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1.
Parentage analysis in aquaculture determines genealogical relationships between broodstock and progeny when the parents are unknown. Thus, parentage analysis is a useful tool to establish pedigree reports in molecular‐assisted selection programs. Here, we evaluated 10 heterologous microsatellite markers for parentage assignment in abalone hybrids produced from 43 abalone broodstocks of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) and Japanese abalone (H. discus hannai). The allele frequencies, exclusion probabilities and broodstock contributions were calculated using CERVUS, PAPA and GERUD software. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values showed that most of the microsatellite loci were highly informative (>0.7) and more than 90% of parentage assignment was possible with a minimum of 5–6 microsatellite markers. Parentage assignment for hybrid and pure‐red progeny showed a better performance than pure‐Japanese progeny. This result could be due to the high level of allele loss in the parental genotypes. In addition, results indicated that only two sires contributed over 80% and 90% of red and hybrid progenies, respectively. This study gives a new molecular tool to support marker‐assisted selection in abalone hybrids produced in Chile.  相似文献   

2.
The Xishi abalone (Haliotis gigantea) is an economically significant aquaculture species in southern China. We identified a novel orange‐muscle mutation present in less than 2% of the cultured population. High‐performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry identified zeaxanthin and β‐carotene as the two main pigments present in the orange‐muscle abalone. The concentrations of zeaxanthin and β‐carotene detected in the orange‐muscle abalones were significantly higher than those detected in the common abalones (p < 0.01). Notably, the concentration of zeaxanthin was approximately 16.5 times higher in orange‐muscle abalones than in common abalones, which was also the species with highest carotenoid content reported in shellfish to date. Furthermore, the contents of total amino acids and essential amino acids in the orange‐muscle abalone were higher than that in the common abalone, though not significantly, while the content of non‐essential amino acids was significantly higher in the orange‐muscle abalone than that in the common abalone (p < 0.05). The saturated fatty acid content in the orange‐muscle abalones was slightly lower than that in the common abalones, and the unsaturated fatty acid content was higher in the orange‐muscle abalones than that in the common abalones. These results could provide a basis for characterizing the mechanism by which carotenoids accumulate in abalones and further guide the breeding of abalone with orange‐muscle mutants in the future.  相似文献   

3.
Evidence of hybridization in Haliotis has been mainly supported by hatchery experiences and collection of wild hybrid abalones among several species from natural populations worldwide. However, despite the importance to understand the role of the hybridization process through Haliotidae evolution, and also its impact on the abalone aquaculture, genetic studies in hybrid abalones have been poorly developed. Herein, cytogenetic approach allows studying the genetic conformation in hybrid organisms at the chromosome level. This paper reports a quantitative karyotype analysis in Haliotis rufescens, Haliotis discus hannai and their interspecific hybrid. Thus, to characterize chromosome pairs and establish cytogenetic comparisons, chromosome banding with distamycin‐A/4,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole fluorochromes and morphologic measurements were performed. The results showed that the hybrids are successfully viable and their karyotypes evidenced a conservative chromosome number of 2n=36. The karyo‐idiogram showed a high correspondence in chromosome pair morphology among the hybrids and their parental species, except for a single heteromorphic pair that corresponds to the chromosome 16 from H. rufescens andH. d. hannai respectively. The implications of the abalone hybrid viability derived from its chromosome composition are discussed.  相似文献   

4.
The system nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) budget, N/P utilization rate and the physiological response mechanism of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai (body weight: 12.87 ± 0.82 g) and the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (body weight: 10.85 ± 1.16 g) to different co‐culture environment conditions were examined. Animals were kept in a multilayer, cubic recirculating aquaculture system at different polyculture densities (abalones at 400 ind/m2in monoculture [Group C] and abalones at 400 ind/m2with sea cucumbers at 10 ind/m2 [AS1] or 20 ind/m2 [AS2]). Each treatment was replicated four times, and the experimental cycle was 90 days. No significant difference in survival rate of abalones was detected when the stocking density of sea cucumbers increased from 10 to 20 ind/m2, but the concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the water were significantly higher in AS2 than in AS1. Survival rate, specific growth rate (SGR) of body weight of sea cucumbers and SGR of body weight of abalones were significantly lower in AS2 than in AS1. No significant difference in protease (PES), lipase, amylase and cellulase activities of abalones was identified between Group C and AS1, but the PES and amylase activities of abalones and sea cucumbers in AS1 were significantly higher than those in AS2. In AS1, the N/P output from harvesting of abalones and sea cucumbers and the N/P utilization rates were significantly higher than those in AS2. Although the N/P output from faeces was significantly lower in AS2 than in Group C and AS1, the N/P output from the water layer was significantly higher than that in AS1. The expression levels of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn‐SOD) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) of both abalones and sea cucumbers in AS2 were significantly higher than those in AS1. No significant difference in expression of catalase (CAT) and HSP90of abalones was identified among these groups, but the expression levels of CAT and HSP90of sea cucumbers in AS2 were significantly higher than those in AS1. These results indicate that stocking sea cucumbers at 10 ind/m2 in the polyculture system will relieve the organic load on the system and improve the N/P utilization rate. It will also increase aquaculture production and improve the ecological and economic benefits of the system.  相似文献   

5.
The viability of placing abalones (Haliotis discus hannai), sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicas) and rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) in a polyculture system, the effect of this mixed species group on the system's nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) budgets, and the growth and food intake of the organisms in the system were examined using a recirculating aquaculture system. Four replicates were set up for each of three treatment groups (abalone only (C), abalone‐sea cucumber (AS) and abalone‐sea cucumber‐rockfish (ASF)) with an experimental period of 60 d. Compared with the C group, in the AS group the abalone survival rate and specific growth rate (SGR) of body weight increased and the harvested abalones from the polyculture system became the main source of N and P output of the polyculture system. However, the N and P output in the water layer did not differ significantly from that in the C group (p > 0.05), and the N utilization rate was significantly higher than that in the C and ASF groups (p < 0.05). Compared with the AS group, in the ASF treatment the SGR of body weight as well as the protease and amylase activities of sea cucumbers were significantly higher (p < 0.05), the water layer and faeces became the main sources of N and P output in the system. These results showed that the AS polyculture mode significantly improved the N and P utilization rates in the system and led to increased aquaculture production.  相似文献   

6.
This study was designed to assess the protective effects of dietary selenium (Se) on abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino against the toxicity of waterborne copper (Cu). A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted in a static water system for abalone (initial weight: 3.17 ± 0.01 g) exposed to 0.02 mg L?1 of waterborne Cu. The animals were fed one of the three experimental diets with 0.10, 1.31 and 4.20 mg kg?1 of Se from Na2SeO3·5H2O respectively. Results showed that the abalone fed 1.31 mg kg?1 of dietary Se had the lowest Cu concentration in shell, muscle, mantle, gill, hepatopancreas and serum. Meanwhile, the significant lowest contents of malondiadehyde and protein carbonyl in hepatopancreas were also found in the treatment with 1.31 mg kg?1 of dietary Se (P < 0.05). In addition, this treatment had significant higher glutathione content and thioredoxin reductase activity in hepatopancreas (P < 0.05). However, the activity of Se‐dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se‐GPx) was significantly decreased in the treatment with 4.20 mg kg?1 of dietary Se (P < 0.05). In this treatment, the protein carbonyl content in hepatopancreas was significantly higher than that in the group with 1.31 mg kg?1 of dietary Se (P < 0.05). In conclusion, in terms of anti‐oxidation and Cu accumulation, the protective effects of dietary Se on abalone against waterborne Cu were dose‐dependent. The 1.31 mg kg?1 of dietary Se had this effect, but not 4.20 mg kg?1 of dietary Se. Moreover, the latter increased the oxidative stress in abalone exposed to the waterborne Cu.  相似文献   

7.
The thermoregulatory behaviour of green abalone Haliotis fulgens and pink abalone H. corrugata was investigated. Haliotis fulgens juveniles ranging in wet weight from 3.0 to 3.3 g and from 28.7 to 30.5 mm shell length and of H. corrugata 2.0 g and 25.7 mm in shell length were exposed to 19°C for 30 days in a flow‐through water system. Temperature preference was determined in a horizontal thermal gradient and was found to be 25.4°C for green abalone and 25.0°C for pink abalone. Displacement velocity was 4.3 cm h−1 for H. fulgens and 12.8 cm h−1 for H. corrugata. The optimum temperature for growth calculated for both abalone species was 24.6 and 24.5°C respectively. The critical thermal maxima (CTMax) of H. fulgens and H. corrugata were determined as a measure of thermal tolerance. Abalones were subjected to increasing water temperatures at a rate of 1°C on 30 min until they detached from the substrate. The CTMax at 50% were 33.6 and 32.0°C for green and pink abalone respectively. The results are discussed in relation to site selection and commercial rearing.  相似文献   

8.
The farming of abalone, Haliotis midae L., can be intensified in serial‐pass systems, but water re‐use increases the concentration of NH3 (free ammonia nitrogen, FAN) and reduces water pH. Changing the percentage dietary protein from 33% to 26% reduced the concentration of FAN (F42, 252 = 2.79; P < 0.0001) in a serial‐pass system and did not reduce weight gain (F1, 12 = 1.09; P = 0.31) or length gain (F1, 12 = 1.08; P = 0.31). Low water pH was the most important variable to contribute to a reduction in abalone growth (weight gain: F1, 19 = 64.5; P < 0.0001; r2 = 0.76; length gain: F1, 19 = 41.9; P < 0.0001; r2 = 0.67). In addition, supplemental oxygen (103% saturation) improved length gain (t = 3.45, P = 0.026) in abalone exposed to an average FAN concentration of 2.43 ± 1.1 μg L?1) and an average pH value of 7.6 ± 0.13, relative to a treatment with no oxygen supplementation. Thus, in an abalone serial‐use raceway with three passes, FAN was not the first growth‐limiting variable. It is suggested that future studies should examine the major causes of reduced water pH in serial‐use systems and their effect on the growth and health of H. midae.  相似文献   

9.
Live transport of hatchery‐produced juvenile donkey's ear abalone Haliotis asinina Linne was examined to evaluate the effect of transportation on the survival of juvenile abalone. Simulated transport experiments were conducted to determine the appropriate temperature using 5, 10 and 20 g L?1 of ice to air volume for 8 h and the appropriate size using two size groups (Size A, 15–20 mm, 0.5–1.3 g, and Size B, 30–35 mm, 5.3–8.5 g) up to 24‐h out‐of‐water live transport. Survival was significantly higher (P<0.001) when 10 g L?1 of ice was used to decrease the temperature to the range of 17–23 °C. At this temperature, both size groups subjected to simulated transport for 8 and 10 h had 100% survival after 48 h, while mortality occurred in abalones subjected to 16 and 24 h of simulated transport. The Size B abalone subjected to 24 h of transport had significantly higher survival (64.4 ± 2.9%) (P<0.001) than the Size A abalone (5.5 ± 1.6%) after 48 h. Live juvenile abalone were successfully transported to the field applying the protocols developed in the lab experiment. This study serves as a guide for handling and shipping live juvenile abalone.  相似文献   

10.
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11.
Laboratory‐produced juvenile individuals of the species Mytilus chilensis, M. galloprovincialis and their hybrids were subjected to physiological measurements under an experimental diet of Isochrysis galbana (30 × 106 cells L?1), 13°C temperature and a salinity of 30 psu. Pure species individuals showed a higher clearance rate (CR). Mytilus chilensis had a CR of 1.13 L h?1, while M. galloprovincialis registered only 0.78 L h?1. Also, pure taxa registered higher values (above 70%) of absorption efficiency when compared with hybrid individuals. Ammonia excretion in M. chilensis and M. galloprovincialis was 1.5% and 0.4%, respectively, while hybrids registered significantly lower values. Under these experimental conditions, M. chilensis registered the highest scope for growth (P < 0.05), compared with M. galloprovincialis and their hybrids. However, the net growth efficiency index (K 2) in hybridization type I (♀Mg × ♂Mc) was higher (P < 0.05) than other experimental groups. The invasive mytilid M. galloprovincialis showed values that are very similar to those obtained with the hybridization I group (♀Mg × ♂Mc). Finally, we discuss that water temperature is an important factor in the biogeographic separation of both species and the potential effects that the settlement of the invasive species may have for Chilean mussel production.  相似文献   

12.
The small abalone (Haliotis diversicolor) is a mollusc and was cultured in south of china. Problems such as the decreasing pathogen‐resistance and their mass mortality during the summer. The increased immunity of small abalone populations is a key factor in resolving these problems. Thus, the study of immunity‐related genes in small abalone has become important. In this study, three bacterial species were initially isolated from small abalone carcasses. The regression of infection was analysed, which revealed that the bacteria species could cause rapid morbidity in small abalone. A QM‐like gene (HdiQM) was found and bacterial challenge tests showed that HdiQM gene expression was induced by the bacterial isolates from small abalone carcasses. Therefore, our results implied that HdiQM was found to be an inflammatory stress‐inducible gene associated with pathogen infection, with important functions in small abalone immunity.  相似文献   

13.
Two feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate dietary distillers dried grain (DDG) as a feed ingredient that partially replaces soybean meal and wheat flour for the growth of juvenile freshwater snail (Semisulcospira coreana) and abalone (Haliotis discus hannai). Three experimental diets were formulated to contain 0 g kg?1 DDG (DDG0), 200 g kg?1 DDG from rice (diet DDG‐R) and 200 g kg?1 DDG from rice and wheat flour (diet DDG‐RW). In the first experiment, three replicate groups of the freshwater snails averaging 133.0 ± 2.48 mg were fed one of the experimental diets for 12 weeks. Weight gain of the juvenile freshwater snails was not affected by dietary DDG (P > 0.05). In the second experiment, three replicate groups of the juvenile abalones averaging 296.3 ± 1.73 mg were fed one of the three experimental diets for 22 weeks. Weight gain of the abalones was not affected by dietary DDG (P > 0.05). Proximate and amino acid compositions of the whole body in the freshwater snails and soft body in the abalones were not affected by dietary DDG (P > 0.05). The results of the two experiments indicated that DDG can be used as a suitable feed ingredient for partial replacement of soybean meal and wheat flour at a level of 200 g kg?1 in diets without any adverse effects on the growth performance of freshwater snail and juvenile abalone.  相似文献   

14.
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15.
This study investigated factors key to the development of sperm cryopreservation in the greenlip abalone Haliotis laevigata using a programmable freezing technique, including (1) permeable cryoprotectant agent (CPA) selection; (2) cooling rate; (3) endpoint temperature; (4) thawing temperature; (5) sperm to egg ratio and (6) sugar, vitamin and amino acid supplementation, using sperm motility, fertilization rate, plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential or acrosome integrity as quality assessment indicators. Results showed that among the permeable CPAs evaluated, 10% dimethyl sulfoxide was the most suitable for greenlip abalone sperm cryopreservation. The highest post‐thaw sperm motility was achieved with the sperm being frozen at a cooling rate of ?5°C min?1 to ?30°C from 0°C and thawed and recovered in 40°C and 18°C seawater baths respectively. The addition of sugars in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide did not significantly improve the post‐thaw sperm motility and fertilization rate. The addition of 0.6% glycine, 0.2% taurine or 0.02% L‐ascorbic acid, on the other hand, significantly improved the post‐thaw sperm motility. However, only the addition of 0.6% glycine improved the post‐thaw sperm fertilization rate, which was further confirmed by the improvement of the post‐thaw sperm mitochondrial membrane potential and acrosome integrity through flow cytometry analysis.  相似文献   

16.
低氧胁迫对九孔鲍免疫防御因子的影响   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  
陈政强  陈昌生  战文斌 《水产学报》2012,36(11):1739-1747
为了解低氧胁迫条件下九孔鲍免疫防御因子的变化及机体抗病力变化, 将九孔鲍置于不同的溶解氧环境中, 观测相关免疫因子变化。结果显示, 在水温为(22.1?1.3) oC, 盐度为30.72?0.54, pH值为8.20?0.14的海水环境中, 溶解氧含量由(7.49?0.14) mg/L下调至(2.53?0.16) mg/L后120 h内, 平均体质量为(14.25±2.21) g的九孔鲍未见死亡, 而每只鲍注射5.0?105 CFU 副溶血弧菌后120 h内实验鲍的累计死亡率高达91.11%?7.70%, 比对照组(11.11%?3.83%)累计死亡率高出80%, 血淋巴抑菌清除率下降至?(3 340.47%?298.57%), 显而易见, 低氧胁迫使得九孔鲍拮抗副溶血弧菌感染的抵抗力显著下降。低氧(2.53?0.16) mg/L胁迫下, 九孔鲍血淋巴细胞数量(THC)下降30.62%?4.87%、血淋巴细胞吞噬率下降62.77%?5.79%、呼吸爆发产生的超氧阴离子数量下降22.21%?5.89%。低氧胁迫下九孔鲍血淋巴细胞内MPO活性上升(9.63%?7.59%)~(22.90%?13.73%)、CAT活性提高(7.68%?6.83%)~(56.28%?13.96%), 反映出低氧胁迫下九孔鲍体内应激反应产生的物质氧化加剧, 血淋巴细胞内产生大量的活性氧自由基。溶解氧含量由(7.49?0.14) mg/L下调至(4.51?0.12) mg/L后九孔鲍已明显处于低氧胁迫和应激反应状态, 120 h内的累计死亡率达到37.78%?3.85%, 血淋巴抑菌率下降至883.56%?123.22%; THC、血淋巴细胞吞噬率、呼吸爆发产生的超氧阴离子O2- 数量等最大降幅分别达到12.51%?6.59%、21.90%?15.84%、12.93%?5.74%; MPO活性在原有水平的?(10.61%?4.20%)~(7.13%?6.45%)之间波动, CAT活性在?(5.17%?18.08%)~(16.26%?10.85%)之间变化。  相似文献   

17.
Commercial abalone culture is carried out using flow‐through systems with a high water volume exchange in Baja California, Mexico. The objective of this work was to compare the growth rate and survival of red abalone cultured in two systems. Flow through (daily water exchange rate of 800%) and recirculating systems consisted of a 250 L fibreglass tank and constant aeration, but biofiltration in the recirculating system was provided with a 28 L (1 ft3) bubble‐washed bead filter. Water variables were measured either daily (dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH and salinity) or three times a week (total ammonia nitrogen, nitrate‐nitrogen, nitrite‐nitrogen and alkalinity). Shell length was measured every 2 weeks for 18 weeks. Only the alkalinity and pH were significantly different due to the addition of sodium bicarbonate to the recirculating system. Abalone growth rate was 26.1 ± 15.96 μm day?1 in the recirculating systems and 22.21 ± 18.69 μm day–1 in the flow‐through systems. The final survival was 78.74% in the recirculating systems and 71.82% in the flow‐through systems. Significant differences in the final size and survival of the abalones were found between systems (P<0.05). Therefore, recirculating aquaculture systems is a feasible alternative for juvenile red abalone culture.  相似文献   

18.
Particle size distribution, organic content and the sinking velocity of bio‐deposits of abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino were evaluated. The abalone was divided into three size classes according to shell length: Group B: 68.8 ± 2.8 mm, group M: 56.1 ± 2.3 mm and group S: 42.4 ± 2.8 mm. The faecal pellets had an amorphous shape, with a cross‐sectional area ranging from 0.01 to 2.64 mm2. The mean cross‐sectional area varied among the size classes: 0.59 (B), 0.21 (M) and 0.12 (S) mm2. The bio‐deposit organic content was similar among the groups (B: 18.3 ± 1.1%; M: 19.9 ± 0.9%; S: 19.3 ± 1.0%). Sinking velocity ranged from 0.5 to 2.3 cm s?1. Larger abalone tended to have larger and thus faster‐sinking faecal pellets. The median sinking velocity for groups B, M and S was 0.9, 0.5 and 0.7 cm s?1 respectively. The mean daily production rates for groups S, M and B were 2.8 ± 1.2, 3.4 ± 1.3 and 4.3 ± 1.8 g ind.?1 respectively. Bio‐deposit production rate estimated to be between 134.4 and 206.4 mg m?2 day?1 in the bay. Our results suggest that the pellet size was within the appropriate size range for filter‐feeding bivalves.  相似文献   

19.
皱纹盘鲍与盘鲍杂交效果分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
从杂种优势的角度对皱纹盘鲍♀与盘鲍♂杂交子一代的经济性状进行分析。结果表明,4月龄杂交鲍子一代(F1)活体重比皱纹盘鲍增加36.87%,软体部干重增加33.21%,总干重增加29.20%,其它性状也显著优于皱纹盘鲍。杂交鲍F1的壳长、壳宽、活体重、软体部干重和总干重等主要性状的变异系数为12.94%~44.51%,其中软体部干重的变异系数最大,壳长的变异系数最小;且杂交鲍各性状的变异系数均大于皱纹盘鲍。杂交鲍子一代的变异有助于定向选择,提高杂交育种的效果。  相似文献   

20.
Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) aquaculture is a thriving industry in China. This study describes a novel submerged cage culture system for abalone rearing in Fujian, South China. The cage consisted of five vertical slots that were oriented perpendicular to the flow of water. The slots were separated by six vertically connected plastic plates for abalone attachment and shelter at the bottom of the cage. Experiment 1 was designed to determine the appropriate stocking density at the start of the abalone sea‐based production cycle. Eight‐month‐old hatchery reared and size‐graded juveniles were transferred to the sea‐based culture system. For different stocking densities, shell length of juveniles obtained in this novel culture system on 2, 3.5 and 5 months, respectively, was compared with shell lengths obtained in a traditionally multi‐tier basket culture system. In Experiment 2, daily growth rates (DGRs) in shell length and biomass in terms of wet weight of 2‐year‐old abalones reared in cage and tiered basket culture systems were compared over a 6‐month period. Results of Experiment 1 showed that growth of abalone in the cage culture system is density‐dependent; the mean final shell length of juveniles obtained was 6.7–15.9% higher than in tiered baskets system even at the same initial stocking density. In Experiment 2, DGRs in shell length of 53.83–78.38 μm day?1 obtained in cage system were significantly higher than that in tiered baskets (P < 0.01). And in terms of wet weight biomass, it was 1.48–3.01 times higher in the cage system compared with the traditional system. Abalone survival was more than 87.5% in both culture systems in both experiments. Advantages of the newly established cage culture system included better growth performance of the animals reared and potential improvement of rearing conditions, such as improved water flow velocity and dissolved oxygen.  相似文献   

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