生物质炭对土壤N₂O消耗的影响及其微生物影响机理     

贺超卉  董文旭  胡春胜  李佳珍 《中国生态农业学报》2019,27(9):1301-1308

生物质炭在温室气体减排方面具有很大的发展前景,它不仅能实现固碳,对于在大气中停留时间长且增温潜势大的N₂O也能发挥积极作用。本研究采用室内厌氧培养试验,按照生物质炭与土壤质量比（0、1%和5%）加入一定量生物质炭,土壤重量含水率控制在20%。利用Robotized Incubation平台实时检测N₂O和N₂浓度变化,通过测定土壤中反硝化功能基因丰度（nirK、nirS、nosZ）分析生物质炭对N₂O消耗的影响及其微生物方面的影响机理。结果表明：经过20 h厌氧培养后,0生物质炭处理的反硝化功能基因丰度（基因拷贝数·g^-1）分别为6.80×10⁷（nirK）、5.59×10⁸（nirS）和1.22×10⁸（nosZ）。与0生物质炭处理相比,1%生物质炭处理的nirS基因丰度由最初的2.65×10⁸基因拷贝数·g^-1升至7.43×10⁸基因拷贝数·g^-1,nosZ基因丰度则提高了一个数量级,由4.82×10⁷基因拷贝数·g^-1升至1.50×10⁸基因拷贝数·g^-1,然而nirK基因丰度并无明显变化;5%生物质炭处理的反硝化功能基因丰度并未发生显著变化。试验结束时,添加生物质炭处理的N₂/（N₂O+N₂）比值也明显高于0生物质炭处理。相关性分析结果表明,nirS基因丰度和nosZ基因丰度均与N₂O浓度在0.01水平上显著相关。试验末期nirS基因丰度和nosZ基因丰度均随着N₂O浓度的降低而升高。因此在本试验中,添加1%生物质炭可显著提高nirS和nosZ基因型反硝化细菌的丰度,增大N₂/（N₂O+N₂）比值,促进N₂O彻底还原成N₂。生物质炭对于N₂O主要影响机理是增大了可以还原氧化亚氮的细菌活性,促进完全反硝化。  相似文献   

CO₂浓度升高条件下不同程度豌豆蚜危害对紫花苜蓿叶片营养物质和次生代谢物质的影响     

孙倩  张廷伟  魏君玉  吕雨晴  刘长仲 《中国生态农业学报》2019,27(1):92-99

由于人类大量开采使用石油、煤炭、天然气等化石燃料,使大气CO₂浓度升高,这不但加速全球变暖,还将影响地球上动植物的生存和分布,从而对整个生态系统产生深远影响。为探明CO₂浓度升高与豌豆蚜（Acyrthosiphon pisum）虫口密度对紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）叶片内化学物质的影响,明确CO₂浓度升高和蚜虫密度在紫花苜蓿生理生化中的作用,试验在CO₂光照培养箱内设置380 μL·L^-1（对照）、550 μL·L^-1和750 μL·L^-1 3个CO₂浓度培育苜蓿幼苗并接入10日龄成蚜10头·株^-1、20头·株^-1、30头·株^-1,并以0头·株^-1作为空白对照,1周后测定植物体内营养物质和次生代谢物质含量。结果表明,随CO₂浓度升高,蚜虫密度为30头·株^-1时紫花苜蓿可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖以及淀粉含量均上升,在750 μL·L^-1 CO₂浓度下分别比CK上升11.62倍、0.49倍和0.24倍;黄酮、总酚和简单酚含量也显著上升。随蚜虫危害程度加重,同一CO₂浓度下紫花苜蓿淀粉、简单酚含量先上升后下降,高CO₂浓度蚜虫密度为30头·株^-1时比0头·株^-1时可溶性糖、总酚以及单宁含量上升1.66倍、1.49 mg·g^-1和1.09 mg·g^-1,差异均显著（P<0.05）。说明具有固氮作用的豆科植物更易于适应CO₂浓度升高的变化,从而在受到刺吸胁迫后增强自身诱导抗虫性以抵御害虫为害。  相似文献   

磷肥在旱地红壤上的后期效应及其作用机制     

石伟  张丽梅  王劲松  李聪平  顾朝令  赵会玉 《土壤学报》2022,59(4):1100-1111

红壤地区施入的磷肥很容易被吸附固定而留存于土壤中,降低磷肥利用效率,留存于土壤中的磷对土壤生态功能和作物养分供应的后续效应值得关注。基于旱地红壤长期施肥定位试验,探讨常规施肥处理（CK）以及短期施入不同磷肥量（P₂O₅,0、50、100、150和1 000 kg·hm^–2）多年后土壤养分、土壤氮循环过程和作物产量的变化特征。通过多元统计分析方法探讨不同磷肥处理下,土壤全碳、全氮和微生物生物量碳和氮转化过程的潜在速率以及产量等因子间的相互关系及其与磷的后期效应的关系。结果表明,在短期投入高剂量磷肥（1 000 kg·hm^–2,P1000）27年后,土壤全碳、全氮和微生物生物量碳与常规施肥处理相比无明显差异,但显著提高了土壤pH和氮循环相关过程速率,包括氮矿化速率（Nitrogen mineralization rate,N_min）、固氮酶活性（Soil nitrogenase activity,SNA）、潜在硝化速率（Potential nitrification rate,PNR）（P <0.05）,同时降低了净N₂O排放潜能（Net N₂O production rate,N_N2O）（P<0.05）。与不施磷（P0）和短期投入低剂量磷肥处理（50,100,150 kg·hm^–2）相比,P1000处理中,土壤有效磷（AP）、氮矿化速率、固氮酶活性、潜在硝化速率和潜在N₂O产生速率（P_N2O）分别增加了33.3%～76.4%、88.2%～388.1%、111.4%～4 826.3%、22.6%～152.4%和13.8%～78.9%（P <0.05）,同时净N₂O排放潜能也降低了64.6%～78.9%（P<0.05）,表现出明显的磷后效,且在作物生长季更为明显。相关分析和冗余分析表明AP和pH是影响以上土壤生物化学活性最主要的因子。近三年作物平均产量在所有处理中无显著差异,但与土壤TP、AP和pH呈显著正相关;但在长期尺度上（1992—2019年）,P1000处理相对于其他低磷处理累积增产效应达3%～23%。以上结果表明,酸性红壤中短期大量施用磷肥多年后,由于大量磷肥投入导致的土壤pH提升和磷的缓释效应,使得磷肥在促进土壤肥力、微生物活性和土壤氮循环转化活性方面表现出较明显的后期效应。  相似文献   

有机物料还田对冬小麦农田土壤温室气体排放影响的研究     

李春喜  李斯斯  邵云  马守臣  刘晴  翁正鹏  李晓波 《中国生态农业学报》2019,27(6):815-824

探讨有机物料还田对冬小麦田温室气体排放特性的影响,对提高经济效应和环境效应有积极意义。本研究应用静态箱-气相色谱法对秸秆还田（J）、秸秆还田+牛粪（JF）和秸秆还田+菌渣（JZ）3种有机物料还田下分别施氮肥243 kg （N）·hm^-2（减氮10%,N1）、216 kg （N）·hm^-2（减氮20%,N2）对冬小麦农田N₂O、CO₂和CH₄的排放通量进行监测,探讨了不同施肥措施对麦田温室气体累积排放量、增温潜势的影响。试验期间同步记录每项农事活动机械燃油量、施肥量和灌溉量,测定产量,地上部生物量,估算农田碳截留。结果表明,冬小麦农田土壤N₂O和CO₂是排放源,是CH₄的吸收汇,氮肥施入、灌溉以及强降水促进了土壤N₂O和CO₂的生成,却弱化了CH₄作为大气吸收汇的特征。牛粪+秸秆（JF）处理N₂O和CO₂排放总量最高,分别为3.5 kg （N₂O-N）·hm^-2和19 689.67 kg （CO₂-C）·hm^-2,但CH₄的吸收值最大,为5.33 kg （CH₄-C）·hm^-2,均显著高于菌渣+秸秆（JZ）和秸秆（J）处理（P<0.05）;各处理N₂O和CO₂的总量随施氮量的增加呈升高趋势,CH₄的总量随施氮量的增加而呈降低趋势。JFN2、JN2和JZN2处理农田综合增温潜势（GWP）均为负值,表明有机物料还田且减氮20%条件下农田生态系统为大气的碳汇,麦季净截留碳1 038~2 024 kg·hm^-2,其他处理GWP值均为正。JZN2处理小麦产量为8 061 kg·hm^-2,显著高于JFN2处理（P<0.05）。综上所述,JZN2处理不仅能够保证小麦产量,且对环境效应最有利,为本区域冬小麦较优的施肥管理模式。  相似文献   

河北典型农田大气重金属干沉降通量及来源解析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张国忠  黄威  潘月鹏  顾梦娜  吕雪梅  倪雪  何月欣  刘博文  王跃思  田世丽 《中国生态农业学报》2019,27(8):1245-1254

重金属是影响农田土壤环境质量和农产品品质的主要污染物,大气沉降是农田重金属的来源之一。长期以来,由于观测资料缺乏,对于我国农业区大气重金属的沉降量和来源认识一直不清楚。本研究基于河北典型农田连续1年的外场观测,测试分析了大气气溶胶9个粒径段中25种金属元素的含量,结合干沉降阻抗模型估算了这些金属的干沉降量,并利用PMF模型对其来源进行了解析。结果表明,该区域25种金属元素在细粒子（D_P ≤ 2.1 μm,D_P为空气动力学直径,下同）、粗粒子（2.1<D_P ≤ 9 μm）和巨粒子（D_P>9 μm）中的质量浓度存在较大差异。重金属（如：Zn、Cd和Pb等）主要富集在细粒子,而地壳源的金属（如：Al、Fe和Th等）主要富集在粗粒子。大多数金属元素的浓度呈现冬春季高于夏秋季的变化特征。Cr是细粒子和粗粒子中质量浓度最高的重金属,其次为As、Zn、Pb、V和Sb。重金属中,Cr的大气干沉降量最高,达350.7 mg·m^-2·a^-1,其次是As、Sb和V,分别为153.4 mg·m^-2·a^-1、103.1 mg·m^-2·a^-1和102.3 mg·m^-2·a^-1。研究区域大气中金属元素的主要来源为道路扬尘、工业、矿尘、燃煤和机动车排放。巨粒子中的金属主要来自矿尘源（62.0%）,细粒子中的金属主要来自燃煤、机动车和工业源（67.7%）。颗粒物的粒径越小,人为排放源的贡献越大,重金属的污染风险（富集因子）也越高。农田重金属污染防治需要充分考虑大气沉降的输入及来源的变化。  相似文献   

区域性土壤流失预测方程的初步研究   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  

杨艳生 《土壤学报》1990,27(1):73-79

应用我国南方花岗岩侵蚀红壤区的径流小区观测资料,采用数值分析方法推导出适合花岗岩侵蚀红壤区,计算各次降雨吋土壤流失量和年土壤流失量方程:A₁=4·y_s·K·LS;并利用野外调查量测资料,推导出适合长江三峡低中山区的土壤流失方程:A₂=(152.5D-1016)·R·LS·C^-2.3利用上述方程可以预测特定区域的土壤流失量。  相似文献   

华中地区旱地氮素矿化的能力   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

CHEN Jia-Zhou  QIN Hua-Chang 《土壤圈》1995,5(2):127-133

Nitrogen mineralization potentials of 15 soil samples were studied by the methods of soil aerobic incubation, and the correlation between the potentials and the amounts of nitrogen taken up by rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in pot culture was calculated. The soils were collected from Hubei Province in Central China. Soil nitrogen mineralization potentials (N_O) were calculated and optimized by a quick-BASIC program. N_O ranged from 60 mg kg^-1 to 340 mg kg^-1, which accounted for 9.1% to 34.6% of the total nitrogen content. Among the examined soils, yellow-brown soil collected from Wuhan had the largest N_O and brown-red soil from Xianning had the smallest one. The mineralization rate constants (k) ranged from 0.00556 d^-1 to 0.01280 d^-1, in average 0.00882 d^-1. Chao soil from Wuhan had the greatest k while yellow-cinnamon soil from Zhaoyang had the smallest one. There were apparent differences between mineralization parameters (N_O and k) optimized and non-optimized ones. Optimized N_O had a better correlation than non-optimized N_O with the amount of nitrogen accumulated in the aerial parts of rye grass. N_O, N_O × k and N_t(accumulated mineralized nitrogen within time t) could be used as indexes of soil nitrogen supply. Among them N_t was the best, which was significantly correlated with the amounts of nitrogen accumulated in the aerial parts of rye grass harvested at three different times.  相似文献   

藏东南高寒土坡面细沟水流输沙能力变化特征     

喻武  任德智  张鹏  姚甜甜  万丹  程街亮 《水土保持学报》2021,35(6):76-82

为探究高寒土坡面细沟侵蚀过程机理,建立科学的坡面细沟输沙能力因子模型,服务高寒坡面水土流失治理工作,以藏东南高寒土壤为研究对象,采用室内径流放水冲刷试验,探讨不同流量和坡度条件下细沟水流输沙能力特征。结果表明：（1）高寒土坡面细沟水流输沙能力的临界坡长随输沙能力的增加而变短,范围为3.27~8.31 m;坡度在15°~25°时,临界坡长大约稳定在5.0 m;（2）不同坡度下,高寒土细沟水流输沙能力与流量表现为明显的线性正相关关系（T_c=Aq）;小坡度的输沙能力受流量的影响程度大于大坡度;（3）高寒土细沟水流输沙能力与坡度可以用指数方程较好地表示（T_c=-ae^（-S/b）+c）,输沙能力随坡度的增大先快速增大,后逐渐过渡到平稳,当坡度达到15°时增幅平缓;（4）坡面细沟水流输沙能力可以用二元幂函数方程T_c=1697.83S^0.491q^1.043表示。通过本模型与其他模型的比较分析,ANSWERS模型在计算高寒土的坡面细沟水流输沙能力还值得商榷,本试验模型、Lei模型与Gao模型均能较好地模拟高寒区细沟侵蚀输沙能力。  相似文献   

中国陕西省施有机肥黄土NH₄⁺固定的热力学性质   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

FAN Xiao-Lin  ZHANG Yi-Ping  JUANG Zo-Chuan  ZHANG Fu-Suo 《土壤圈》1997,7(1):49-58

Some thermodynamic properties of NH₄⁺ fixation by loess soil in plowing and clay layers are discussed. The results indicate that the four ion adsorption equations commonly used can describe the properties of NH₄⁺ fixation in these soils under constant temperature. Among the four adsorption equations, the single-surface Langmuir equation is the best. When the concentration of NH₄Cl solution is 10^-1 mol below, the Freundlich equation can be used. The changes of apparent standard free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) illustrate that NH₄⁺ fixation in soil is an endothermic adsorption and spontaneous reaction, and the process can be enhanced by a higher temperature and clay content in soil. The "proper value of NH₄⁺ fixation by soil (K₁ × q_m) increased with increasing clay content and temperature. The heat of NH₄⁺ fixation in soil (Q_m) confirms the conclusions made in this paper.  相似文献   

不同水分供应对甘薯叶片光合与荧光特性的影响及其光响应模型比较     

吴海云  郭琪琳  王金强  李欢  刘庆 《中国生态农业学报》2019,27(6):908-918

水分供应对甘薯生长发育、产量形成具有重要影响。为探讨不同水分处理对甘薯光合与荧光特性的影响,本研究以鲜食型甘薯‘烟薯25号’为试验材料,研究不同水分处理下甘薯叶片的光合-光响应过程及其荧光特性,并利用不同模型对光响应过程进行拟合。研究结果表明：干旱和淹水处理显著降低了甘薯叶片净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）和蒸腾速率（T_r）;当PAR≤1 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,干旱及淹水处理P_n的降低主要受气孔限制,当PAR>1 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,P_n的降低主要受非气孔限制。荧光参数表明,干旱及淹水处理下甘薯叶片光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）对光的捕获及吸收能力下降,热耗散增加。光响应模型以直角双曲线修正模型拟合精度最高,且能拟合出饱和光强,适用于不同的土壤水分环境。模型拟合参数显示,所有处理甘薯叶片初始量子效率（α）为0.039~0.055,位于0~0.125的理论范围值内,干旱、淹水处理下甘薯叶片表现出显著的光饱和、光抑制现象,光能利用减弱,且淹水处理的光利用能力小于干旱处理。综合分析认为,直角双曲线修正模型是甘薯不同水分条件下光响应变化最佳模型。干旱及淹水处理均会对甘薯光系统造成损伤,使甘薯光合能力下降,淹水比干旱更易于降低甘薯叶片对光的利用能力,高光强会加重甘薯水分的胁迫程度。  相似文献   

The role of potassium in alleviating detrimental effects of abiotic stresses in plants   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Ismail Cakmak 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2005,168(4):521-530

Plants exposed to environmental stress factors, such as drought, chilling, high light intensity, heat, and nutrient limitations, suffer from oxidative damage catalyzed by reactive oxygen species (ROS), e.g., superoxide radical (O₂equation/tex2gif-sup-1.gif^–), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and hydroxyl radical (OHequation/tex2gif-sup-4.gif). Reactive O₂ species are known to be primarily responsible for impairment of cellular function and growth depression under stress conditions. In plants, ROS are predominantly produced during the photosynthetic electron transport and activation of membrane‐bound NAD(P)H oxidases. Increasing evidence suggests that improvement of potassium (K)‐nutritional status of plants can greatly lower the ROS production by reducing activity of NAD(P)H oxidases and maintaining photosynthetic electron transport. Potassium deficiency causes severe reduction in photosynthetic CO₂ fixation and impairment in partitioning and utilization of photosynthates. Such disturbances result in excess of photosynthetically produced electrons and thus stimulation of ROS production by intensified transfer of electrons to O₂. Recently, it was shown that there is an impressive increase in capacity of bean root cells to oxidize NADPH when exposed to K deficiency. An increase in NADPH oxidation was up to 8‐fold higher in plants with low K supply than in K‐sufficient plants. Accordingly, K deficiency also caused an increase in NADPH‐dependent O₂equation/tex2gif-sup-6.gif^– generation in root cells. The results indicate that increases in ROS production during both photosynthetic electron transport and NADPH‐oxidizing enzyme reactions may be involved in membrane damage and chlorophyll degradation in K‐deficient plants. In good agreement with this suggestion, increases in severity of K deficiency were associated with enhanced activity of enzymes involved in detoxification of H₂O₂ (ascorbate peroxidase) and utilization of H₂O₂ in oxidative processes (guaiacol peroxidase). Moreover, K‐deficient plants are highly light‐sensitive and very rapidly become chlorotic and necrotic when exposed to high light intensity. In view of the fact that ROS production by photosynthetic electron transport and NADPH oxidases is especially high when plants are exposed to environmental stress conditions, it seems reasonable to suggest that the improvement of K‐nutritional status of plants might be of great importance for the survival of crop plants under environmental stress conditions, such as drought, chilling, and high light intensity. Several examples are presented here emphasizing the roles of K in alleviating adverse effects of different abiotic stress factors on crop production.  相似文献   

氮磷钾肥用量对紫云英产量效应的研究   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

苏伟  鲁剑巍  刘威  曹卫东  鲁明星 《中国生态农业学报》2009,17(6):1094-1098

采用"3414"肥料效应试验设计方案对紫云英氮、磷、钾肥施用效应及养分的交互作用进行了研究,结果表明:与不施肥处理(CK)相比,13个施肥处理紫云英鲜草平均增产21.1 t·hm-2,平均产量为不施肥处理的2.35倍;分别固定磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)、钾(K2O 60 kg·hm-2)肥,氮(N75 kg·hm-2)、钾(K2O 60 kg·hm-2)肥和氮(N 75 kg·hm-2)、磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)肥用量,在施N 0～112.5 kg·hm-2,P2O5 0～90 kg·hm-2和K2O 0～90 kg·hm-2范围内,紫云英产量随相应肥料用量的增加而显著提高,N、P、K各养分施用的最高增产率分别为65.0%、27.8%和44.5%;从养分效率看,中量水平的氮(N 75.0 kg·hm-2)、磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)和低量水平的钾(K2O 30 kg·hm-2)增产效果最好;氮、磷、钾肥之间存在一定的交互作用,互相影响肥效的发挥,中量水平的养分用量(N 75.0 kg·hm-2、P2O5 60 kg·hm-2和K2O 60 kg·hm-2)有利于各养分效果的发挥.结果说明,施肥对紫云英增产效果明显,氮、磷、钾肥用量和配比是影响紫云英产量的重要因素.  相似文献   

不同施肥方法对双季稻区水稻产量及氮素流失的影响   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8  

段然  汤月丰  王亚男  王伟政  白玲玉  吴翠霞  文炯  曾希柏 《中国生态农业学报》2017,25(12):1815-1822

为保障粮食安全,减少稻田生态系统氮肥投入,提高氮肥利用率和减少氮素流失成为重要的农业和环境措施。本研究在位于湖南岳阳的农业部岳阳农业环境科学观测实验站开展为期1年的早稻、晚稻田间试验,比较了不施肥(T_1)、尿素常规施肥(T_2,施N 280 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 165 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120 kg·hm~(-2))、控释肥常规施用(T_3,施N 230 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 165 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120 kg·hm~(-2))、高量控释肥侧条施用(T_4,施N 230 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 138 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120 kg·hm~(-2))、中量控释肥侧条施用(T5,施N 180 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 123 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120kg·hm~(-2))及低量控释肥侧条施用(T6,施N 140 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 123 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120 kg·hm~(-2))下氮肥的养分利用率、作物产量及氮素流失情况,以期为稻田氮素合理利用提供理论依据。研究结果表明,控释肥侧条施用可有效提高水稻的产量和氮肥利用率,减少面源流失。1)在减少稻田秧苗数量和氮肥施用量的条件下,T_4处理的水稻早晚稻产量分别比T_2处理增加13.17%和4.72%,与T_3处理相比亦分别增加7.27%和1.74%;2)侧条施肥处理有效降低了稻田氮素流失量,年氮流失量为0.466~0.673 kg×hm~(-2),比常规施肥处理降低地表径流氮流失量3.54%~29.36%;3)侧条施肥有效提高了氮肥利用率,T_4处理的氮肥利用率分别是T_2、T_3处理的1.70倍和1.22倍。因此,采用合适的施肥方式、配施适量控释氮肥可获得较高的产值和收益。高量控释肥侧条施用(T_4)是本研究区域最佳的施肥模式,对实现现代化农业生产的高产高效、资源节约和生态环境保护具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Selection of type A and type B strains for improving symbiotic effectiveness on non-Rj and Rj4 genotype soybean varieties     

Aung Zaw Htwe  Takeo Yamakawa 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(5):566-575

The selection of effective rhizobia for higher efficiency nitrogen fixation is one of the most important steps for inoculant production. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to select the most effective type A and type B strains for specific Rj-gene harboring soybean varieties and to test the symbiotic effectiveness of selected strains on different Rj-gene harboring soybean varieties. Screening experiments using the specific soybean varieties were done with a completely randomized design and three replications in this study. Evaluation of the effective Myanmar Bradyrhizobium strains for plant growth, nodulation and N₂ fixation were studied in pot experiments using sterilized vermiculite in the Phytotron (controlled-environmental condition). Then, a pot experiment was conducted using Futsukaichi soil in the screen house (natural environmental condition). The N₂ fixation ability of soybean was evaluated by acetylene reduction activity (ARA) and the relative ureide index method. In the first screening experiment, type A and type B strains with higher nitrogen fixation and proper nodulation on their respective soybean cultivars were selected for the next screening. In the second screening, Bradyrhizobium elkanii AHY3-1 (type A), Bradyrhizobium japonicum SAY3-7 (type A), B. elkanii BLY3-8 (type B) and B. japonicum SAY3-10 (type B) isolates, which showed higher nitrogen fixation and nodulation in Yezin-3 (Rj₄) and Yezin-6 (non-Rj), were selected for the next experiment. In the third screening experiment, SAY3-7 and BLY3-8, which had higher nitrogen fixing potential and proper nodulation, were selected as effective isolates. These two isolates were compatible with non-Rj and Rj₄ soybean varieties for nodulation and nitrogen fixation. Based on the results of the screening experiment, these two strains were tested for their symbiotic efficacy in Futsukaichi soil. This study shows that inoculation treatment of SAY3-7 and BLY3-8 significantly increased plant growth, nodulation, and N₂ fixation at the V6, R3.5 and R8 stages in Yezin-3 (Rj₄) and/or Yezin-6 (non-Rj), and the seed yield at R8 stage, in Yezin-3 (Rj₄) and Yezin-6 (non-Rj) soybean varieties compared with the control treatment. It can be concluded that SAY3-7 and BLY3-8 are suitable for inoculant production because of their higher nitrogen fixation ability, proper nodulation and better productivity of Myanmar soybean cultivars.  相似文献   

轮作绿肥对盐碱地土壤性质、后作青贮玉米产量及品质的影响   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6  

郭耀东  程曼  赵秀峰  郝保平  张延芳  曹卫东  郑普山 《中国生态农业学报》2018,26(6):856-864

为明确种植和翻压绿肥改良和培肥盐碱地的效果,采用田间试验研究了种植和翻压毛叶苕子(Vicia villosa Roth.)、田菁(Sesbania cannabina Poir.)、草木樨(Melilotus officinalis L.)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa L.)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)6种绿肥对中度苏打盐碱地土壤理化性质、返还土壤的N、P_2O_5和K_2O数量、后作青贮玉米(Zea mays L.)鲜草产量及蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明:与对照(不种植绿肥)相比,绿肥生长后期可显著提高土壤含水量1.0%~6.2%,使pH降低0.03~0.43,EC降低0.12~1.50 mS×cm~(-1);翻压绿肥可返还土壤N 15.6~195.4 kg×hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 5.3~58.8 kg×hm~(-2)和K_2O 34.5~127.9 kg×hm~(-2),使土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾分别提高0.42~1.86 g×kg~(-1)、0.05~0.34 g×kg~(-1)、0.5~32.3 mg×kg~(-1)、0.42~4.65 mg×kg~(-1)和3.8~26.1 mg×kg~(-1);与对照相比,青贮玉米的鲜草产量和蛋白质含量分别增加1 294~19 391 kg×hm~(-2)和0.4~23.9 mg×g~(-1)。总体而言,种植和翻压豆科绿肥在保蓄土壤水分,降低土壤pH和EC,提升土壤有机质含量和N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分数量(特别是N素数量),提高青贮玉米鲜草产量与蛋白质等方面的效果均显著优于禾本科绿肥,其中以适应性强、生长快、生物量大的毛叶苕子处理的改良、培肥土壤,生产优质牧草的效果最好;其次是草木樨处理。种植和翻压豆科绿肥可有效改良中度苏打盐碱地,显著提高土壤肥力,提供无机养分替代部分化肥,提高优质牧草的生产,是适合大同盆地中度苏打盐碱地经济、有效和环保的改良模式,对稳定耕地面积、保证粮食安全具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Nodulation and nitrogen fixation of Lupinus species with Bradyrhizobium (lupin) strains in iron-deficient soil     

M. H. Abd-Alla 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1999,28(4):407-415

 The effect of six Bradyrhizobium sp. (lupin) strains (WPBS 3201D, WPBS 3211D, USDA 3040, USDA 3041, USDA 3042 and CB 2272) and Fe supply on nodulation, N₂-fixation and growth of three lupin species (Lupinus termis, L. albus and L. triticale) grown under Fe deficiency in an alkaline soil, were examined in sterilized and non-sterilized pot experiments. When inoculated with USDA 3040, 3041, 3042 and CB2272 without Fe addition, the three lupin species had a very low nodule number and mass, low shoot and root dry matter accumulation and lower N yield. However, inoculation with WPBS 3201D and 3211D without Fe treatments increased all these parameters substantially. The ability of WPBS 3201D and 3211D to form nodules on the three lupin species under conditions of Fe stress could be attributed to their ability to scavenge Fe from Fe-deficient environments through their siderophore production. Addition of Fe to the other four strains significantly increased nodulation and N₂-fixation of the three lupin species, indicating that the poorer nodulation and N₂-fixation of these strains in the absence of Fe, resulted from a low ability to obtain Fe from alkaline soils. Bradyrhizobium strains WPBS 3201D and 3211D were superior to the other four strains in terms of promoting greater nodulation, N₂-fixation, plant growth and N accumulation of L. termis and L. albus. However, the other four strains were more efficient in symbiotic association with L. triticale. The greater variations in nodule efficiencies (specific nitrogenase activity) under different levels of Fe supply could be attributed to the quantities of bacteroid protein and leghaemoglobin in the nodules. The results suggested that Bradyrhizobium (lupin) strains differ greatly in their ability to obtain Fe from alkaline soils, and that the selection of bradyrhizobial strains which are tolerant of Fe deficient soils could complement plant breeding for the selection of legume crops for Fe-deficient soils. Received: 5 January 1998  相似文献   

Nitrogen fixation,biomass production,and nutrient uptake by annual Sesbania species in an alkaline soil     

D. L. N. Rao  H. S. Gill 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1993,15(1):73-78

Summary In three field trials conducted during the summer season of 1986, 1987 and 1989 in an alkaline soil, 17 accessions of annual Sesbania spp. were evaluated for nodulation, N₂ fixation (acetylene reduction assay), dry weight of roots and shoots, woody biomass production, and nutrient uptake. At 50 days after sowing all the accessions were effectively nodulated (average 36.4 root nodules plant^-1) with a high nodule score (3.4). There was a lot of variation in nodule volume and mass and in acetylene reduction activity but not in N content (5.2%). N uptake in shoots, roots and nodules averaged 639, 31, and 13 mg plant^-1, respectively, and much of the fixed N remained in shoots. Accessions of S. cannabina complex performed better than others. S. rostrata had poor root nodulation but exhibited excellent stem nodulation (300 nodules plant^-1) even though not inoculated with Azorhizobium sp. Average concentrations of N, P, K, S, Ca, and Mg in the shoots were high, at 3.2, 0.28, 1.5, 0.28, 1.5, and 0.4% respectively, and Na was low (0.15%), reflecting the usefulness of Sesbania spp. as an integrated biofertilizer source. Green matter production was 26.0 Mg ha^-1 (5.9 Mg dry matter) and N uptake was 158 kg ha^-1, 54 days after sowing. Average woody biomass of six accessions at maturity, 200 days after sowing, was high (19.9 Mg ha^-1), showing its potential for shortterm firewood production. Total nutrient uptake for production of woody biomass (200 days of growth) was no more demanding than growing the plant to the green-manuring stage of 50–60 days' growth.  相似文献   

Conditions for successful Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in saline environments     

H. H. Zahran 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1991,12(1):73-80

Summary The Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in arid ecosystems is particularly important for locations where the area of saline soils is increasing and becoming a threat to plant productivity. Legumes, which are usually present in arid ecosystems, may be adapted to fix more N₂ under saline conditions than legumes grown in other habitats.Legumes are known to be either sensitive or moderately resistant to salinity. The salt sensitivity can be attributed to toxic ion accumulations in different plant tissues, which disturb some enzyme activities.Among the basic selection criteria for salt-tolerant legumes and rhizobia are genetic variability within species with respect to salt tolerance, correlation between accumulations of organic solutes (e. g., glycine betaine, proline betaine, and proline) and salt tolerance, and good relationships between ion distribution and compartmentation, and structural adaptations in the legumes.Salt stress reduces the nodulation of legumes by inhibiting the very early symbiotic events. Levels of salinity that inhibit the symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia are different from those that inhibit the growth of the individual symbionts. The poor symbiotic performance of some legumes under saline conditions is not due to salt limitations on the growth of rhizobia.Prerequisites for a successful Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in saline environments include rhizobial colonization and invasion of the rhizosphere, root-hair infection, and the formation of effective salt-tolerant nodules.The possibility of exploring the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis to improve the productivity of saline soils is reviewed in this paper.  相似文献   

Nodule phosphorus requirement and O2 uptake in common bean genotypes under phosphorus deficiency     

Adnane Bargaz  Jean-Jacques Drevon  Khalid Oufdou  Btissam Mandri  Mustapha Faghire 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(7):602-611

Abstract

The effect of P deficiency on nodulation, nodule P content, nodule O₂ permeability and N fixation rates in Phaseolus vulgaris–rhizobia symbiosis was studied under glasshouse conditions. Four recombinant inbred lines (L34, L83, L115 and L147) and one variety cultivated in Morocco (Concesa) were inoculated with Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 in hydroaeroponic culture. Two P levels i.e. 75 (deficient level) and 250 µmol plant^?1 week^?1 P (sufficient level) were applied and the trial was assessed 42 days after transplanting that coincide with plant flowering stage. Under P-deficiency, decrease of plant growth (18%) and nodule biomass (19%) was detected and significantly pronounced in the sensitive line L147 compared with the remaining genotypes. Additionally, under P-deficiency, the efficiency in use of rhizobial symbiosis, estimated by the slope of the regression model of shoot biomass as a function of nodule biomass, was significantly increased in the four lines. This constraint did not significantly influence nodule P content in Concesa, but it was 24 and 41% lower in the tolerant and in the sensitive lines, respectively. Nodule P content was positively correlated to nodule biomass, r=0.75, and shoot N, r=0.92. These genotypic variations were associated with variability in nodule O₂ permeability that was significantly affected by the P level-bean genotype interaction. Under P-deficiency, nodule O₂ permeability was significantly reduced in the tested genotypes and accompanied with a decrease in shoot N content, especially in the sensitive lines (35%). Moreover, the ratios plant N fixed: nodule P content and plant N fixed:nodule dry weight were affected under P-deficiency in four lines with an exception observed in Concesa. Depending on the observed data we concluded that N₂ fixation efficiency could be influenced by nodulation and level of nodule P requirement which depend on both bean genotypes and P level.  相似文献   

Dynamics of nodulation,nitrogen fixation,nitrogen use and biomass yield over time in pot-grown Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit     

B. D. Kadiata  K. Mulongoy  N. O. Isirimah 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1995,20(3):163-168

The dynamics of nodulation, N₂-fixation and N use in Leucaena leucocephala cv. K28 over time was investigated in a screenhouse at 4, 8, 12 and 16 months after planting (MAP) using the ¹⁵N-labelling method. Leucaena had a consistently increasing pattern of nodulation, dry biomass and nitrogen yield. A sharp rise in nodulation was observed between 12 and 16 MAP, whereas for biomass, N accumulation and N₂-fixation, and N₂-fixation, an upward surge occurred between 4 and 12 months. Nodulation, N accumulation, N₂-fixation and biomass yield all peaked at 16 MAP. Along with the steady increase in N₂-fixation throughout the 16-month growth period, the % N derived from the atmosphere rose from 17.9% to 61.5%, 70.1% and 74%, equivalent to 191, 1623, 2395 and 3385 mg N₂ fixed plant^-1 at 4, 8, 12 and 16 MAP, respectively. Nitrogen assimilation from soil and fertilizer decreased inversely to the increase in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with time.  相似文献