0.05),但血压明显升高(P0.01);同时,彩超结果显示,复合模型组大鼠左侧肾脏、肾动脉直径均变小,血流速增快。大鼠高脂高糖膳食后,用低剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)溶液腹腔注射,再用改良的"二肾一夹"法制备的2型糖尿病合并肾性高血压大鼠模型,在一定程度上较好地模拟出该疾病的发病特点,可为2型糖尿病合并肾性高血压后的临床及试验研究提供一个稳定、实用、有效的新模型。  相似文献   

11.
本试验旨在研究不同剂量链脲佐菌素(streptozocin,STZ)及不同性别在建立大鼠糖性白内障模型方面的差异。将65、70和75 mg/kg 3个浓度STZ通过一次性腹腔注射建立雌、雄性大鼠糖性白内障模型,36 h后尾静脉采血测血糖,3周后进行裂隙灯检查,每天测量动物饮食量及排粪尿量变化,每周测定体重。试验结果显示,70 mg/kg STZ比65 mg/kg STZ糖性白内障发生时间缩短约1周,且比75 mg/kg STZ死亡率低。同浓度STZ腹腔注射后雌性大鼠糖尿病发生时间为72 h,雄性大鼠为36 h,白内障发生时间雌性比雄性大鼠慢约1周。试验结果表明,腹腔注射70 mg/kg STZ在糖性白内障模型建立所需时间及模型稳定性等方面具有优势,雄性大鼠较雌性更易于建立糖性白内障模型。  相似文献   

12.
用SABC免疫组织化学技术,观察家兔海马各区nNOS阳性神经元在去卵巢及雌激素替代治疗后的形态结构及分布变化,为雌激素类药物防治绝经后老年性痴呆症提供理论依据。结果表明,家兔海马各区都有nNOS阳性神经元分布;去卵巢后海马nNOS阳性神经元的形态结构及分布变化有区域差异性:与假手术对照组相比,在海马CA1区、CA3区、齿状回(DG)阳性神经元数量明显减少(P0.05),而在CA2区数量明显增多(P0.05)。CA1、CA3区和DG的阳性神经元胞体截面积明显变小,最长突起长度明显变短,第一级突起数变少,与假手术组有显著差异(P0.05)。CA2区阳性神经元胞体截面积明显变小(P0.05),最长突起长度、第一级突起数增多,但差异不显著(P0.05);nNOS阳性神经元的4种指标在雌激素替代治疗组与假手术组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。结果提示:雌激素可能通过影响海马nNOS的表达来影响脑的学习和记忆功能。  相似文献   

13.
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of glycemic control using thymoquinone (TQ) on energy metabolism related enzymes in leukocytes of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The treatment of both TQ and insulin commenced 4 weeks after induction of diabetes. Plasma glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels were significantly reduced after TQ treatment, whereas immunoreactive insulin (IRI) showed significant increase. The activities of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions of peripheral blood leukocytes were significantly higher in rats treated with TQ and insulin as compared to that in diabetic controls. On the other hand the activities of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) showed no significant changes between groups. ML ratio (cytosolic MDH/LDH specific activity ratio) was restored to those in the control rats. The results of this study demonstrate that TQ significantly increased insulin level and the activities of cytosolic and mitochondrial MDH in leukocytes of STZ-diabetic rats.  相似文献   

14.
本试验旨在观察补肾活血方对骨性关节炎模型SD大鼠关节软骨中基质金属蛋白酶-1（MMP-1）和关节液中前列腺素E2（PGE2）水平的影响,以探讨补肾活血方对骨性关节炎关节软骨的保护机制。将24只SPF级健康雌性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、西药组和中药组,通过切除两侧卵巢并切断右侧膝交叉及内侧副韧带建立骨性关节炎动物模型。术后第4周开始,中药组灌服补肾活血中药,西药组灌服等量的西乐葆,假手术组灌服等量的生理盐水,于术后第8周处死动物,采用骨性关节炎软骨病理变化评价系统（OARSI）评价关节软骨的病变,采用光镜观察软骨细胞生长情况,运用免疫组化法测定关节软骨中MMP-1的含量,抽取关节液做PGE2测定,对比各组数据。结果显示,假手术组、西药组、中药组软骨退变程度依次减轻,光镜下,假手术组、西药组仅见少量软骨细胞,而中药组见大量软骨细胞增生;西药组中各层软骨细胞几乎都可见大量的MMP-1阳性表达,中药组和假手术组MMP-1阳性表达极显著低于西药组（P＜0.01）;中药组和假手术组关节液中的PGE2分别显著和极显著低于西药组（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）;中药组和西药组分别较其术后4周的结果极显著升高（P＜0.01）。补肾活血方能显著抑制骨性关节炎关节软骨中MMP-1的表达及降低关节液中的PGE2水平,促进软骨细胞生长,以减缓骨性关节炎的发展,故具有治疗骨性关节炎的潜力。  相似文献   

15.
Three steers with simple rumen and abomasal cannulas were given ground and pelleted diets containing predominantly dried grass meal (DG) or rolled barley (RB). Diets were given at frequencies of two or eight feeds/d in a simple changeover design. Chromic oxide and polyethylene glycol were given as flow markers and flows (g/24 h) of organic matter (OM), nitrogenous and carbohydrate compounds were calculated. Ribonucleic acid and 35S were used as microbial markers and diaminopimelic acid (DAP) as a bacterial marker. Frequency of feeding had no significant effect on mean rumen pH, ammonia levels or liquid outflow rates with either diet. Rumen volume was decreased and abomasal digesta flow increased on Diet DG with more feeds but these parameters were unaffected with Diet RB. Increased feeding frequency with both feeds resulted in increased numbers of protozoa. There were no significant effects of feeding frequency of Diet DG on the abomasal flows of any of the nitrogenous constituents measured. However, there was a significant increase in microbial-N flow from 33 to 43 g/d with more frequent feeding of diet RB which was not reflected in bacterial-N flow as measured by DAP. The apparent digestion of OM in the rumen, expressed as g/g intake with diet DG was 0.41 and 0.31 for two feeds and eight feeds/d respectively. Corresponding values for diet RB were 0.56 and 0.63 respectively. The reduction in OM digestion with frequent feeding of diet DG was reflected in similarly reduced rumen digestibilities of all dietary carbohydrate components whereas the increase in OM digestion with diet RB was reflected only by the component sugars of the dietary fibre. The efficiencies of microbial protein synthesis (expressed as gMN/kg ADOM) increased from 36 to 46 when the feeding frequency of diet DG was increased from two to eight times/d. No significant effect of frequency of feeding was found for diet RB. Mouth to abomasum degradation of feed-N (expressed as g/g intake) of 0.64 was unaffected by the number of feeds of diet DG but was significantly increased from 0.55 to 0.82 when eight rather than two feeds/d of diet RB were given.  相似文献   

16.
Herbivorous voles, Microtus arvalis, have characteristics similar to herbivores in that their hepatic glycolytic enzyme activities are relatively low. The effects of a single low dose (100 mg/kg body weight) of streptozotocin (STZ) in voles were studied and the difference in sensitivity to or toxicity of STZ in voles and C57BL/6 mice was compared. In voles which received STZ, the cumulative incidence of glycosuria reached 53% by 4 weeks after administration. The diabetic voles showed marked increas in their blood glucose and plasma free fatty acid concentrations and a significant decrease in plasma immunoreactive insulin concentrations. Their hepatic hexokinase, glucokinase, glutathione peroxidase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities decreased significantly and lesions were widely observed in the liver, kidney and pancreas. The activities of glutathione peroxidase, a scavenger of H2O2, decreased significantly in their liver and pancreas. These changes were not observed in C57BL/6 mice which received STZ. The higher sensitivity to and toxicity of STZ in voles than in mice are considered to be caused by the characteristically low activities of glycolytic enzymes and glutathione peroxidase in the tissues of voles. Voles may be a good model for studying the mechanisms of cytotoxicity by STZ in herbivorous animals.Abbreviations GK glucokinase - GIDH glutamate dehydrogenase - GSH-px glutathione peroxidase - HE haematoxylin-eosin - HK nexokinase - IRI immunoreactive insulin - STZ streptozotocin  相似文献   

17.
Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) can be allo-transplanted across major histocompatibility complex barriers. The expression of MHC molecules is usually low in the progression (P) stage and then greatly increases during tumor regression (R). We investigated the effects of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) on the expression of MHC molecules of CTVT cells. Isolated, viable CTVT cells were inoculated at each of 12 sites (1 x 10(8) CTVT cells per site) on the back of six, mixed-breed dogs. Tumor masses were collected every 2-3 weeks and prepared for histopathologic, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and immunoblotting studies. The level of MHC expression on tumor cells from different stages of growth was measured. Initially, expression of MHC I and II molecules in P phase CTVT was low. Twelve weeks post-inoculation (PI), expression increased dramatically and it continued to increase during R phase. Tumor growth slowed after 12 weeks PI and tumors entered R phase around 17 weeks PI. We hypothesize that CTVT evades host immunosurveillance and grows progressively for 12 weeks, when it becomes vulnerable and subject to the host's anti-tumor immune responses. We further demonstrated that R phase, but not P phase, TIL were closely associated with the over-expression of MHC I and II molecules by CTVT cells. The number and proportion of TIL were higher in R phase tumors. Supernatants, from R phase co-cultures (CTVT+TIL) and TIL only, promoted MHC I and II expression on P phase CTVT cells. After culturing alone for 1 month, expression of MHC classes I and II molecules in R phase CTVT cells decreased to the level of P phase CTVT cells. However, the above-mentioned supernatants restored their expression of MHC I and II molecules. In contrast, supernatants from P phase TIL or CTVT cells increased expression slightly or had no effect. Therefore, TIL, not CTVT cells, produce the effective substance (s) to promote the expression of MHC molecules by the tumor cells. Heat treated supernatant was unable to promote the expression of MHC I and II molecules by CTVT cells. In conclusion, TIL isolated from R phase CTVT secreted a heat-sensitive, soluble substance(s) that triggered over-expression of MHC I and II after 12 weeks PI. This caused the tumor to enter R phase and helped stop CTVT growth. Our findings will facilitate the understanding and further investigation of the mechanisms that initiate host immune surveillance against tumors.  相似文献   

18.
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), a newly identified lipase, is a rate-limiting enzyme for triglyceride hydrolysis in adipocytes. The regulatory proteins involved in ATGL-mediated lipolysis in fat tissue are not fully identified and understood. The G(0)/G(1) switch gene 2 (G0S2) is an inhibitor of ATGL activity by interacting with ATGL through the hydrophobic domain of G0S2. Here, for the first time, we have cloned the coding sequence of G0S2 cDNA for the chicken, turkey, and quail. Sequence comparisons with mammals revealed that the avian G0S2 also have a conserved hydrophobic domain. Avian G0S2 is predominantly expressed in adipose tissues relative to other tested tissues. Within the adipose tissue, G0S2 is expressed 20-fold greater in the adipocyte than in the stromal-vascular (SV) fraction (P < 0.001). Expression of G0S2 mRNA gradually increased during differentiation of chicken adipocytes in culture (P < 0.05). However, there is G0S2 expression in embryonic adipose tissue, SV fraction, and primary preadipocytes before confluence that generally have an increased capacity of cell proliferation, which indicates it has an important role in adipocyte differentiation rather than proliferation. For a better understanding of how G0S2 responds to environmental stimuli, chickens were fasted for 24 h and then refed. Expression of G0S2 in adipose tissue was dramatically decreased (P < 0.05) in the chickens and quail after a 24-h fasting period, and increased to the control level after refeeding. In contrast to G0S2 expression, ATGL expression was induced (P < 0.05) after the 24-h fasting period and rapidly returned to the control level during the refeeding period. These data indicate that changes in lipolytic activities of adipose tissue in vivo can be regulated by G0S2 expression, as an inhibitor of ATGL.  相似文献   

19.
We investigated the effect of a system for fattening steers combining grazing with feeding rice whole‐crop silage (rWCS) on growth performance, meat characteristics, and the expression of genes involved in skeletal muscle growth. Steers were randomly assigned to grazing or concentrate‐fed groups (CT). The grazing group (GZ) was fed rWCS after grazing until 16 months of age. The final body weight was the same in the two groups, but the dressed weight was lower in the GZ than in the CT. The beef color standard was higher in the GZ than in the CT. Although beef marbling did not differ between the two groups, there was less intramuscular fat and subcutaneous fat in the GZ than in the CT. The α‐tocopherol and β‐carotene contents in the muscle were higher in the GZ than in the CT. The GZ showed a lower daily gain (DG) during the grazing period, which may have resulted from decelerating skeletal muscle growth caused by the increased expression of genes encoding myostatin and atrogin‐1. However, the DG and feed efficiency of the GZ increased after grazing. The two groups exhibited a similar level of beef productivity.  相似文献   

20.
The effects of avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) infection on meat-type chickens reared in a simulated commercial setting were evaluated. Each of three ALV-J isolates was evaluated with both simulated horizontal transmission (SHT) and simulated vertical transmission (SVT). Mortality, morbidity, disease condemnations, and feed conversions were increased and body weights at processing were decreased in ALV-J infected birds as compared to sham inoculated hatch mates. The adverse effects of ALV-J infection were more severe in birds exposed by SVT than in birds exposed by SHT. At 8 weeks of age response to vaccination for infectious bronchitis virus and Newcastle disease virus or prior exposure to a pathogenic reovirus was assessed in the ALV-J and sham inoculated broiler chickens by challenge studies. Although not statistically significant, an overall trend of decreased protection to challenge after vaccination, or prior exposure, was observed in the ALV-J inoculates as compared to sham inoculated hatch mates. Differences in vaccine response were most evident in groups inoculated with ALV-J by the SVT route.  相似文献   

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