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1.
《水土保持学报》2014,(6)
为了解生态恢复对沙化草地土壤活性有机碳的影响,通过野外实地调查,选取了生态恢复分别为0,2,4,6,8a的区域作为研究对象,并结合土壤样品的采集和室内分析,研究了川西北沙化草地不同生态恢复年限土壤有机碳和活性有机碳组分含量及其变化特征。结果表明:生态恢复过程中沙化草地各土层土壤有机碳、溶解性有机碳、易氧化有机碳、微生物量碳含量均有不同程度增加,其中0-20cm土层变化最为明显,不同生态恢复年限土壤有机碳、溶解性有机碳、易氧化有机碳、微生物量碳含量均达到了极显著差异水平(P0.01)。生态恢复8a后沙化草地土壤有机碳、溶解性有机碳、易氧化有机碳、微生物量碳含量分别为6.14g/kg,55.43mg/kg,0.86g/kg,128.94mg/kg,均高于未生态恢复的沙化草地,且呈极显著差异(P0.01);20-40cm和40-60cm土层土壤有机碳、溶解性有机碳、易氧化有机碳、微生物量碳含量也呈现出逐步增加的特征,但其增加幅度及差异显著性均不及0-20cm土层。沙化草地植被盖度对土壤0-20cm土层响应更为明显,活性有机碳组分之间呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。 相似文献
2.
为揭示重庆市缙云山不同植被下土壤活性有机碳及碳库分配特征，以该地区5种植被类型：阔叶林、针叶林、混交林、竹林和荒草地为研究对象，分析不同植被类型下各土壤层次中有机碳（Soil organic carbon, SOC）、微生物量碳(Microbial biomass carbon，MBC)、可溶性有机碳(Dissolved organic carbon，DOC)、易氧化有机碳(Readily oxidized organic carbon，ROC)含量及其土壤碳库的变化特征。结果表明：土壤有机碳和各活性有机碳组分含量及分配比例受到植被类型和土层深度的明显影响。土壤有机碳的平均含量在0~100 cm土层表现为竹林（16.74 g/kg）>阔叶林（12.62 g/kg）>草地(11.14 g/kg)>混交林（8.16 g/kg）>针叶林（5.98 g/kg），并随土层深度的增加而减小。竹林和阔叶林的微生物量碳和易氧化有机碳含量均明显高于混交林和针叶林，各植被在剖面上均表现出垂直递减规律，表现出明显的表聚效应。除草地，4种植被的土壤碳库管理指数随土层深度的加深而减小，均表现为表层(0~20 cm土层)最高。不同植被类型间，竹林的可溶性有机碳分配比例在各土壤层次均最小，整个土壤剖面均值仅为0.1%。由相关性分析可知，微生物量碳、易氧化有机碳、土壤总有机碳含量和土壤有机碳储量有着极其显著的相关性。因此，土壤微生物量碳和易氧化有机碳可以作为衡量亚缙云山森林不同植被土壤有机碳库变化的敏感性指标。 相似文献
3.
若尔盖高寒草地沙化对土壤活性有机碳组分的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了解若尔盖高寒草地沙化对土壤活性有机碳组分的影响,采用空间代替时间的方法,通过野外土壤采集,并结合室内化验分析,研究了若尔盖高寒草原不同沙化阶段土壤有机碳及其活性组分的含量和变化特征。结果表明:沙化对高寒草地0—60cm土层土壤有机碳含量具有显著影响,随沙化程度加剧,土壤总有机碳、溶解性有机碳、易氧化有机碳和微生物量碳含量均呈现显著下降的特征,极重度沙化阶段较潜在沙化阶段分别减少了74.76%,80.24%,76.02%和83.24%;活性有机碳组分的损失较土壤总有机碳明显,其中微生物量碳含量的下降幅度最大;随土层深度的增加,沙化草地土壤有机碳含量及其变化量均呈下降趋势,其中,0—20cm土层土壤有机碳含量变化最为显著;土壤总有机碳、溶解性有机碳、易氧化有机碳和微生物量碳含量均呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01)。 相似文献
4.
黄土丘陵区不同植被群落土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分的分布 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
有机碳是形成土壤团聚体的重要物质,植被群落通过有机残体的输入增加土壤有机碳含量,从而通过影响团聚体的形成而影响土壤结构。为探究不同植被群落对土壤结构改良的意义,对黄土丘陵区森林带和草原带的不同植被群落土壤团聚体中有机碳组分进行了研究。结果表明:(1)研究区域森林带土壤有机碳含量大于草原带,森林带植被群落土壤总有机碳含量大小顺序为:辽东栎群落>人工刺槐群落>狼牙刺群落,草原带植被群落土壤总有机碳含量大小顺序为:人工沙棘群落>达乌里胡枝子+茭蒿群落>铁杆蒿+达乌里胡枝子群落;(2)土壤活性有机碳和腐殖质碳占土壤总有机碳的比例在两种植被带之间基本相同,相同植被群落土壤活性有机碳占土壤总有机碳的比例高于腐殖质碳占总有机碳的比例;(3)森林带土壤>0.25 mm团聚体含量显著高于草原带土壤>0.25 mm团聚体含量,各种形态的有机碳随着土壤团聚体粒级的增大有机碳含量呈先增加后减少或者随着团聚体粒级的增大而增大的趋势,2~0.25 mm和<0.25 mm团聚体中有机碳含量最高;(4)草原带每种植被群落土壤活性有机碳含量空间差异性较大,辽东栎群落各种形态土壤有机碳含量的空间差异性都较大,<0.25 mm团聚体腐殖质碳含量大于其他粒径;(5)草原带人工沙棘群落土壤各种形态有机碳在土壤剖面上的含量差异很小,其他各植被群落0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳含量均大于10~20 cm土层。 相似文献
5.
西藏色季拉山典型植被类型土壤活性有机碳分布特征 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
研究土壤活性有机碳含量及分配比例是揭示土壤有机碳库周转及调控机理的重要途径。为探讨不同森林植被类型对土壤活性有机碳库的影响,以西藏色季拉山(西坡)的高山灌丛(AS)、杜鹃林(RF)、急尖长苞冷杉林(AGSF)和林芝云杉林(PLLF)为试验对象,研究了林地土壤总有机碳、总氮含量、各活性有机碳组分及其分配比例。结果表明：高海拔植被类型具有较高的土壤活性有机碳含量和分配比例。在不同植被类型的生态系统中,土壤总有机碳含量、土壤颗粒有机碳和土壤易氧化碳含量均呈现出随土层深度增加而递减的变化趋势。土壤颗粒有机碳含量占土壤总有机碳含量和土壤易氧化有机碳含量占土壤总有机碳含量的比率范围不同,且随土层深度增加比率减小,且颗粒有机碳分配比例表现的更为明显。土壤颗粒有机碳含量和土壤易氧化有机碳含量与土壤总有机碳含量和总氮之间的相关性均达到了极显著水平(p＜0.05),土壤颗粒有机碳含量和土壤易氧化有机碳含量的相关性在在不同土层表现出显著性。 相似文献
6.
土壤活性有机碳是土壤中较为活跃的化学组分,能反映土壤有机碳(SOC)的有效性,可作为土壤质量和肥力的指示性指标。研究探讨放牧干扰对羊草草甸草原土壤活性有机碳的影响,从而了解放牧对草地生态系统中碳循环的影响机制,旨在为退化草地生态恢复过程提供理论支撑。依托于呼伦贝尔草原生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站的长期肉牛放牧平台,分析6种不同放牧强度[不放牧(G0.00)、较轻度放牧(G0.23)、轻度放牧(G0.34)、中度放牧(G0.46)、重度放牧(G0.69)、极重度放牧(G0.92)]下羊草草甸草原土壤活性有机碳的变化,并探讨其相关性。结果表明:(1)土壤有机碳和活性碳组分的含量在不同土层间差异显著,随着土层深度的增加,SOC和活性有机碳[颗粒有机碳(POC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)]含量均显著降低。(2)不同土层活性有机碳占比与放牧强度呈线性正相关,随着放牧强度的增加土壤活性有机碳占比也随之增加,不同放牧强度不同土层下土壤各形态活性有机碳占比呈POC>EOC>MBC>DOC的趋势,且EOC、MBC和POC占比随土壤深度增加而降低。(3)随着放牧强度的增加,植被群落地上生物量、地下生物量和土壤水分均呈下降趋势。(4)放牧强度与SOC和DOC呈显著负相关;植被群落地上生物量与土壤碳组分间呈显著正相关;地下生物量与DOC之间呈极显著正相关;土壤温度与POC呈显著负相关;土壤水分与POC呈极显著正相关,与SOC之间呈显著正相关。研究表明:放牧会降低地上生物量、地下生物量和土壤水分,适度放牧不仅能增加土壤有机碳和活性碳组分,而且能增加土壤活性碳占比,且符合中度干扰 相似文献
7.
西藏色季拉山土壤微生物量碳和易氧化态碳沿海拔梯度的变化 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为探讨不同海拔梯度对土壤活性有机碳库的影响,以西藏色季拉山(西坡)的高山灌丛(AS)、杜鹃林(RF)、急尖长苞冷杉林(AGSF1～6)和林芝云杉林(PLLF)为试验对象,研究林地土壤有机碳、微生物量碳和易氧化态碳的变化特征。结果表明:高海拔植被类型具有较高的土壤活性有机碳含量和分配比例。土壤有机碳含量与土壤pH值和容重呈显著负相关(p<0.05)。在土壤剖面垂直分布上,随着土壤深度增加,土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳和易氧化态碳含量均呈现随土层深度增加而逐渐减小的变化规律。土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳和易氧化态碳含量沿海拔梯度具有明显的变化规律,即随海拔的升高,土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳和易氧化态碳含量逐渐变大。土壤微生物量碳和总有机碳量有较好的正相关性,有机碳含量越高,土壤微生物量碳越大。 相似文献
8.
尕海湿地植被退化过程中土壤轻重组有机碳动态变化特征 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
以甘肃省甘南尕海湿地内的沼泽化草甸为研究对象,采用野外取样和室内测试相结合的方法,研究植被退化过程中土壤轻重组有机碳含量及动态变化。结果表明:不同植被退化阶段0—20cm土壤轻组有机碳含量差异显著(P0.05),表现为未退化轻度退化重度退化中度退化;20—100cm土壤轻组有机碳受植被影响较小。整个土壤剖面重组有机碳含量表现为中度和重度退化显著高于未退化和轻度退化(P0.05)。土壤轻重组有机碳含量均随土壤剖面下降显著降低(P0.05)。各退化阶段沼泽化草甸土壤轻重组有机碳均呈现出明显的时间变化,在0—20cm土层,未退化阶段轻组有机碳表现为"降—升—降"的变化趋势,即5月最高,7月和9月最低,其他各退化阶段则在6月降低并趋于稳定;20—100cm土层轻组有机碳变化幅度较小。各退化阶段土壤重组有机碳动态变化较为一致,均随时间延长呈线性下降,不同月份之间差异显著(P0.05)。说明植被退化导致轻组有机碳含量下降,重组有机碳增加,而在植被生长过程中主要消耗轻组有机碳,重组有机碳相对稳定。相关分析表明,地下生物量与土壤含水量的变化对土壤轻重组有机碳影响显著。 相似文献
9.
阐明暖湿的气候趋势下黄土高原土壤有机碳库不同活性组分和碳库稳定性的变化特征,对脆弱生态区碳库的可持续发展以及评估区域生态效益具有重要意义。以黄土丘陵区自然撂荒草地为研究对象,人工模拟增温和增雨,分析了在增温（W）、增雨（P50%）及其交互作用（WP50%）下植被群落变化特征、土壤有机碳库组分含量、碳库组分的分配比例以及碳库稳定性的变化特征。结果发现：（1）增雨显著增加了植被丰富度指数,而增温和增温增雨显著降低了植被丰富度指数。（2）增雨处理下土壤有机碳、酸解有机碳、易氧化有机碳、溶解性有机碳含量及分配比例在两个取样年均显著高于对照;增温增雨处理则进一步增加了土壤易氧化有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量以及分配比例。相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳与各个活性碳组分之间存在显著相关性。（3）增温增雨处理下土壤碳库活度、碳库活度指数以及碳库管理指数均高于其他处理。酸解有机碳和微生物生物量碳的敏感指数在气候变化处理下相对较高。综上所述,暖湿化的气候背景下黄土丘陵区撂荒草地土壤有机碳、有机碳活性组分含量和分配比例以及碳库稳定性显著提高,有助于碳库良性发展,酸解有机碳和微生物生物量碳可作为未来土壤有机碳变化的重... 相似文献
10.
黄土丘陵区植被恢复中不同粒级土壤团聚体有机碳分布特征 总被引：20，自引：5，他引：20
对黄土丘陵区土壤有机碳在不同粒级团聚体中的分布特征及其对植被恢复的响应进行了研究。结果表明:(1)黄土丘陵区不同植被覆盖条件下,土壤有机碳的分布具有一定的表聚性,0~20 cm土层中有机碳的含量均高于20~40 cm中有机碳的含量,不同植被群落下有机碳的含量大小为:大针茅群落>长芒草群落>铁杆蒿群落>百里香群落;(2)同一深度土壤各粒级团聚体中有机碳的分布特征是:0.5~0.25 mm与1~0.5 mm两个粒级中有机碳的含量最高,>1 mm的团聚体中有机碳的含量有随粒级增大而减小的趋势;(3)恢复年限对不同粒级土壤团聚体中有机碳的含量影响很大,有机碳的含量随恢复年限的增加总体呈上升趋势。黄土高原沟壑区土壤有机碳的积累与土壤团聚体的粒级和植被恢复的类型、年限等有明显的关系。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献