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1.
研究了两种有机肥（腐熟牛粪和烘干鸡粪）作底肥及其与化学氮肥（尿素）配施对黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L．）日光温室栽培条件下的土壤NO3^--N运移特点。结果表明，烘干鸡粪和腐熟牛粪的矿化均可增加温室内土壤NO3^--N积累，黄瓜收获后分别比不施肥（对照）增加了118．2％和118．8％（0—30cm土层）；腐熟牛粪和烘干鸡粪与化学氮肥配施后，可使土壤表层（0—30cm）NO3^--N含量分别增加225．5％和321．9％，而使温室深层土壤（60-90cm）NO3^--N含量分别增加167．6％和184．2％，故本试验条件下无论增施腐熟牛粪还是烘干鸡粪作底肥均可显著提高土壤NO3^--N积累，进一步追施化学氮肥则使土壤NO3^--N积累相应显著提高，而两种有机肥处理之间对温室土壤NO3^--N积累的影响无显著差异。 相似文献
2.
硫酸钾镁肥对小白菜、茶叶、西瓜产量和品质的影响 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
通过田间试验，研究在施川氮、磷肥基础上，配施硫酸钟镁肥对小白菜、茶叶、西瓜的产量、品质及主要农艺性状的影响。结果表明：施用钟肥都能增加产垦，提高品质。施硫酸钾镁与施硫酸钾或氯化钾相比，小白菜产量提高3．81％和9．88％，茶叶产量提高8．75％和3．81％；小白菜NO3^-含量降低180．7mg／kg和52．5mg／kg；茶叶游离氨基酸含量增加0．30％和0．27％，茶多酚含量减少0．90％和3．63％，咖啡碱含量增加0．31％和0．19％；西瓜中心可溶性固形物增加0．07％和0．57％，Vc含量提高8．84％和7．35％。施用硫酸钾镁比施用硫酸钾或氯化钾每公顷增加经济效益733～4041元。 相似文献
3.
双氰胺在四川3种主要土壤上的硝化抑制作用 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
采用室内培养试验方法，在不同浓度双氰胺（DCD）处理条件下，对四川3种主要土壤（紫色土，黄壤，灰潮土的N2O释放量，NH4^ -N及NO3^--N含量动态变化进行了研究，结果表明，DCD对3种土壤N2O释放及土壤NO3^-－N含量有明显抑制作用，随DCD浓度增加，其抑制效果越显著，DCD同时能推迟NO3^-－N含量达到高峰，使土壤NH4^ －N含量在较长时间保持相对较高水平，提高氮肥利用率，减少氮素流失，DCD在3种土壤上硝化抑制效果存在差异，表现为紫色土＞灰潮土＞黄壤，同时提出DCD在3种土壤上的适宜添加量，紫色土上为普通碳铵施入量的0．5％，黄壤和灰潮土上为0．3％。 相似文献
4.
玉米地土壤反硝化速率与N2O排放通量的动态变化 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
应用乙炔抑制原状土柱培育法测定了4种施肥处理的玉米地N素反硝化损失速率和氧化亚氮（N2O）排放通量，并分析了它们与土壤湿度、土壤温度以及硝态氮（NO3^-－N）含量之间的关系，计算了因反硝化和N2O排放造成的N肥损失率。结果表明，玉米生育期内土壤N素的反硝化损失量为0．67－3．85kg/hm^2，N肥的反硝化损失率为0．5％－1．5％；土壤N2O排放总量为0．55－1．42kg/hm^2，N肥的N2O排放系数为0．2％－0．5％。 相似文献
5.
大量氮肥施用,易造成菜地土壤硝酸盐累积并引起地下水硝酸盐污染和蔬菜硝酸盐含量超标。为降低菜田氮素累积及环境污染风险,采用根深差异蔬菜间作的方法,研究其对土壤硝态氮时空变异规律和蔬菜硝酸盐含量的影响,选择根系较深的萝卜和根系较浅的芹菜进行间作种植大田试验。结果表明,无论在作物的生长前期还是收获期,此种间作增加了0～20cm土层NO3^- -N含量,同时降低了20cm以下土层NO3^- -N含量,能够减少土壤中NO3^- -N的向下移动。从土壤NO3^- -N累积剖面分布规律看,间作区0～40cm土层NO3^-—N累积量高于单作区,而40～100cm土层NO3^- -N累积量低于单作区,间作区土壤0—100cm土层NO3^- -N总累积量减少,收获期分别比萝卜和芹菜单作区降低1．4％、9．0％。间作有降低萝卜和芹菜硝酸盐的趋势,而间作区萝卜全氮含量显著高于单作区,同时间作显著提高了萝卜产量,此种间作还能够减少氮素的表观损失。总之,合理搭配的蔬菜间作既能够增强土壤对氮素的保蓄能力,减少土壤NO3^- -N淋移,对蔬菜产量和品质也有一定正效应。 相似文献
6.
研究了山东寿光设施土壤盐分的变化规律。结果表明：（1）设施土壤的盐分含量高，变化幅度大。耕层盐分含量为2．69g kg^-1（CV=58％），而相应的露地仅为0．61g kg^-1（CV=14％）。（2）设施土壤连续种植到4a左右，其耕层的盐分含量则可达到限制作物正常生长的临界点，此后盐分含量随采取的各种管理措施而有所降低。土壤次生盐渍化是造成温室可持续利用周期较短的主要原因。（3）除HCO3^-外，NO3^-、SO4^2-、Cl^-、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋在剖面的累积明显高于露地，且以NO3^-和Ca^2＋的相对富集为主要特征，两者可占耕层盐分离子总量的47．4％和19．3％。（4）与露地相比，盐分离子在设施土壤剖面存在着明显的累积和向下迁移现象，同时在剖面的分布还具有明显的表聚特征，其中NO3^-的大量累积和向下层迁移已严重影响到当地地下水水质。 相似文献
7.
华北潮土长期试验中的作物产量、氮肥利用率及其环境效应 总被引：36，自引：4，他引：36
在河南封丘潮土上进行了小麦、玉米轮作的长期肥料试验，对该长期试验的作物产量、氮利用率及其环境效应进行了分析。结果表明，在施氮量为150kg hm^-2季^-1的情况下，化肥N、P、K配合施用（NPK），小麦和玉米产量最高，且年际之间变化小，14a平均产量分别为5261kg hm^-2和7633kg hm^-2。在等N、P、K的情况下，1／2氮用有机肥（1／20M），作物产量略低于NPK；全部氮用有机肥（OM），平均产量分别降低22％和16％，产量年际变化大，但表现出随时间而提高的趋势。小麦和玉米氮肥平均利用率NPK分别为60％和61％、1／20M为51％和56％，OM为33、6％和42．5％。上述处理的表层土壤（0～20cm）全氮含量均显著增加，增加幅度依次递增；作物吸收和表层土壤残留氮合计占氮肥施用量的69％、75％和69％，均未发现NO3^-盐向土壤剖面深层的移动，N2O的排放系数〈0．24％。不施P肥的处理（NK），作物产量极低，氮肥利用率几乎为零，且有大量的NO3^-向剖面深层迁移，在0～100cm范围内，NO；含量随着深度的增加而提高，但N2O排放系数小于上述3处理。由此可以得出，在该土壤上采用小麦、玉米轮作，年氮施用量300kg hm^-2，如果配合P、K肥，可以持续保持较高的产量，且不造成NO3^-盐淋移和大量N2O排放。 相似文献
8.
采用砂培实验研究NH4^＋-N部分代替NO3^1-N对番茄的影响，结果表明：与全硝处理（100％NO3）相比较，增铵处理（NH4^＋：NO3^-=25％：75％）下番茄鲜果重显著提高；同时叶片内NO3^--N含量随增铵而显著降低，叶片与果实内NH4^＋-N含量及果实的可溶性蛋白含量随增铵而升高；增铵条件抑制了叶片和果实的硝酸还原酶（NR）活性，提高了叶片和果实的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPcase）活性及叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性，但对果实的谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性影响不大。上述结果表明，NH4^＋-N部分代替NO3^--N可增加番茄产量，提高集约化基地的生产量。 相似文献
9.
生物有机无机复混肥对番茄产量、品质及土壤的影响 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
研究了不同肥料对大棚番茄及其土壤的影响。结果表明：生物有机无机复混肥对番茄产量、品质和土壤养分有重要的作用。与NPK无机复混肥、常规施肥相比，生物有机无机复混肥可使番茄产量增加7．34％～13．64％，果实可溶性糖、有机酸、维生素C、糖酸比分别提高18．2％～23．2％、8．3％～15．6％、13．2％～15．1％、9．1％～12．6％，果实中硝酸盐(NO3^-)含量下降22．9％～23．8％。土壤耕层有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别增加8．25％～10．48％、9．43％～14．71％、11．29％～15．00％、13．60％～18．34％。根际土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量依次增加45．45％～60．00％、14．29％～33．33％、44．19％～100．00％，细菌与真菌数量比值提高19．98％～37．27％。 相似文献
10.
桓台县高产农田土壤硝态氮淋失动态研究 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13
试验研究高产农田生态系统条件下N肥施用量和秸秆还田对土体硝态氮（NO3^--N）的时空分布动态结果表明，NO3^- -N含量在空间上随土壤深度而降低，这一相关关系可用Y=aX^b函数表达。小麦-玉米2季秸秆还田同单季小麦秸秆还田对NO3^- -N的动态影响较小，但相同施N量下未进行玉米秸秆还田0-40cm土层土壤中NO3^- -N含量偏高，土体NO3^- -N有淋失较强的趋势。土体NO3^- -N含量年度内波动大小与施N量密切相关，0-40cm土层土壤内NO3^- -N含量起伏最大，60cm土层以下相对稳定。各土层内NO3^- -N含量与施N量相关密切，这一相关关系影响到2m土层深度。土体中NO3^- -N含量周年内出现2次峰值和1次低谷，峰值出现在玉米和小麦收获后，低谷发生在小麦苗期-开花期土体养分大量吸收时期。9月下旬2m土层土壤NO3^- -N含量可高达10mg/kg，而且有淋失出2m土体的趋势。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献