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1.
H.J.Th. Goos P.T. Bosma J. Bogerd C.P. Tensen C.P. Tensen K.W. Li K.W. Li M.A. Zandbergen R.W. Schulz 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1997,17(1-6):45-51
Two gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRHs) were identified in the African catfish: chicken GnRH-II (cGnRH-II) and catfish GnRH (cfGnRH). Immunological screening of HPLC fractions from pituitary extracts indicated a third GnRH which co-eluted with lamprey GnRH-III. However, mass determination and amino acid sequencing identified this material as isotocin. This underlines the risk of identifying multiple forms of GnRH in tissue extracts on the basis of immunoreactivity in HPLC fractions. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that cGnRH-II is an over 100-fold more potent gonadotropin (GTH) secretagogue than cfGnRH. This correlates with the respective receptor affinities. The presence of both GnRHs in the pituitary gland suggests that they may modulate each other's GTH release activity. Sub-threshold or low doses of cGnRH-II partly inhibited cfGnRH-induced GTH II secretion. Conversely, combinations of sub-threshold or low doses of cfGnRH with effective doses of cGnRH-II led to increases in GTH II levels similar to those induced by cGnRH-II alone. Combinations of submaximally effective dose of the 2 peptides resulted in additive effects. Hence, both GnRHs participate in the regulation of GTH II release, and their relative concentrations may determine the overall effect. Immunocytochemistry, using anti-bodies against the respective recombinant GnRH associated peptides (GAPs), as well as in situ hybridization showed that cfGnRH neurones are scattered in the ventral forebrain and project into the pituitary gland, while cGnRH-II neurones are confined to the midbrain tegmentum and without projections to the pituitary gland. Transfection experiments with GnRH receptor cDNA shows ligand activation characteristics similar to those of the native GnRH-R. Autoradiographic studies and hormone release studies indicate that GnRH-Rs in the African catfish pituitary gland are restricted to the gonadotrophs. 相似文献
2.
Reproduction in fishes is influenced by thyroid hormones at various levels of gonadal cell differentiation and steroidogenesis.
Thyroid hormones have recently also emerged as an important modulator of season- and photoperiod-dependent variations in the
reproductive cycle with a possible effect on the hypothalamo–hypophyseal axis and pineal interactions. This review describes
the current status of thyroid hormone research in relation to reproduction, with special emphasis on contributions to this
field by Indian researchers including our laboratory. Evidence is provided for the multifocal action of thyroid hormones at
various levels of the hypothalamo–hypophyseal–gonadal axis affecting reproduction. The underlying physiological and molecular
mechanisms pertaining to thyroid hormone modulation of reproduction, such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) synthesis
and release, androgen and gonadotropin receptor expression, gonadotropin (GTH) expression, and tissue sensitivity to GTHs
are highlighted with relevant discussions of the current technical limitations, applications, and future perspectives of research
in this field. 相似文献
3.
Sylvie Dufour Nadine Le Belle Sylvie Baloche Yves-Alain Fontaine 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1989,7(1-6):157-162
Treatment of sham-operated female silver eels with carp pituitary extract stimulated ovarian development and induced increases
in pituitary gonadotropin (GTH) and gonadoliberin (GnRH) contents. Both effects of carp pituitary extract were abolished in
ovariectomized eels, indicating the involvement of the gonads. Endogenous sexual steroids, the secretion of which was increased
during sexual maturation, should be responsible for the stimulation of GTH and GnRH levels. Ovariectomy itself had no significant
effect on pituitary GTH and GnRH contents, reflecting the fact that, at the silver stage, sexual steroid levels are too low
to exert any significant effect on pituitary GTH and GnRH. The positive feedback control exerted by the gonads on GTH and
GnRH levels during sexual maturation, in the eel as well as in some other teleosts, would produce an amplification of the
pubertal stimulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. 相似文献
4.
M. Kobayashi M. Amano M.H. Kim Y. Yoshiura Y.C. Sohn H. Suetake K. Aida 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1997,17(1-6):1-8
Reproductive activities in vertebrates are regulated by an endocrine system, consisting of the brain-pituitary-gonad axis. In teleosts, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the brain stimulates gonadotropin (GTH) release in the pituitary gland, but because of lack of the portal vessel, it is not known when and how much GnRH is released for the regulation of GTH release. There are multiple molecular types of GnRH in teleosts and several distinct populations of GnRH neurons in the brain. However, we do not know which types and populations of GnRH neurons regulate reproductive activities. Here we summarize our recent studies on GnRH and GTH in masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou and goldfish Carassius auratus. Immunocytochemistry showed the location and molecular types of GnRH neurons. Salmon (sGnRH) and chicken-II GnRH (cGnRH-II) neuronal fibers were widely distributed in the brain of both masu salmon and goldfish. Only sGnRH fibers were observed in the pituitary of masu salmon, whereas both sGnRH and cGnRH-II fibers were observed in the goldfish pituitary, indicating that species specific GnRH profiles are involved in the regulation of pituitary function in teleosts. A series of experiments in masu salmon and goldfish suggest that among GnRH neuron populations GnRH neurons in the ventral telencephalon and the hypothalamus regulate GTH release, and that GnRH of the terminal nerve origin is not essential to gonadal maturation and ovulation. The biological function of other GnRH neurons remains unkown. Two GTHs appear to be characteristic of teleost; however, regulation of reproduction by these GTHs is a question that remains to be elucidated. In salmonid species, it is proposed that GTH I stimulates early gonadal development, whereas GTH II acts in later stages. When GTH expression was examined in goldfish, both GTH I and II mRNA levels in the pituitary gland showed increases in accordance with gonadal development, unlike the sequential expression of GTH subunits in salmonids. The expression of these GTH subunit mRNAs were affected by water temperature, starvation, and steroid hormones in goldfish, but in what manner these two GTHs regulate gonadal development remains to be clarified. 相似文献
5.
Pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor activity in goldfish and catfish: seasonal and gonadal effects 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
H. R. Habibi R. De Leeuw C. S. Nahorniak H. J. Th Goos R. E. Peter 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1989,7(1-6):109-118
The goldfish pituitary contains two classes of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) binding sites, a high affinity/low capacity
site and a low affinity/high capacity site (Habibiet al. 1987a), whereas the catfish pituitary contains a single class of high affinity GnRH binding sites (De Leeuwet al. 1988a). Seasonal variations in pituitary GnRH receptor binding parameters, and the effect of castration on pituitary GnRH
receptor binding were investigated in goldfish and catfish, respectively. In goldfish, GnRH receptors undergo seasonal variation
with the highest pituitary content of both high and low affinity sites occurring during the late stages of gonadal recrudescence.
The observed changes in pituitary GnRH receptor content correlate closely with responsiveness to a GnRH agonistin vivo in terms of serum gonadotropin (GTH) levels. In catfish, castration results in a two-fold increase in pituitary GnRH receptor
content, which can be reversed by concomitant treatment with androstenedione, but not by the non-aromatizable androgen 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione;
changes observed in GnRH receptor content correlate with variations in serum GTH levels and responsiveness to a GnRH agonist.
In summary, the present study provides a clear evidence for seasonal variation in pituitary GnRH receptor activity in goldfish,
and demonstrates a gonadal feedback mechanism regulating GnRH receptor activity in the catfish pituitary. 相似文献
6.
In vivo andin vitro techniques were used to examine the influence of various vertebrate peptides on growth hormone (GH) secretion in the goldfish.
Tetradecapeptide somatostatin (SRIF-14) was found to inhibit GH secretionin vitro from perifused pituitary fragments, whereas similar concentrations of a salmonid SRIF peptide (sSRIF-25) did not affect GH
secretion from the goldfish pituitary fragments. This indicates that SRIF receptors on the goldfish pituitary are very specific
for SRIF-14-like peptides. Salmon gonadotropin (GTH)-releasing hormone (sGnRH) was found to elevate serum GH levels in male
goldfish. The dopamine antagonist pimozide alone or injected in combination with sGnRH did not influence serum GH levels,
although injection of pimozide alone significantly elevated serum GTH levels, in addition to potentiating the effects of sGnRH
on GTH secretion. sGnRH stimulated GH secretion from goldfish pituitary fragmentsin vitro, indicating that sGnRH acts directly at the level of the pituitary to stimulate GH secretion in the goldfish. These results
suggest that GnRH may also function as a GH-releasing factor in the goldfish, although the release-inhibitory factors for
GH and GTH secretion do appear to be separate and distinct. Two human GH-releasing hormone (hGHRH) peptides were found to
be ineffective in altering GH secretionin vitro from the perifused pituitary fragments. Consequently, a role for a mammalian GHRH-like peptide in the hypothalamic regulation
of GH secretion in the goldfish remains questionable. 相似文献
7.
T. Kitani S. Matsumoto H. Yamada M. Amano M. Iwata H. Ueda 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2003,28(1-4):269-270
Levels of two moleculer types of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), salmon GnRH (sGnRH) and chicken GnRH–II (cGnRH–II) in the various brain regions and pituitary gland of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and chum salmon (O. keta) during smoltification and spawning migration, respectively, were measured using specific time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA) systems. Changes in sGnRH levels in different brain regions tended to be specifically synchronized with serum thyroid hormone or pituitary gonadotropin (GTH) levels during smoltification and spawning migration, respectively. In contrast, cGnRH–II levels did not show such synchronized changes. SGnRH and cGnRH–II in various brain regions might have different roles during smoltification and spawning migration of salmonid fishes. 相似文献
8.
Nishikant Subhedar Archana Gaikwad K. C. Biju Subhash Saha 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2005,31(2-3):167-172
Significance of NPY in the regulation of GnRH–LH axis was evaluated. Considerable NPY immunoreactivity was seen in the components
like olfactory system, basal telencephalon, preoptic and tuberal areas, and the pituitary gland that serve as neuroanatomical
substrates for processing reproductive information. Close anatomical association as well as colocalizations of NPY and GnRH
were seen in the olfactory receptor neurons, olfactory nerve fibers and their terminals in the glomeruli, ganglion cells of
nervus terminalis, medial olfactory tracts, fibers in the ventral telencephalon and pituitary. In the pituitary, NPY fibers
seem to innervate the GnRH as well as LH cells. Intracranial administration of NPY resulted in significant increase in the
GnRH immunoreactivity in all the components of the olfactory system. In the pituitary, NPY augmented the population of GnRH
fibers and LH cells. HPLC analysis showed that salmon GnRH content in the olfactory organ, bulb, preoptic area+telencephalon
and pituitary was also significantly increased following NPY treatment. NPY may play a role in positive regulation of GnRH
throughout the neuraxis and also up-regulate the LH cells in the pituitary. 相似文献
9.
Pituitary gonadotropin (GTH) secreting cells and brain gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secreting neurons are known to be subjected to feedback control by gonadal steroid in teleosts. In masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, salmon GnRH (sGnRH) neurons in the ventral telencephalon (VT) and the preoptic area (POA) are involved in the control of GTH cells because sGnRH synthesis in these areas is activated with gonadal maturation. In this study, we attempted to clarify mechanisms of feedback control of sGnRH neurons by gonadal steroids. We examined the effects of 17-methyltestosterone (MT) on sGnRH synthesis in yearling and 2-year-old female fish (which were immature during experimentation in May), and the effects of castration on sGnRH synthesis in underyearling precocious male fish in August. sGnRH synthesis in the POA, but not in the VT, was increased by MT administration in 2-year-old females only, indicating higher sensitivity to MT in the preoptic sGnRH neurons. Castration increased sGnRH synthesis in the VT but not in the POA. These results suggest that sGnRH neurons in the VT and those in the POA are differentially regulated by gonadal steroids. 相似文献
10.
Three molecular species of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) mRNA-containing neuronal populations (terminal nerve: salmon-GnRH; preoptic area: seabream-GnRH; midbrain: chic- ken-GnRH-II) have been localized in teleosts. While the termi- nal nerve GnRH neurons originate from the olfactory placode, a separate intracerebral source of origin for preoptic and midbrain neurons is possible. The preoptic GnRH neurons are regulated by gonadal steroids and gonadal maturation, however, the regulation and role of terminal nerve and midbrain GnRH neurons in teleosts reproduction is speculative and debatable. 相似文献
11.
Masafumi Amano Kataaki Okubo Takeshi Yamanome Yoshitaka Oka Shoji Kitamura Kazumasa Ikuta Akiyoshi Takahashi Katsumi Aida Kunio Yamamori 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2003,28(1-4):19-22
Multiple forms of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) exist in teleost fish. A salmonid fish, masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou has salmon GnRH (sGnRH) and chicken GnRH-II (cGnRH-II). sGnRH neurons were scattered from the olfactory nerve through the ventral telencephalon (VT) and the preoptic area (POA). sGnRH but not cGnRH-II was detected in the pituitary. sGnRH mRNA levels in the VT and the POA increased during gonadal maturation, suggesting that sGnRH neurons in these areas are involved in gonadal maturation. sGnRH neurons were first detected in a cluster near the olfactory epithelium 40 days after fertilization. sGnRH neurons were not detected in the brain by the olfactory epithelia lesion, suggesting that sGnRH neurons are derived from the olfactory epithelium. A pleuronectiform fish, barfin flounder Verasper moseri has sGnRH, cGnRH-II and seabream GnRH (sbGnRH). sGnRH and cGnRH-II-immunoreactive fibers were observed throughout the brain, but not in the pituitary. sbGnRH neurons were located in the POA and sent fibers to the pituitary, indicating that sbGnRH is involved in GTH secretion. Judging from the location of neuronal somata and their projections, it is indicated that three GnRH systems exist in the barfin flounder; the TN-, the MT- and the POA-GnRH system. However, in masu salmon, clear anatomical identification of the TN- and the POA-GnRH system is difficult, because the GnRH neurons located in the ventral forebrain are consecutive and the GnRH form produced in these neurons is the same (sGnRH). Thus, it is suggested in masu salmon that sGnRH neurons are derived from the olfactory epithelium, migrate into the brain and play different roles according to the location in the brain. 相似文献
12.
A. Supriya K. Raghuveer I. Swapna M. K. Rasheeda T. Kobayashi Y. Nagahama Aparna Dutta Gupta K. C. Majumdar B. Senthilkumaran 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2005,31(2-3):267-270
In the present study, thiourea-induced thyroid hormone depletion and thyroxine (T4) ‘overdose’ were used as a strategy to understand the influence of thyroid hormones on ovarian recrudescence of juvenile
(3-months-old), immature (8-months-old) and adult (1-year-old) air-breathing catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Thiourea-induced thyroid hormone depletion in juvenile catfish impaired ovarian development, but no significant effect was
observed in immature catfish and during late stage of ovarian recrudescence of mature catfish. T4 treatment in females undergoing late stages of ovarian recrudescence induced rapid oocyte growth by promoting its early entry
into maturational phase as evident from the presence of more number of vitellogenic and post-vitellogenic follicles, decrease
in aromatse immunoreactivity and reduced estradiol–17β levels. Hence, thyroid hormones have an important role to play during early stages of ovarian development and vitellogenesis
of catfish and also indicating that thyroid has a stage dependent effect on ovary. 相似文献
13.
John P. Chang Richard M. Jobin Anderson O. L. Wong 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):25-33
Evidence for the involvement of Ca2+, protein kinase C, cAMP, and arachidonic acid metabolism in mediating gonadotropin (GTH) and growth hormone (GH) release
in the goldfish is reviewed. Models for the signal transduction pathways mediating GTH-releasing hormone (GnRH) and dopamine
actions on GTH and GH secretion are postulated. A novel hypothesis that two GnRHs which bind to the same receptor type activate
different transduction cascade in two different cell types (GTH vs. GH) as well as within the same cell type (GTH) is presented.
Résumé Cette revue présente les données expérimentales démontrant l'implication de Ca++, de la protéine kinase C et du métabolismes de l'acide arachidonique dans les mécanismes régulant la sécrétion des hormones gonadotrope (GTH) et de croissance (GH). Des modèles de signaux de transduction de l'action de la gonadolibérine (GnRH) et de la dopamine sur la sécrétion de GTH et de GH sont proposés. Les deux GnRHs existant chez le poisson rouge pourraient se lier au même type de récepteur et activer différentes voies de transduction dans deux différents types cellulaires (GTH vs. GH) ou dans un seul type (GTH).相似文献
14.
甲状腺激素在鱼类的生长、发育、生殖等过程中均起着至关重要的作用,环境内分泌干扰物能够通过不同途径干扰硬骨鱼的甲状腺轴.本研究在介绍硬骨鱼下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴调控机制以及甲状腺激素在鱼体内动态变化过程的基础上,从甲状腺激素的合成、转运、转化、代谢以及清除等角度,总结了目前常用于指示鱼类甲状腺轴受干扰的指标,并从甲状腺轴生物标志物的研发、环境内分泌干扰物活体暴露时间和浓度选择、体外/体内相结合评价体系的建立以及微观水平指标与宏观水平指标相结合的角度,展望了该领域今后的研究重点和方向,以期为环境内分泌干扰物对鱼类甲状腺轴干扰作用研究提供更多的参考. 相似文献
15.
R. W. Schulz H. Paczoska-Eliasiewicz D. G. P. E. Satijn H. J. Th. Goos 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):107-115
11-ketotestosterone (OT) is a typical androgen of male teleost fish, but information on the question if it is involved in the feedback regulation of pituitary gonadotropin II (GTH-II) secretion is controversial. We have therefore studied the effects of OT on gonadotropin releasing-hormone (GnRH) stimulated GTH-II secretion in male African catfish Clarias gariepinus). In vivo experiments were carried out with intact and castrated fish. OT plasma levels were increased by implantation of silastic capsules containing 11-ketoandrostenedione (OA) which is converted to OT in both intact and castrated fish. When intact males received OA- or blank-capsules, treatment with salmon gonadotropin releasing-hormone analogue (Des-Gly10-D-Arg6-sGnRH-NEt; 0.2 μg sGnRHa/kg body weight) elevated the plasma GTH-11 levels in both groups. However, the levels were about 2 times higher in blank- than in OA-implanted fish. When castrated fish received either blank-or OA-capsules, sGnRHa treatment led to plasma GTH levels significantly higher than in sham-operated fish. However, there was no difference between the blank- or OA-implanted castrates, though OA implantation led to a restoration of OT plasma levels. This suggests that replacement ofOT is insufficient to reverse castration-induced effects. In vitro experiments were carried out with pituitary tissue fragments using a static culture system. The tissue remained sensitive to sGnRHa (5 × 10?9M) for 4 days after the beginning of incubation. Preincubation of pituitary tissue for 24 hours with 25 ng OT/ml medium (80 nM) completely abolished the stimulatory effect of sGnRHa on GTH-II secretion. Tritiated OT was not metabolized by pituitary tissue during 6 hours of incubation. We conclude that 11-ketotestosterone, a quantitatively prominent and non-aromatizeable circulating androgen participates, at least in part by direct action on the pituitary, in the negative feedback regulation of GnRH-stimulated GTH-II secretion in male African catfish. 相似文献
16.
本研究首次通过下丘脑离体孵育的方法研究促性腺激素抑制激素(Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone,GnIH)多肽对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)下丘脑中生殖相关基因的表达调控.研究结果显示,tsGnIH-1促进了gnrh2和gnih的表达,对gnrh3和kiss2的表达无影响;tsGnIH-2抑制了gnrh3的表达,对gnrh2、kiss2和gnih的表达无影响.GnIH多肽对生殖相关基因的不同调控表明同一前体蛋白编码的不同GnIH多肽在生殖调控中的作用不尽相同.本研究结果增加了对GnIH参与鱼类生殖调控机制的认识,为深入研究奠定了基础. 相似文献
17.
B. Lal 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2007,33(4):455-462
Numerous studies are available reporting the effects of pesticides on reproductive activity in Indian fishes. The majority
of these reports deals with histopathological changes in gonads and endocrine glands involved in the regulation of reproduction
following treatment with different pesticides. Pesticides are reported to cause degenerative changes in gonads and arrest
gametogenic processes either by acting directly on the gonads or by interfering with the secretory activity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal/thyroid
axis that regulates various reproductive events. Secretion of hormones such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), gonadotropin,
growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), testosterone, estrogens, 17,20β-dihydroxyprogesterone and thyroid hormones
are in general lowered, leading to cessation of gametogenesis, vitellogenesis, oocyte maturation, ovulation, spermiation,
etc. Adverse effects of pesticides have also been demonstrated on fecundity, fertilization, hatching, and postembryonic development.
The effects are highly variable and depend on the nature, dose, and mode of application of the pesticides. 相似文献
18.
以珠江流域鲇为研究对象，分别在性腺发育早期、性腺发育晚期、性腺发育成熟与产卵前期、性腺退化期注射促黄体素释放激素类似物和多巴胺D2受体拮抗物，处理后6h、12h、24h测定血液中的促性腺激素水平变化。结果表明，在性腺发育的各个时期，促黄体素释放激素类似物和多巴胺D2受体拮抗物联合注射能显著剂激鲇促性腺激素分泌；鲇脑垂体促性腺激素的分泌受下丘脑释放的促性腺素释放激素和多巴胺的双重调节，多巴胺只能抑制促性腺素释放激素诱导的促性腺激素分泌。在建立鲇人工繁殖技术时，可采用促黄体素释放激素类似物和多巴胺D2受体拮抗物联合注射方法。 相似文献
19.
20.
R. Kirubagaran B. Senthilkumaran C. C. Sudhakumari K. P. Joy 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2005,31(2-3):183-188
In the present investigation, significant annual/seasonal variations were noticed in plasma and pituitary gonadotropin (GTH)
which were correlated with gonado-somatic index, plasma estradiol-17β, and nuclear E2 receptor (NE2R) in the pituitary, hypothalamus and telencephalon. The NE2R concentrations and dissociation constant (k
d) values showed significant seasonal variations with high values in the late preparatory phase and low values in the postspawning
phase. The NE2R levels were the highest in the pituitary, followed by the hypothalamus and telencephalon in all the seasons. In the prespawning
phase, ovariectomy (OVX) elicited a strong negative feedback on GTH secretion with a bimodal pattern of release and elevated
the NE2R levels and k
d values, without producing any significant change in the resting phase suggesting that E2 appears to exert differential feedbacks on GTH secretion. 相似文献