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玉米‖花生间作系统作物产量及根系空间分布特征的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
在农业部阜新农业环境与保育科学观测试验站分别设置2行玉米:4行花生间作(2M4P)、4行玉米:4行花生间作(4M4P)和玉米单作、花生单作4个种植模式,开展不同种植模式对作物产量及产量构成因素、生物量和根系特征的影响研究。结果表明,2个间作模式的土地当量比(LER)为1.16~1.24,具有一定的产量优势和较高的土地利用效率。间作中的玉米干物质积累量与单作接近,间作花生干物质积累量较单作明显下降。对根系研究发现,间作减少作物的细根生长,2M4P、4M4P处理的比根长(SRL)较单作玉米和花生分别下降了25%、23%和18%、12%,复合系统作物根表面积密度(RSAD)在0~40 cm土层中能够占到总土层的80%以上,间作作物的RSAD显著高于单作,表明作物根系在表层分布较为密集,间作影响了作物的根系生长与分布。 相似文献
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Interspecific competitiveness affects the total biomass yield in an alfalfa and corn intercropping system 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Little is known about the intercropping of perennial legumes with annual cereals although intercropping system is widely applied and studied. The main objective of this study was to determine the aboveground biomass yield and interspecific competitiveness in an intercropping system of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with corn (Zea mays L.). A 3-year (2007-2009) field experiment was conducted, including four intercropping patterns by alternating alfalfa and corn row ratios of 2:2, 3:2, 4:2 and 5:2. Mono-cultured corn and alfalfa were used as the control. The biomass yield of alfalfa was measured at early blooming, whereas that of corn was at physiological maturity. Competitiveness indices examined were land equivalent ratio (LER), aggressivity (A), relative crowding coefficient (K values) and competitive ratio (CR). The biomass yields of mono-cultured alfalfa and all intercropping patterns increased each year. In all years, the 5:2 intercropping pattern always displayed a biomass yield advantage based on greater LER values. Alfalfa had higher relative crowding coefficients (K values), CR, and A values than corn. The intercropping of alfalfa with corn had yield advantages compared to alfalfa or corn monoculture. The intercropping pattern of 5:2 (alfalfa:corn row ratio) was an optimal pattern in our study. Alfalfa was the superior competitor when grown with corn, and its productivity dominated the total biomass yields. Thus, intercropping of alfalfa with corn has the potential to improve performance with high land-use efficiency. 相似文献
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为研究不同栽种规格的木薯间作糯玉米模式和发掘高产高效间作模式，对木薯净作，糯玉米净作和8种木薯间作糯玉米模式进行了鲜薯产量和经济效益的研究。结果表明：木薯间作糯玉米模式是可行的，体现出明显的间作优势。发现不同间作模式的经济效益不同，其中处理9(大行距100 cm，小行距70 cm)的鲜薯产量(51 274.36 kg/hm2)最高，处理4(行距100 cm)的经济效益(52 794.15元/hm2)最高，处理9的经济效益(46 556.97元/hm2)排第3位。综合评价认为，处理9的木薯间作糯玉米模式最合理。试验结果为进一步推广高产高效木薯间作糯玉米模式提供了有力依据。 相似文献
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研究机械化条件下玉米-大豆间作的生产效益,为优化玉米-大豆间作模式提供理论基础。设置玉米单作(MM)、大豆单作(SM)、玉米大豆行比2∶4间作(2/4I)和玉米大豆行比4∶4间作(4/4I)种植模式,分析不同种植模式的作物产量、经济效益和土壤温室气体排放特征。结果表明,2/4I和4/4I模式均具有间作优势,土地当量比分别为1.24和1.15;与单作相比,间作成本降低、产值增加、经济效益显著提高;间作还降低了农田土壤CO2和N2O排放通量。综合比较两种间作模式的产量和效益,2/4I模式优势优于4/4I。 相似文献
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Zachary Maina Gitonga Adenirin Chabi-Olaye Dagmar Mithöfer Julius Juma Okello Cecilia Nyawira Ritho 《Crop Protection》2010
The Kenyan horticultural industry faces a new challenge following invasion by the quarantine Liriomyza leafminer species Liriomyza huidobrensis, Liriomyza sativae and Liriomyza trifolii which have recently become pests of economic importance. Controlling Liriomyza leafminers poses serious difficulties due to their biology and quarantine status. This paper examines farmers’ awareness of the pests and difficulties faced in controlling them. (1) A questionnaire survey showed that snow pea farmers in Kenya rely mainly on pesticides for control of invasive Liriomyza leafminers; (2) Sixty five percent of respondents perceived pesticides to be ineffective; (3) As a result, 74% of respondents increased the frequency of pesticide applications, 61% increased dose rates and 58% used broad-spectrum insecticides to avert damage by the pests; (4) Snow pea farmers who signed contracts with exporters and whose production practices were monitored for compliance with Good Agricultural Practices (GlobalGAP) used fewer control strategies; (5) These findings imply that the pest status of Liriomyza leafminers is likely to increase and snow pea production will significantly decrease in Central areas of Kenya unless an integrated leafminer management strategy is developed and farmers educated on methods of identifying them in their early stages of attack and use appropriate chemicals and application methods. 相似文献
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Quantifying the relationship between plant injury and yield loss is a critical component for decision making in integrated pest management (IPM). The effects of foliar injury during different growth stages of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), caused by natural populations of the leafminer fly Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) on potato yield, and the economic injury level for potato varieties with different maturity times were studied in the Cañete valley on the central coast of Peru. Field experiments were carried out during the potato cropping season (July–November) in the years 2005, 2007 and 2008 using early, middle-late and late potato varieties. Insecticides with different control efficiencies or the use of varying numbers of insecticide applications obtained various levels of leafminer fly infestation intensities. Leafminer fly infestation caused foliar injury in all potato varieties resulting in yield losses, which varied, according to the seasonal adult flight activity in each year of evaluation, between 22% in 2007 (2508 adults/trap/season) and 51% in 2005 (3147 adults/trap/season). Foliar injury increased with the development and growth of the potato plant, with the highest injury registered at the end of the cropping period. Early varieties showed higher foliar injury and yield loss than late potato varieties with the exception of Maria Tambeña, which is considered partially resistant to leafminer fly infestation. Yield losses increased linearly by each percentage of foliar injury in all potato varieties. Critical point and multiple point models made it possible to identify the potato growth stage at which leafminer infestation had the greatest effect on yield. Pest infestation-crop loss relationships indicated that the accumulated foliar injury up to the growth stages of flowering and berry formation produced the highest yield losses in the different potato varieties. Economic injury levels varied according to control costs and commodity values in each potato variety (Desiree: 21–28%, Revolucion: 34–47%, Canchan: 31–40%, Maria Tambeña: 40–53%, Tomasa: 55–74%, and Yungay: 40–54% of foliar injury). Potato varieties can tolerate considerable levels of foliar injury by the leafminer fly before control measures are needed. The use of the economic injury levels is suggested as a decision support tool for managing the leafminer fly at reduced pest management costs. 相似文献
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Microlepidopterous leafminers are a potential threat to Spanish cider-apple orchards. For pest management purposes it is important 1) to know the species composition, their incidence and their spatial distribution and 2) to have an efficient and accurate sampling method. To fill this gap of knowledge, the occurrence of leafminers was followed in four cider-apple orchards at Asturias (NW Spain) from summer to harvest during 2003-2005. A total of 5120 mines from six different leafminer species were identified. Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabricius) mines were the most abundant, followed by those of Leucoptera scitella (Zeller). These two species accounted for more than half of the total mines counted (58%). The other four species detected were Stigmella malella (Stainton), Lyonetia clerkella (L.), Phyllonorycter corylifoliella (Hübner) and Callisto denticulella (Thunberg). Abundance and incidence of all leafminer species taken as a whole were similar among orchards, although year-to-year oscillations were recorded. Based on the low densities observed (maximum abundance for a given orchard and sampling date was 0.548 mines per leaf), leafminers could not be considered as a key pest in our apple orchards. Taylor’s coefficient b obtained for the different leafminer species were indicative of aggregated distributions of both infested leaves and mines within the tree. Enumerative and binomial sampling plans for apple leafminers were developed. Although binomial plans are usually faster than enumerative ones, the latter was recommended because of the lower size required for practical usage (the sampling of 20 leaves would be enough for estimating populations around the economic threshold of one mine per leaf). 相似文献
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为确定胡椒园间作槟榔体系影响胡椒产量的关键小气候因子,在海南胡椒园间作槟榔优势区开展4种间作模式与单作胡椒园小气候因子对产量影响的为期4 a的试验,研究不同间作密度下,对胡椒产量有主要贡献的灌浆期的叶片光合作用参数、每日最高和最低气温、不同深度土层土壤温度和含水量,分析胡椒园间作槟榔体系小气候因子对胡椒产量的影响。结果表明:合理间作可以提高胡椒产量,其中间作槟榔株数为765株/hm2的T2处理可以显著提高胡椒产量38.71%,为增产效应最大的处理。分析T2处理增产的原因,发现光强影响的关键光合参数气孔导度对产量有极显著正效应,光合有效辐射、光合速率对产量有显著正效应,T2处理显著提高了这三个光合参数;高温干旱的灌浆期胡椒园日最高温和升温幅度与产量负相关,T2处理显著降低了这两个参数,使胡椒产量增加;表层土壤温度与产量呈负相关关系,T2处理显著降低了表层土壤温度,对胡椒根系有保护作用。综合分析,发现光合有效辐射、日最高温、升温幅度和表层土壤温度是影响胡椒产量的关键小气候因子,所以,这几种小气候因子是用来确定间作模式是否合理的关键参数。 相似文献
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甘蔗间作花生是我国华南地区特有的高效种植模式。本文研究了甘蔗/花生间作不同耕层土壤养分、酶、微生物的变化特征及其相关性。结果表明，相比单作而言，0～20 cm间作花生土壤有效氮、有机质、微生物量氮含量、真菌、放线菌数量、蛋白酶活性及间作甘蔗土壤细菌、放线菌、总微生物数量、微生物量氮含量及蛋白酶活性均显著增加；20～40 cm间作甘蔗土壤全磷、全钾、蛋白酶活性及间作花生土壤放线菌、蛋白酶活性显著增加；40~
60 cm间作花生土壤真菌、蔗糖酶、微生物量碳含量显著增加；相反，间作甘蔗土壤蔗糖酶活性均显著低于单作甘蔗处理；间作土壤有效氮磷钾、有机质含量、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性、微生物数量均随着土壤深度的增加而表现出降低的趋势；间作土壤有效养分与脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、微生物量氮及微生物数量呈显著或极显著正相关。表明甘蔗花生间作条件下土壤养分、酶、微生物相互作用，共同维持良好的土壤微生态环境。 相似文献
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The Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), is the key pest of sugarcane, Saccharum hybrids, in south Texas, having largely displaced the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), and it is moving into rice- and sugarcane-growing areas of east Texas and Louisiana. While a number of alternative weed and crop hosts have been reported, the extent to which they might support Mexican rice borer populations is unknown. This study involved choice assays that compared oviposition preference for and larval infestations of five mature graminaceous weed species. Levels of infestation between sugarcane and corn, Zea mays L., crop hosts and between corn and sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, were also assessed. We determined that the average number of larval entry holes in sudangrass stems was ≥2.5-fold more than for any of the other four weed host plants, that corn had ≥5.9-fold more larval entry holes than sorghum and ≥8.2-fold more than sugarcane. Greater oviposition and infestation of one non-crop host over another was not related to numbers of stems per plant, but was associated with the greater stem diameter and abundance of dry leaf tissue found in Sudangrass, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. drummondi (Nees ex Steud.) de Wet & Harlan, johnsongrass, S. halepense (L.) and barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.; relative to the other weed species in this study. In terms of the crop plants, stalk diameter and quantity of dry leaf tissue were not associated with numbers of eggs or larval entry holes in the choice assays between corn and sorghum, and between sugarcane and corn. While corn has been known as a host of the Mexican rice borer for at least 84 yr, its role in area-wide population dynamics and control efforts has likely been greatly underestimated. 相似文献
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解析甘蔗间作不同豆科作物对甘蔗植株内生细菌多样性的影响,旨在评价甘蔗间作不同豆科作物对甘蔗植株健康状况及抗性的作用效果。结果发现,与单作的甘蔗（CK）相比,甘蔗间作黄豆显著提高甘蔗内生细菌的多样性和丰富度;间作绿豆虽然有助于提升甘蔗植株内生细菌多样性与丰富度,但与CK之间无显著差异;间作花生导致甘蔗植株内生细菌多样性与丰富度显著降低。门分类水平,与CK相比,间作处理甘蔗植株中变形杆菌门（Proteobacteria）内生细菌丰度占比急剧下降,放线菌门（Actinobacteria）以及属于其他（others）分类的内生细菌丰度占比上升;属分类水平,与CK相比,间作处理甘蔗植株中泛菌属（Pantoea）和Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia属丰度占比下降,红球菌属（Rhodococcus）内生细菌丰度占比上升;另一方面,unclassified_f__Micrococcaceae和Pseudarthrobacter是间作甘蔗植株中特有的内生细菌优势属,但同时草螺菌属（Herbaspirillum）和Williamsia属内生细菌缺失。此外,Rubrobacter、norank_f__MSB-1E8、类诺卡氏菌属（Nocardioides）、norank_c__Actinobacteria、norank_f__Euzebyaceae、Gaiella、Defluviicoccus、norank_f__Elev-16S-1332、norank_o__Acidimicrobiales、norank_f__Propionibacteriaceae、norank_o__Gaiellales、norank_f__Gemmatimonadaceae是甘蔗/黄豆间作（A）处理中甘蔗植株特有的内生细菌优势属;链霉菌属（Streptomyces）、马赛菌属（Massilia）、分枝杆菌属（Mycobacterium）、甲基杆菌属（Methylobacterium）、Sinomonas、罗思河小杆菌属（Rhodanobacter）、金黄色杆菌属（Chryseobacterium）、根霉菌属（Rhizomicrobium）是甘蔗/绿豆间作（B）处理中甘蔗特有的内生细菌优势属。甘蔗/花生间作模式下,甘蔗植株根系中不存在特有的内生细菌优势属;而草螺菌属（Herbaspirillum）和Williamsia是甘蔗单作模式下甘蔗植株根系中特有的内生细菌优势属。甘蔗间作黄豆和绿豆不仅有助于提升甘蔗植株根系内生细菌的多样性与丰富度,而且改善了甘蔗植株根系内生细菌群落结构组成,尤其间作黄豆效果更佳;与之相反,甘蔗间作花生无助于提高甘蔗植株根系内生细菌的多样性与丰富度,亦不利于改善甘蔗植株根系内生细菌群落结构组成。 相似文献
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Intercropping of wheat and cotton is practiced at a large scale in northern China, but the productivity of intercrops, compared to monoculture, and the productivity and growth patterns of different alternative intercropping patterns have not been quantitatively documented. In this study, four typical wheat–cotton intercropping patterns were examined as to their growth and productivity in field experiments over three growing seasons in Anyang, Henan Province, China. The systems varied in the number of wheat and cotton rows in the alternating strips of either crop, and were labeled accordingly as 3:1, 3:2, 4:2 and 6:2. Dry matter accumulation, yield, land equivalence ratio (LER) and lint quality were determined. 相似文献
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在广州华南农业大学试验中心,通过10 a（2009—2018年）的田间定位试验,对比研究了2种施氮水平[减量施氮300 kg/hm2（N1）、常规施氮525 kg/hm2（N2）]和4种种植模式[甘蔗单作（MS）、甘蔗//大豆1∶1间作（SB1）、甘蔗//大豆1∶2间作（SB2）、大豆单作（MB）]的甘蔗、大豆和系统总产量的动态变化,以及对甘蔗品质和土壤肥力的影响,采用Wi2（Wricke’s ecovalence）、变异系数（CV）和可持续指数（SYI）评价了产量的时间稳定性,旨在为华南蔗区农业绿色发展的可持续生产模式提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）各处理的甘蔗、大豆以及系统总产量呈现明显的年际变化。年份和种植模式对甘蔗和大豆产量有极显著影响,系统总产量受种植年份的极显著影响。施氮量对甘蔗、大豆和系统总产量均无显著影响。（2）不同间作模式的土地当量比（LER）均大于1,间作稳定且显著地提高了土地利用率。（3）不同处理甘蔗产量的Wi2和CV差异不显著,减量施氮单作甘蔗的SYI值显著高于常规施氮,表明减量施氮单作甘蔗的产量稳定性显著高于常规施氮处理。单作大豆产量的Wi2显著高于间作,说明单作大豆产量稳定性显著低于间作。不同处理的系统总产量Wi2值差异不显著,说明甘蔗//大豆间作和施氮量不影响系统总产量的稳定性。（4）种植年限的增加对甘蔗蔗糖分和纤维分、蔗汁糖锤度、蔗汁旋光度和蔗糖分无显著影响,同一年份不同种植模式和施氮量处理的甘蔗品质差异不显著。（5）与2010年相比,2018年底,除大豆单作模式外,其他处理的土壤pH、有机质、全氮含量显著下降,但所有处理的土壤全磷、有效磷和速效钾没有显著差异。甘蔗连作和连续施用化肥,导致土壤有机质逐步下降、pH降低。减量施氮甘蔗//大豆间作模式能够保持系统生产力和地力的稳定性,但需施用有机肥和推广蔗叶还田技术来培肥蔗田地力。 相似文献
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甘蔗是我国重要的糖料作物,对我国食糖安全起重要作用。但由于人工成本、地租等生产成本不断升高,导致甘蔗效益逐年减少。因此,如何提高单位面积甘蔗效益是当前甘蔗产业面临的重大问题。采用文献数据、面上调查、数据收集、实地调查和试验结果相结合的调查方法,进行比较分析我国甘蔗间套种玉米历史和现阶段主要模式进行差异分析。宿根蔗间套种玉米主要有每行间种和隔行间种二行两种模式,且宿根蔗间套种模式当前只能靠人工操作,规模化发展难度大;新植蔗间套种玉米的主要方式有等行距每行种植、等行距隔行种植、宽窄行间套种(宽行2.4~3.2米)等模式,但是等行距间套种无法机械化种植难以推广,而宽窄行间套种模式适合机械种植但严重影响单位面积甘蔗苗数;甘蔗轮作玉米能实现机械化种植和管理,但是只能在甘蔗良种繁育基地推广应用。因此,选择适合的间套种品种和合理种植模式还值得进一步研究。 相似文献
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通过在山东德州对棉花与辣椒间作种植模式和棉花单作种植模式的比较,研究其对棉花农艺性状和经济性状的影响,探索了棉花与辣椒间作种植模式的可行性。结果表明:与单作棉花相比,棉花与辣椒间作种植模式对棉花的株高、果枝数、产量及产量构成因素和纤维品质均没有显著影响。由此可见,在不与粮棉争地的前提下,棉花与辣椒间作种植模式同当地常规植棉(棉花单作)产量及纤维品质相当,又净增加了种植一季辣椒的收益。表明棉花与辣椒间作种植模式在黄河流域棉区是可行的,并有广阔的推广前景。 相似文献
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为探讨甘蔗/木薯间作系统中甘蔗的固氮量变化及氮素向木薯的转移情况。利用15N同位素稀释法进行田间示踪试验。结果表明:单作下甘蔗的固氮百分率为29.50%,固氮量为11.31 g/m2。间作下甘蔗的总固氮百分率为36.43%,它包括供甘蔗自身生长需要的固氮百分率29.90%和转移到木薯的固氮百分率6.53%;间作下甘蔗的固氮量为17.82 g/m2,其中82.07%用于自身生长需要,17.93%转移给木薯利用。间作木薯的总氮量中21.42%来自甘蔗固氮。此结果表明在单作和间作下甘蔗固氮对自身贡献的大小基本一致。甘蔗/木薯间作对甘蔗固氮有促进作用,但促进部分转移给木薯利用。 相似文献
20.
采用田间试验,设置4∶2(四垄玉米两垄小麦)、3∶2(三垄玉米两垄小麦)、2∶2(两垄玉米两垄小麦)3种不同的玉米//小麦间作模式及玉米、小麦单作共5个处理,探讨不同玉米//小麦间作模式对作物产量、水分利用率及种间竞争等方面的影响。两年试验表明,玉米//小麦间作模式与单作模式相比具有显著优势,间作处理的土地当量比(LER)均大于1。玉米//小麦间作系统中,小麦相对玉米的竞争力(Awm)均大于0。在小麦收获后,3种不同间作处理的玉米相对生长率(RGR)相比单作玉米提高显著。在作物耗水等方面,玉米//小麦的全生育期耗水量及水分利用率均高于单作。间作模式能显著增加玉米//小麦间作的子粒产量,其中2∶2处理组在产量表现等方面为最优。 相似文献