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1.
香蕉抗枯萎病突变体的诱发与筛选 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
香蕉枯萎病(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.Cubense,FOC)是我国华南地区香蕉生产中急需解决的几大病害之一,已造成极大的经济损失。培育优质、高产的抗病香蕉品种被认为是解决这一问题的最根本、最有效的措施。采用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)对优质巴西蕉(Musa spp,AAA)茎尖进行离体诱变处理,并以5×106个/mL枯萎病菌race4孢子悬浮液为选择压,分别在室外和温室内,对2个月苗龄的诱变处理苗进行抗病性筛选。结果表明,最佳诱变处理组合为:0.4%EMS浸泡3 h,其变异率为36.7%;诱变后,产生5类比较明显的变异类型;经2种不同方式筛选分别得到3.1%和6.3%抗性植株;另外,还发现在矮化变异和窄叶型中获得抗病突变体的比例较高。 相似文献
2.
‘Goldfinger’, a tetraploid banana produced from the Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (FHIA) breeding program, was released to the Australian industry in 1995. It was promoted as an apple-flavoured dessert banana with resistance to Fusarium wilt race 1 and subtropical race 4, as well as resistance to black and yellow Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis and M. musicola, respectively). This study was initiated to provide agronomic information to the banana industry, which was under threat from Fusarium wilt, on a new cultivar which could replace ‘Williams’ (AAA, Cavendish subgroup) or ‘Lady Finger’ (AAB, Pome subgroup) in those areas affected by Fusarium wilt. Also few studies had reported on the production characteristics of the new tetraploid hybrids, especially from subtropical areas, and therefore two field sites, one a steep-land farm and the other a level, more productive site, were selected for planting density and spatial arrangement treatments. The optimum density in terms of commercial production, taking into account bunch weight, finger size, length of the production cycle, plant height and ease of management, was 1680 plants/ha on the steep-land site where plants were planted in single rows with 2.5 m × 2.5 m spacings. However on the level site a double-row triangular layout with inter-row distances of 4.5 m to allow vehicular access (1724 plants/ha) gave the best results. With this arrangement plants were in an alternate, triangular arrangement along a row and a spacing of 1.5 m between plants at the points of each triangle and between each block of triangles. 相似文献
3.
SummaryThe ability of benzothiadiazole (BTH) or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to induce disease resistance in harvested banana fruits was investigated in relation to the activities of several defense-related enzymes. Harvested banana fruit were sprayed with BTH or MeJA solution before being stored at 22°C. Disease development and the activities of six defense-related enzymes were monitored during storage. Compared with untreated fruits, BTH or MeJA treatment significantly reduced the severity of disease in non-inoculated bananas, and lesion diameters and the incidence of disease in bananas inoculated with Colletotrichum musae. The activities of the defense-related enzymes peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), β1,3-glucanase, and chitinase were all enhanced in BTH- and in MeJA-treated banana fruit whether inoculated with the pathogen or not. The results suggest that post-harvest decay in bananas can be controlled by BTH or MeJA, and involves activation of the disease defense system. In non-inoculated bananas, MeJA and BTH had similar effects on the three defense enzymes (CAT, PPO and PAL), but different effects on the three PR proteins (POD, β1,3-glucanase and chitinase). In inoculated bananas, MeJA and BTH had similar effects on all six enzymes. 相似文献
4.
为寻找香蕉枯萎病防治措施,通过盆栽试验和室内试验,研究铜、锌（EDTA-Cu、EDTA-Zn）对香蕉尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense）生理特性的影响,以及锌与拮抗菌21号（SQR21＃,多粘芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa）配合使用对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果。结果表明：（1）用尖孢镰刀菌培养得到的粗毒素处理香蕉幼苗96 h后,对照植株萎蔫严重,呈枯死状,添加EDTA-Cu或EDTA-Zn,显著减轻了粗毒素对香蕉幼苗的伤害。（2）与对照相比,添加EDTA-Cu或EDTA-Zn均显著增加了香蕉尖孢镰刀菌小型分生孢子数量和真菌生物量,但显著降低了镰刀菌酸的产量,分别降低73%和96%。（3）盆栽试验中,加锌（ZnSO4 · 7H2O）处理显著降低了香蕉枯萎病的病情指数。其中锌与拮抗菌21号菌同时使用防治效果最好,处理75 d病情指数比直接接菌处理降低62%。（4）21号菌显著降低了香蕉根际土壤尖孢镰刀菌数量,与直接接菌处理相比降低了18%,锌与21号菌同时使用显著增加了尖孢镰刀菌数量,比直接接菌处理增加了30%。上述结果表明,锌离子可能通过降低香蕉尖孢镰刀菌镰刀菌酸的产量以及增强拮抗菌21号菌的生防活性来有效降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率。 相似文献
5.
香蕉遗传转化体系效率低,难以满足大量鉴定基因的抗性功能的要求。为了借鉴模式植物成熟的遗传转化再生体系,对拟南芥、烟草、番茄3种模式植物的多个常用品种材料对强毒性香蕉枯萎病菌热带4号小种的敏感性进行评价。结果表明,仅番茄‘Money Maker’品种受侵染后表现出典型的枯萎病症状;从感病植株根颈附近茎段内部坏死组织可检测和再次分离出病原菌,说明病菌的致病性符合柯赫氏法则（Koch’s Rule）。进而以子叶为外植体建立了高效的Money Maker番茄不定芽再生体系。研究结果为借助模式植物番茄进行快速筛选鉴定抗香蕉枯萎病功能基因奠定了基础。 相似文献
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7.
以化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）和香蕉枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense）4号生理小种的粗毒素为诱变剂,以香蕉愈伤组织和分化芽为筛选材料,通过多步筛选法,优化了筛选体系,并筛选出了抗香蕉枯萎病菌毒素的突变体。以体积百分比浓度为0.5%的EMS 分别处理香蕉愈伤组织和分化芽40 min,获得“半致死剂量”效应,对存活的香蕉愈伤组织和分化芽在依次递增的粗毒素浓度（5.0%→10.0%→12.5%）胁迫下进行定向筛选,获得了抗香蕉枯萎病菌毒素的愈伤组织块和分化芽,从抗病分化芽突变体获得了再生植株。对再生植株抗毒素的性能进行鉴定,其病情指数（24.72）显著低于对照植株（96.11）,抗毒素效果达到74.28%。 相似文献
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9.
改性石灰氮防治香蕉枯萎病及其恢复香蕉生产的效果 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对我国香蕉主产区蕉园土壤退化引起的土地生产力疲劳、毁灭性土传病害(香蕉枯萎病)泛滥、养分不均衡等问题,通过田间试验研究了改性石灰氮综合措施防治香蕉枯萎病的效果。结果表明,对照区的枯萎病发病率为67.58%,应用综合措施可以使发病率降低到13.75%,切断病原菌传播途径的灌溉水消毒措施对防治枯萎病有十分明显的效果;综合措施的实施使收获面积由对照的32.42%增加到86.25%,单株产量由24.4kg增加到26.9kg,单株实收增产10%以上,并改善了香蕉果实外观、营养和食用品质,增加了蕉农的产值和经济效益。由此可以认为,以改性石灰氮综合调控为主要内容的蕉园土壤质量保育措施可以有效的用于香蕉枯萎病的防治。 相似文献
10.
香蕉品种对枯萎病菌感病性与对病菌毒素敏感性之间的相关性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确香蕉品种对香蕉枯萎病菌感病性与对病菌粗毒素敏感性之间的相关性,采用根部病菌孢子接种测定了36份香蕉品种苗对香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种的感病性,以及采用植株根部和叶片毒素处理测定了5份香蕉品种苗对病菌粗毒素的敏感性。结果表明,天宝角蕉(AAA)、柴蕉(AAA)、广粉1号(AAB)和贡蕉(AA)表现抗病,哥斯达黎加蕉(AAA)和抗枯5号(AAA)表现中抗;感病品种对毒素的敏感性高于抗病品种。通过香蕉不同品种的病情指数、萎蔫指数和叶片损伤面积的差别分析,发现香蕉苗期对枯萎病菌感病性与对病菌粗毒素敏感性之间存在正相关性,60d龄期的假植苗病情指数与其叶片损伤面积之间存在显著的正相关性。因而叶片毒素处理法测量香蕉假植苗中部叶片损伤面积可作为一种快速区别香蕉抗病能力的有效方法。 相似文献
11.
A study on the physical and physiological characteristics of Rastali bananas (Musa AAB) was carried out throughout the 12 weeks after emergence of the first hand to determine the optimum growth stage of Rastali bananas. The fruit length and diameter followed a trend similar to that observed in fruit fresh weight throughout fruit development, and three physiological stages (S1–S3) of sigmoid growth were identified. The growth rate was slow during S1 (1st to 4th week), rapid during S2 (5th to 10th week) and remained constant during S3 (11th and 12th week). Peel cells underwent periclinal growth, which was accompanied by an increase in fruit peel and pulp thickness as the fruit developed. Moreover, the pulp colour became more vivid and yellow as the fruit developed. The peel moisture content decreased while pulp moisture content increased during fruit growth and development. The pulp firmness increased from the first until seventh week, and it decreased from the seventh week until twelfth week of the experiment. Carbon dioxide (CO2) production was the highest at S1. However, CO2 production declined until the 10th week and remained constant at a low level of 50 mL kg−1 h−1 during S3. Ethylene (C2H4) could not be detected throughout fruit growth and development. Thus, Rastali bananas showed physiological maturity at week 11 and week 12 after emergence of the first hand with constant fruit growth. 相似文献
12.
Thomas R. Gordon Oleg Daugovish Steven T. Koike Christina M. Islas Sharon C. Kirkpatrick Jenna A. Yoshisato 《International Journal of Fruit Science》2016,16(4):160-168
ABSTRACTThe emergence of Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, as a problem for strawberry production in California has been associated with delivery of fumigants to beds through drip-lines rather than flat-fumigation of an entire field. Our research shows that bed fumigation fails to eliminate propagules of the Fusarium wilt pathogen, which remain particularly abundant in bed shoulders at a depth of 30 cm. Controlled environment studies confirmed that inoculum at this depth could cause disease. Screening of currently grown strawberry cultivars documented a wide range of susceptibilities to Fusarium wilt, with some being highly resistant. 相似文献
13.
A. A. Waman P. Bohra B. N. Sathyanarayana S. C. Chandrasekhar B. L. Divya 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2018,60(1):9-19
Silk Banana is amongst the most popular groups of bananas grown in different parts of the world. However, the commercial scale cultivation requires identification of superior genotypes with desirable attributes including growth, yield, quality and resistance to Panama wilt disease which is a major concern. Panama disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense has been wreaking havoc in banana plantations throughout the world. A large number of varieties fall prey to the pathogen and hence world’s banana production has been threatened to a considerable extent, Silk Banana being the most vulnerable. Long term use of chemicals has not only failed to provide protection against the disease but has also raised concern about the environmental health. Resistance breeding is thus only viable alternative; however, breeding in banana is hindered by a number of inherent problems. In this communication, a systematic approach was proposed taking a typical case of Silk Banana var. Nanjanagud Rasabale to preselect lines possessing Panama wilt resistance and other desired traits. The proposed methodology comprised of identification of spontaneous variants in growing regions of the variety and their subsequent screening using a multi-pronged strategy. A number of lines exhibiting superiority in terms of tolerance to panama wilt, precocity, plant stature, physicochemical and shelf life related attributes have been reported. Considering overall performance, six promising lines were identified. This methodology has wider applicability as it could be effectively exploited with suitable modifications for identifying lines with desired traits in other varieties of banana. 相似文献
14.
青香蕉和黄熟香蕉果皮感病过程中5种酶活性的变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以同一品种的未后熟的青香蕉和已黄熟的香蕉为材料,测定了接种炭疽病菌5d内果皮PPO、POD、SOD、PAL和LOX活性的变化,探讨与香蕉抗病性相关的酶类。结果表明,不论接种与否,青香蕉果皮中的PPO、POD和SOD的活性明显低于黄熟香蕉,而PAL和LOX活性高于黄熟香蕉;接种对PPO、POD和LOX活性影响不大,但引起SOD和PAL活性下降。青香蕉果皮中较低的PPO、POD和SOD的活性有利于活性氧和酚类物质的积累而产生过敏性反应,较高的PAL和LOX活性则利于苯丙烷类代谢和脂质过氧化,有利于抗病物质的形成。PAL和LOX是香蕉抗病性形成的关键酶。 相似文献
15.
抗香蕉枯萎病菌的卢娜林瑞链霉菌的分离及防效鉴定 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为获得具有广谱抑菌活性的拮抗菌株,对海南多年连茬的健康香蕉园土壤进行微生物分离,并以香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense Race 4)等9种病原菌为靶标菌株,采用平板对峙法、含药介质法、薄层层析法等对拮抗菌的抑菌活性进行评价,根据形态特征、培养性状、生理生化特征、细胞壁组成和16S rDNA序列分析对其进行鉴定。共分离得到放线菌25株,拮抗放线菌8株,其中B-03菌株对香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种菌丝生长和孢子萌发抑制率分别为85.43%和80.14%,对香蕉长形叶斑病菌等9种病原菌具有广谱抗性,菌丝生长抑制率、孢子萌发抑制率可达48.34%~85.43%和38.43%~80.14%。经鉴定该菌株为卢娜林瑞链霉菌(Streptomyces lunalinharesii),盆栽试验表明该菌株发酵液对香蕉枯萎病的防效达72.72%,具有良好的应用潜力。 相似文献
16.
2株抗枯萎病尖镰孢菌内生细菌菌株的分离及鉴定 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
华南地区因尖镰孢菌引起的枯萎病发生较为严重,特别是近年来发现的香蕉枯萎病,对香蕉产业来说更是毁灭性的病害。分离、筛选有拮抗活性的内生细菌是防治枯萎病的有效措施之一。从海南红树林健康叶片中分离到102株非致病性内生细菌菌株,通过室内抗菌活性的测定,得到了2株对枯萎病尖镰孢菌具有明显抑制作用的拮抗菌株。通过对它进行形态、生理生化特性及16SrDNA序列等方面的研究,确定其中1株为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillussubtilis,命名为BS-009;另一株确定为新发表种Bacillus Mojavensis的一个相似种,命名为BM-027。 相似文献
17.
Burrowing nematode (Radapholus similis) is a major threat to banana (Musa spp.) production throughout the world. All commercial banana cultivars are lacking of R. similis resistance. The conferred resistance available in non-commercial banana genotypes opens ways to develop new hybrids with R. similis resistance by conventional or molecular-breeding techniques. Understanding the mechanism of resistance is the primary step that can provide Musa breeders and molecular biologists with the necessary principles to create nematode-resistant plants. Phenols and lignin have been ascribed as post-infectional resistant mechanism in banana. However, information on anti-nematode compounds that are presented in resistant banana plants before challenge by R. similis is limited. Therefore, the roots of some resistant/tolerant genotypes were tested for anti-nematode bioactivity by root amendment study. The root homogenates of resistant/tolerant genotypes (Yankambi km-5 (YKM-5), Pisang Lilin, Pisang Jaribuaya, Rose, Matti, Hatidat, Veneettu Kunnan, Then kunnan, Manoranjitham, Anaikomban, Agneeswar, Pisang Mas, Gros Michel, Williams, Red Banana (Mutant), Green Red and Tongat) inhibited the infectivity of R. similis on susceptible Musa cv. Grand Nain (AAA). To confirm their bio-activity, R. similis was exposed directly to the root extracts (water, methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane) of the resistant/tolerant genotypes. Methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane root extracts of the resistant/tolerant genotypes affected the mobility of R. similis. Results confirmed that roots of resistant/tolerant plants have pre-infectional nematostatic compounds to resist R. similis. Further bio-assay-guided fractionation, isolation and identification of nematostatic compound from methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane root extracts of YKM-5 was attempted. The compounds N´- (3,6-dichloro-2,7-bis (2-(diethylamino) ethoxy) dodecahydro ? 9H-fluoren-9-ylidene) pivalohydrazide isolated from methanol root extract; methyl 9,12-dimethylheptadecanoate isolated from ethyl acetate extract and; 1-isopropyl-2-propyldisulfane isolated from n-hexane extract were found to have nematostatic effect on R. similis. Further effort to validate that the production of these compounds contributes to resistance against R. similis in Musa germplasm would yield concrete markers for nematode resistance breeding programs. 相似文献
18.
《International Journal of Fruit Science》2013,13(1):47-57
ABSTRACT Multiple shoot cultures of three banana cultivars belonging to AAA and AAB genomic groups (Basari, Chakkarakela and Rasthali) were irradiated with gamma rays. The percentage of individual shoot survival declined with increase in irradiation dose indicating an inverse relationship between the two parameters. Lethal dose of 50% was found to be 30Gy. Lower doses (10, 20Gy) enhanced shoot multiplication ratio, which however decreased with increased dosage. AAB cultivars appeared to be more sensitive as compared to AAA cultivars. The multiple shoots were also subjected to recurrent mutagenesis at an interval of 15 days. The percent (%) survival was found to decrease after each irradiation treatment, whereas multiplication ratio was found to be enhanced after third irradiation in Basrai. Individual shoots derived after different irradiation experiments were rooted and the plantlets were hardened in the green house. Among these, few showed morphological variations such as thick shiny dark green colored leaves, ovate leaves and a dwarf with a rosette of leaves in AAB cultivar, Rasthali. This is the first report on the effect of recurrent gamma irradiation on in vitro shoot cultures of banana. 相似文献
19.
香蕉镰刀菌枯萎病研究进展 总被引：19，自引：6，他引：19
就香蕉镰刀菌枯萎病在全球的分布与危害、症状、主要扩散原因、抗病育种、抗病机制的研究以及所采取的 防治措施作一概述,以期促进我国香焦镰刀菌枯萎病抗性育种及综合防治的深入研究。香蕉镰刀菌枯萎病是一种由 土壤真菌引起的毁灭性病害,目前正严重危害世界香蕉生产,从而引起广泛关注和深入研究。抗病育种被认为是解 决香蕉镰刀菌枯萎病危害的根本措施,其中突变育种、杂交育种、基因工程育种和体细胞杂交育种等领域的研究取 得了较多的成果。而抗病品种的抗病机制的研究才刚刚起步,可能是物理阻碍和化学抑制相互作用的结果。 相似文献