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1.
农田磷素随地表径流向水体迁移可导致磷肥利用率降低、生产成本上升和环境污染风险增加,源头控制农田磷素流失对于治理巢湖水体富营养化具有重要意义。采用野外定位观测结合室内分析的研究方法,对2009—2010年冬小麦生长期间的径流、泥沙和磷素进行了监测与测定分析,研究了保护性耕作和氮肥后移对巢湖流域麦田P素径流损失及其对环境的影响。结果表明,相对于传统耕作处理（T）,传统耕作＋秸秆还田处理（TS）、氮肥后移处理（NFP）和少免耕＋秸秆还田＋氮肥后移（NTS＋NFP）径流量分别减少了20%、10%和22%,泥沙量分别减少了30%、14%和38%,表现出显著的水土保持作用。各处理径流液总磷（TP）浓度范围是0.095～0.360mg·L-1,其中,颗粒态磷（PP）是磷素随地表径流迁移的主要形式,约占TP的51%～69%。长期的保护性耕作提高径流液中溶解态磷（DP）的浓度,降低了PP的浓度,但TP浓度难以看出明显的变化规律,而氮肥后移降低了径流液中各形态磷的浓度。各处理TP流失量在0.060～0.079kg·hm-2之间,约占当季施磷量的0.2%。处理TS、NFP和NTS＋NFP与处理T相比,TP流失量分别减少了20%、21%和24%。作物生长情况显著影响土壤磷素的流失,地上部分生物量、地上部分吸磷量与径流TP的迁移量呈负相关关系。因此保护性耕作和氮肥后移可以作为源头控制农田磷素流失的较好措施加以推广。 相似文献
2.
习惯施肥对菜地氮磷径流流失的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
对菜地进行连续3年的定位监测试验。结果表明:与不施肥对照相比,菜农习惯施肥处理显著提高降雨径流中的总氮(TN)和硝态氮(NO3--N)流失质量浓度及流失量,3年监测期内总氮(TN)径流流失负荷为321kg/hm2,总磷(TP)流失负荷为134kg/hm2,分别占氮、磷养分投入总量的13.6%和13.2%,氮肥的流失系数约为5.6%。菜地氮素流失以硝态氮(NO3--N)形式为主,磷素流失以颗粒态磷(PP)形式为主。菜地氮、磷养分径流流失与径流量呈显著线性关系,菜地每流失1kg的总磷(TP),可溶性总磷(TDP)、总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)所需要的径流量分别为77.5,322,52.5,67.5,404m3。 相似文献
3.
不同农艺措施对巢湖沿岸坡耕地水土及径流氮输出的控制效果 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于巢湖沿岸坡耕地水土和养分流失监测的定位试验,于2014—2015年连续2a进行观测,研究小麦—芝麻模式下,植物篱(黄花菜)(PH)、植物篱+秸秆覆盖(PHS)和等高垄作(CR)3种农艺措施对水土和径流氮输出的控制效果。结果表明,植物篱、植物篱+秸秆覆盖和等高垄作能有效减少地表径流量和土壤流失量,3种农艺措施的降低效果依次为PHSPHCR。与CK(当地常规耕作)相比,PH、PHS和CR处理平均分别减少24.5%,36.5%和19.7%的径流流失和31.0%,45.6%和25.4%的土壤流失,表现出显著的水土保持作用,且减沙效果大于减流效果。3种农艺措施显著降低了径流液颗粒态氮(PN)的浓度,提高了溶解态总氮(DTN)、硝态氮(NO~-_3—N)和溶解态有机氮(DON)的浓度,但对总氮(TN)和铵态氮(NH~+_4—N)浓度无显著影响。CK处理径流液中PN和DTN所占TN的比例基本相当,而在其3种农艺措施下,DTN是N随着径流迁移的主要形态。在DTN中,NO~-_3—N占较大比例,DON次之,NH~+_4—N所占比例最小。CK处理N随地表径流平均年度累积流失量为9.35kg/hm~2,占当年施N量的2.83%。与CK相比,PH、PHS和CR处理的N素年度累积流失量平均分别降低了28.3%,40.7%和21.2%,其对N素输出的控制效应主要是通过减流减沙来实现的。该研究可为巢湖流域坡耕地水土流失和面源污染防治提供科学依据。 相似文献
4.
人工模拟降雨条件下石灰土养分流失规律 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过对三峡库区香溪河流域选取具有代表性石灰土坡耕地进行原位人工模拟降雨试验,研究了在不同降雨强度下石灰土中氮磷养分随地表径流的流失规律。结果表明:雨强越大,地表径流量、径流总量、泥沙流失量越大,初始产流时间越短,但是雨强对泥沙流失浓度的影响不显著;不同雨强下TP、TN浓度都随着产流时间的延长逐渐变小,最后趋于平衡,而且雨强越大,TP、TN浓度流失越严重,其中TP主要以PP形式流失,达到80%以上,TN的流失在大雨时PN占优,中雨时以DN占优;地表径流磷素的流失主要以泥沙携带为主,泥沙养分流失浓度与雨强无关,但是泥沙养分流失量却与雨强和泥沙流失量成正比。 相似文献
5.
丹江口水库农业径流小区土壤氮磷流失特征 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
通过对丹江口水库小流域雨季(2013年8月)观测的降雨—径流农业小区试验数据,分析不同种植作物下农田地表产流规律,研究土壤氮磷流失特征,为库区农业面源污染控制提供依据。结果表明,农业小区径流总磷(TP)含量在0.13~0.82mg/L之间,颗粒态磷(PP)占TP比例超过60%,径流中TSS与PP也呈现极显著相关(p0.01),表明磷素流失主要以颗粒态流失为主。径流总氮(TN)含量范围为0.7~4.7mg/L之间,TN流失量与硝态氮极显著相关(p0.01),径流中硝态氮占TN比例也超过了50%,表明硝态氮是地表径流无机氮流失的主要成分。25°玉米、15°荒地径流小区的氮流失率超过了1.5%、磷流失率超过了0.12%,高于其它类型的小区,可能与这2种小区高坡度、低植被覆盖度有关。土壤氮的流失风险要高于磷,是面源污染的主要控制目标。利用梯田种植作物,同时在坡地上形成相对较高的植被覆盖密度是减少这一地区土壤养分流失有效手段。 相似文献
6.
以稻麦轮作田和高产蔬菜地为试验田,研究太湖湖滨缓冲带农业面源污染源氮磷等营养物质随降雨径流流失对太湖水体富营养化的影响。对雨季(6—9月)太湖湖滨缓冲带农田初雨径流流失氮磷的监测结果为:稻麦轮作试验田初雨径流中TN、TP、CODMn浓度波动范围分别为3.88～10.81、0.60～1.50、6.51～12.50 mg/L;PN平均值为2.24 mg/L,占TN的29.75%;NH4+-N平均值为1.13 mg/L,占DTN的14.99%;NO3--N平均值为1.16 mg/L,占DTN的15.37%;PP平均值为0.30 mg/L,占TP的30.06%。高产蔬菜试验田初雨径流中TN、TP、CODMn浓度波动范围分别为10.27～26.27、2.47～6.07、12.43～26.88 mg/L;PN平均值为1.87 mg/L,占TN的11.11%;NH4+-N平均值为2.05 mg/L,占DTN的13.75%;NO3--N平均值为1.57 mg/L,占DTN的10.51%;PP平均值为2.08 mg/L,占TP的72.7%。 相似文献
7.
人工降雨条件下不同坡长和覆盖度对氮素流失的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
用植被覆盖度(20%,45%,60%,90%)和坡长(1,2,3,4,5m)作为可变因素,设定固定雨强2.0mm/min进行室内模拟降雨,研究氮素的流失特征,探索坡长、覆盖度和径流对氮素流失的影响。通过对试验数据的分析,结论为:(1)相同覆盖度,不同坡长全氮(TN)流失量随时间延长而逐渐增加,并且随着坡长的增加,流失量逐渐增大,但径流中总氮的浓度变化差异不明显。硝态氮(NO3--N)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)流失量的变化与TN较为相似,流失浓度随着时间变化主要表现为径流前期浓度较高,随着降雨时间的延长,浓度逐步降低并最终趋于稳定。(2)降雨过程中,径流中的氮流失主要以溶解态的氮为主,并以NO3--N比NH4+-N含量高,但是随着降雨时间的延长,不溶性氮的比例也会有所增加。(3)径流量对各形态氮的流失影响十分明显,植被覆盖度和坡长分别与TN、NO3--N的流失量呈显著负相关和显著正相关。 相似文献
8.
不同农艺措施对巢湖沿岸坡耕地不同形态磷径流输出的控制效果 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为明确巢湖沿岸坡耕地不同农艺措施对生态保护和水环境治理的影响,以农业面源污染长期定位观测基地为平台,于2014—2015年连续2 a对常规耕作(CK)、植物篱(黄花菜,PH)、植物篱+秸秆覆盖(PHS)和等高垄作(CR)4种农艺措施下的水土及随地表径流迁移的各种形态磷进行了监测。结果表明,与常规耕作相比,PH、PHS和CR能有效地减少径流量和产沙量(P0.05),降低效果依次为:PHSPHCR。与CK相比,PH、PHS和CR可分别减少23.5%、36.5%和19.7%的径流流失和29.5%、45.2%和26.3%的土壤流失,表现出显著的水土保持作用。CK条件下的径流液总磷(TP)浓度是0.612~1.220 mg·L~(-1),其中颗粒态磷(PP)占总磷的71.5%~81.7%,颗粒态磷是磷随地表径流迁移的主要形态。在溶解态总磷(DTP)中,溶解态正磷酸盐(D-Ortho-P)所占比例较大,为87.4%~90.7%;溶解态有机磷(DOP)所占比例较小,仅占9.3%~12.6%。与CK相比,PHS、PH和CR显著降低了径流液PP和TP的浓度(P0.05),但却不同程度地提高了DTP和D-Ortho-P的浓度,而对DOP的浓度无显著影响(P0.05)。CK条件下,磷的年流失负荷平均为0.706 kg·hm~(-2),占当年作物施磷量0.98%。与CK处理相比,PH、PHS和CR处理磷的年流失负荷分别降低38.4%、53.8%和33.4%(P0.05),其对磷素输出的控制效应主要通过减少径流量和降低径流液PP的浓度来实现的。综上可知,植物篱(黄花菜)、植物篱+秸秆还田和等高垄作是控制巢湖沿岸坡耕地水土及磷径流输出的有效措施,其中植物篱配合秸秆覆盖还田效果最佳。该研究可为巢湖流域坡耕地水土流失和面源污染防治提供科学依据。 相似文献
9.
《水土保持学报》2015,(5)
借助室内人工模拟降雨试验研究手段,以强降雨过程中红壤丘陵区坡菜地随径流、泥沙迁移的氮流失状况和规律为研究目的,分别在不同坡长(2 m,4 m)、不同植被覆盖度(0,30%,60%)和不同施肥处理(空白(CK),无机复合肥(CF))条件下进行有效模拟降雨试验共计12场次,每场次降雨试验的产流历时设计为30min,固定雨强为120mm/h。试验结果表明:(1)径流中全氮(TN)流失以硝态氮(NO3--N)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)为主要形式,两者(NO3--N、NH4+-N)之和占TN流失量及流失浓度的54.16%~91.41%,其中又以NO3--N流失为主要流失形态。坡长对径流中NO3--N和NH4+-N流失量的影响大于植被覆盖度。(2)通过比较CK和CF两施肥处理条件下全氮(TN)流失量,CF为CK的2.29~2.32倍,说明施肥可明显增加坡面径流和泥沙中各形式氮的流失量,其中径流中坡长的增加可降低氮流失强度。(3)侵蚀泥沙中氮流失主要受到植被覆盖度的影响,土壤侵蚀模数(Ms)与全氮在泥沙富集值(ERTN)可建立对数方程。(4)坡面TN流失主要以径流携带为主,径流是坡面TN流失的主要途径。 相似文献
10.
不同雨强下喀斯特坡耕地养分流失特征研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为揭示西南喀斯特坡耕地的养分流失特征,通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同雨强下喀斯特坡耕地养分流失的过程机制及特征。结果表明:(1)喀斯特坡耕地产流产沙从地下过渡到地表的临界雨强在30 mm·h~(-1)～50 mm·h~(-1)之间,产流量和产沙量均随降雨强度的增大而增大,且产流产沙主要以地表为主。(2)小雨强(15 mm·h~(-1)和30 mm·h~(-1))下,喀斯特坡耕地TN、TP、TK主要通过地下径流进行流失,大雨强(≥50 mm·h~(-1))下,喀斯特坡耕地TN、TP、TK地表流失比例为地下漏失的3倍左右;TP径流流失量及流失浓度均随雨强的增大而增大,TN和TK径流流失量及流失浓度却随雨强的增大变化不明显。(3)喀斯特坡耕地泥沙养分流失也主要是以地表流失为主,地表流失量较地下高出约5.03倍,且泥沙中流失的养分浓度均大于径流中流失的养分浓度;地表泥沙养分富集率整体高于地下漏失部分;地表、地下泥沙养分流失总量与养分流失模数均随降雨强度的增大而增大。(4)喀斯特坡耕地径流总量与径流养分(TP、TK)、泥沙养分(TN、TP、TK)均呈极显著正相关关系(P0.05),径流总量与径流TN呈现极显著正相关关系(P0.01)。研究结果可为喀斯特区坡耕地养分流失防治及面源污染治理等提供理论参考依据。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献