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玉米根际土壤芽胞杆菌的多样性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解玉米(Zea mays)不同品种根际芽胞杆菌种群多样性信息,本研究采用稀释平板法,对10个玉米品种根际的芽胞杆菌进行了分离,并对其进行16S r RNA序列分析。结果表明,从10个玉米品种根际共分离到69个形态差异的芽胞杆菌菌株;16S r RNA序列分析表明,69个菌株鉴定为23个种,归属于3个属,芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、赖氨酸芽胞杆菌属(Lysinibacillus)和嗜冷芽胞杆菌属(Psychrobacillus),其中芽胞杆菌属的种类和数量最多。玉米不同品种根际的芽胞杆菌的种类数量不同,QB662×QB2219和QB1013×QB446根际分离到的芽胞杆菌种类最多,均为8种;J106×QB572的芽胞杆菌菌落含量最高。玉米根际的优势种群主要为嗜气芽胞杆菌(B.aerophilus)、阿氏芽胞杆菌(B.aryabhattai)、简单芽胞杆菌(B.simplex)和苏云金芽胞杆菌(B.thuringiensis),其他芽胞杆菌种类仅在一种或少数的玉米品种出现。QB662×QB2219根际的芽胞杆菌种类香农-威纳(Shannon-Wiener)指数(H)最大;QB948×QB48根际的芽胞杆菌种群香农-威纳多样性指数次之,但均匀度指数最高;J106×QB572的多样性指数和均匀度指数皆最低。菌株FJAT-17411、FJAT-17472、FJAT-17430和FJAT-17442与Gen Bank中已报道16S r RNA基因序列的相似性为97%~98%,可能为芽胞杆菌的新种。本研究结果表明,玉米根际具有较为丰富的芽胞杆菌种群多样性,并存在一些潜在的新的微生物菌种资源。本研究对芽胞杆菌资源的开发和利用提供良好的实验材料和理论基础。 相似文献
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芽胞杆菌(Bacillus)已被广泛用作动物益生菌,其分泌的纤维素酶(cellulose)可以提高饲料利用率,改善动物肠道微生物菌群结构。本研究利用羧甲基纤维素钠(sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,CMCNa)培养基从甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)、麻类等纤维作物根际分离具有较高纤维素酶活性的芽胞杆菌,并对其纤维素酶的产酶条件、动物肠胃耐受性、对滤纸条纤维素的降解情况以及菌株的溶血性检验安全性进行鉴定。研究结果表明,获得了8株具有产纤维素酶活性的芽胞杆菌,其中菌株FJAT-29941的活性最高,形态学、生理生化和16S r RNA基因鉴定结果显示,该菌株为解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens);菌株FJAT-29941产纤维素酶的培养温度为20~50℃(最佳培养温度为30℃),pH为4.0~9.0(最佳pH值为9),培养时间18~72 h(最佳培养时间为42 h),最佳培养基为0.5%NaCl的营养琼脂(nutrient agar,NA)培养基;利用1%胰蛋白酶的人工肠液和1%胃蛋白酶的人工胃液处理该菌株,其存活率分别为27.98%和64.91%,表明其具有较好的肠胃耐受性;菌株FJAT-29941在48 h内可以将滤纸条降解为小圆片,表现出较强的纤维素降解能力;该菌株在溶血性检测中未产生透明圈,是安全可应用的。本研究筛选获得的解淀粉芽胞杆菌FJAT-29941具有较好的纤维降解能力和动物肠胃耐受性,为益生菌研发提供了菌种资源和科学依据,具有良好的开发前景。 相似文献
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为给新型生物农药的研发提出依据,用黄连、黄芩、大蒜、金银花、柴胡和连翘6种植物的浸提液单剂及其复合剂对尖孢镰刀菌进行处理,探索浸提液单剂及复合剂对尖孢镰刀菌的影响。综合对尖孢镰刀菌菌落生长和产孢量两方面的影响,植物浸提液单剂的抑菌效果相对较好的处理分别是50%黄连、30%黄芩、20%金银花、60%柴胡、50%连翘、60%连翘以及10%大蒜、30%大蒜、60%大蒜。6种植物浸提液对尖孢镰刀菌均有抑菌作用,以黄连的抑菌效果最好,平均抑菌率为52.95%,平均抑产孢率为59.46%。 相似文献
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玉米内生芽胞杆菌的抗菌活性物质及其拮抗玉米大斑病菌机理的初步研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了研究生防菌株对玉米大斑病菌的抑菌作用,深化对生防菌抗菌机制的认识,本研究从玉米(Zea mays)植株体内分离拮抗玉米大斑病菌(Setosphaeria turcica)的内生细菌,对其抗菌物质及其抑菌机理进行初步研究。结果表明,所分离的内生菌株YY1经形态学观察、生理生化测定及16SrDNA序列分析,鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。菌株YY1发酵液的硫酸铵沉淀物具有抑菌活性,且在硫酸铵50%饱和度时抑菌活性最强,说明YY1菌株产生的抗菌活性物质可能是蛋白类物质。该菌株及其蛋白粗提液均对禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)、苹果轮纹病菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)、灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、玉米弯孢霉叶斑病菌(Curvularia lunata)等7种植物病原真菌有较强的拮抗作用。用蛋白粗提液处理菌丝、分生孢子、原生质体后经显微观察发现,大斑病菌的基内菌丝由丝状畸变为串珠状,当蛋白粗提液浓度为0.78μg/μL时,可完全抑制分生孢子萌发,并导致原生质体裂解。通过抑制孢子萌发过程中信号途径相关基因的半定量RT-PCR分析和玉米大斑病菌不同信号途径相关基因突变体的抑制率统计,初步判定该抑菌过程主要通过cAMP信号转导途径发挥作用。本研究为寻找玉米大斑病菌新的防治方法和途径提供基础资料。 相似文献
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大蒜（Allium sativum L.）是我国的重要经济作物,主产地连作障碍严重,其种植生产的持续性受到制约。植物根际促生菌（PGPR）能够促进植物生长、防治病害且对环境友好。研制高效防控大蒜土传病害的微生物肥料对我国大蒜产业可持续发展和绿色发展有着重要的生态学和现实意义。以实验室前期从山东省金乡县连作大蒜根部分离的细菌为供试菌株,筛选获得对大蒜根腐病病原真菌尖刀镰孢菌（Fusarium oxysporum）ACCC37402和拟枝孢镰刀菌（Fusarium sporotrichioides）ACCC36464具有较好拮抗效果的菌株37402-1。菌株37402-1的PGPR功能特性研究结果显示：对大蒜根腐病病原真菌ACCC37402和ACCC36464的抑菌率分别为52.70%和37.98%;经16S rDNA基因序列同源性分析,确定为暹罗芽孢杆菌（Bacillus siamensis）;具有水解蛋白能力、产铁载体能力、溶解有机磷和无机磷的能力。温室盆栽试验显示,接种暹罗芽孢杆菌37402-1菌悬液能够促进大蒜幼苗的生长。田间试验表明,接种暹罗芽孢杆菌37402-1菌剂使大蒜增产1... 相似文献
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浓香型白酒的生产是以窖池为基础,窖池窖泥中栖息着庞大的微生物群系,微生物间相互作用形成浓香型白酒的独特风味,尤其以芽胞杆菌为主。本研究从泸州老窖酒厂300年窖池窖泥中分离出23株好氧芽胞杆菌属(Bacilli),经光学显微镜和菌落形态观察,23株好氧芽胞杆菌形态差异不显著。通过16S rDNA基因扩增,NCBI基因比对,构建系统发育树,结果表明,23株好氧芽胞杆菌主要为苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)、蜡样芽胞杆菌(B.cereus,Bc)和炭疽芽胞杆菌(B.anthrax),菌种间亲缘关系存在差异;窖泥中分离出的23株好氧芽胞杆菌亲缘关系近,遗传多样性较低。本研结果为了解白酒发酵过程中老窖泥周围环境的变化、提高白酒品质提供基础资料。 相似文献
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苏云金芽胞杆菌微滤浓缩液表观黏度模型 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在30℃、电机转速为75～750 r/min下测定了苏云金芽胞杆菌发酵液及其微滤浓缩液的流变特性。分析结果表明苏云金芽胞杆菌发酵液及其微滤浓缩液为拟塑性流体,表观黏度随剪切速率增大而减小,随着浓度的上升,拟塑性增强。表观黏度随着温度的上升和浓度的降低而下降,温度对表观黏度的影响符合Arrhenius方程。不同浓度浓缩液的流动活化能变化不大,浓度对表观黏度的影响比温度的影响显著。分析和计算了浓度和温度对苏云金芽胞杆菌浓缩液表观黏度综合影响的数学模型及其参数,它可用于预测在不同温度条件下苏云金芽胞杆菌发酵液在微滤过程中的表观黏度。 相似文献
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低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
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Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献